National Park Service History and Prehistory in the National Park System and the National Historic Landmarks Program

I	Cultural Developments: Indigenous American Populations
II	European Colonial Exploration and Settlement
III	Development of the English Colonies, 1688-1763
IV	The American Revolution
V	Political and Military Affairs, 1783-1860
VI	The Civil War
VII	Political and Military Affairs, 1865-1939
VIII	World War II
IX	Political and Military Affairs after 1945
X	Westward Expansion of the British Colonies and the United States, 1763-1898
XI	Agriculture
XII	Business
XIII	Science
XIV	Transportation
XV	Communication
XVI	Architecture
XVII	Landscape Architecture
XVIII	Technology (Engineering and Invention)
XIX	Literature
XX	Theater
XXI	Motion Pictures
XXII	Music
XXIII	Dance
XXIV	Painting and Sculpture
XXV	Prints and Photography
XXVI	Decoration and Folk Art
XXVII	Education
XXVIII	The Law
XXXIX	Intellectual Currents
XXX	American Ways of Life
XXXI	Social and Humanitarian Movements
XXXII	Conservation of Natural Resources
XXXIII	Historic Preservation
XXXIV	Recreation

I. CULTURAL DEVELOPMENTS: INDIGENOUS AMERICAN POPULATIONS

A. The Earliest Inhabitants

This subtheme deals with the earliest prehistoric inhabitants of areas now making up the continental United States, Alaska, Hawaii, and U.S. possessions who subsisted by various methods of hunting, fishing, and gathering. In general, the subtheme covers the earliest entry of humans into these areas when previously unoccupied, any subsequent migrations that may have taken place, and later social, economic, and other cultural developments. The period began in many areas with early hunters and gatherers, and includes later peoples who practiced more variation in their hunting, fishing, and gathering techniques. Agriculture was unknown or not intensively practiced, and pottery making appeared only toward the end of the period.

The New World was settled prior to 12,000 years ago—when, exactly, is not certain. The first inhabitants are believed to have entered North America from Asia via a land connection that once existed between the two continents. The populating of more southerly sections of North America and the islands of the Pacific and Caribbean occurred later (the Hawaiian Islands of the Pacific, for example, are believed to have been first settled within the last two millenia). Some of the early hunters and gatherers in North America hunted a variety of big game animals, many of which are now extinct. This hunting pattern continued to approximately 8,000 years ago. The peoples that followed wore oriented to a more diversified subsistence base, still using large game animals when available, but often engaging in specialized fishing, snail mammal hunting, and plant collecting activities as well. This period, referred to in many regions as the Archaic, continued to approximately 1000 years ago, but in some areas persisted into historic times. It was during the later stages of the Archaic that the shift to cultivation of agricultural crops began, and the expanded development of sedentary communities, The following facets are intended to cover a majority of pre-Archaic and Archaic cultural developments and adaptations:

 1. The Early Peopling of North America
 2. The Early Peopling of the Pacific
 3. The Early Peopling of the Caribbean
 4. Archaic Adaptations of the Arctic
 5. Archaic Adaptations of the Subarctic
 6. Archaic Adaptations of the Northwest Coast
 7. Western Archaic AdaptatIons (California Area)
 8. Plateau (Columbia/Colorado) Archaic Adaptations
 9. Archaic Adaptations of the Great Basin
10. Archaic Adaptations of the Southwest
11. Archaic Adaptations of the Plains
12. Archaic Adaptations of the Mississippi Valley Region
13, Archaic Adaptations of the Southeast (including the Cumberland Region)
14. Archaic Adaptations of the Caribbean
15. Archaic Adaptations of the Northeast (Including the Ohio Valley Region)
16. Archaic Adaptations in Montana Regions
17. Archaic Adaptations in Arid Lands
18. Archaic Adaptations in Riverine Zones
19. Early Man and Late Pleistocene Environmental Adaptations
20. Human Factors in Terminal Pleistocene Faunal Extinctions
21. The Big Game Hunters
22. Human Osteological Evidence of Early Inhabitants
23. Domestication of the Dog
24. Other

B. Post-Archaic and Pre-Contact Developments

This subtheme is concerned with the appearance of domesticated plants (and in some cases animals) and development of hunters and gatherers into farmers in many areas of North America following the Archaic. It also covers development of specialized maritime, riverine and other adaptations in select areas that allowed for growth of a sedentary way of life that was not specifically agriculturally based. Its culmination is seen in large sedentary communities that developed in areas favorable to agriculture, such as the Southwest, but can also be seem in communities that developed as a result of the use of specialized fishing and hunting techniques or a combination of these and other practices. Maritime and agricultural practices, for example, formed the foundation for cultural developments in both the Hawaiian and Caribbean Islands, and specialized maritime technology supported cultural developments that took place in the Arctic, along the Northwest Coast, and elsewhere. Of course, relatively large, sedentary communities did not develop everywhere and a modified Archaic adaptation survived in many areas into the historic period. This theme covers the period from the end of the Archaic to initial historically recorded contacts of indigenous peoples with nonindigenous peoples. The following facets are intended to cover a majority of post-Archaic cultural developments and adaptations:

 1. Arctic Hunters and Gatherers
 2. Subarctic Hunters and Gatherers
 3. Hunters and Gatherers of Western Littoral and Sierra Regions (California)
 4. Northwest Coast Collectors, Hunters, and Fishermen
 5. Plateau (Columbia/Colorado) Hunters, Gatherers, and Fishermen
 6. Great Basin Hunters and Gatherers
 7. Southwestern Hunters and Gatherers
 8. Southwestern Farmers
 9. Post-Archaic Adaptations
10. Plains Hunters and Gatherers
11. Plains Farmers
12. Post-Archaic Adaptations of the Mississippi Valley
13. Post-Archaic Adaptations of Great Lakes Coastal Regions
14. Hunters and Gatherers of the Eastern Woodlands
15. Eastern Farmers
16. Post-Archaic Adaptations of Eastern Coastal Regions
17. Caribbean Adaptations
18. Post-Archaic Adaptations in Montana (High-Altitude) Regions
19. Post-Archaic Adaptations in Arid Lands
20. Post-Archaic Adaptations in Riverine Zones
21. Late Prehistoric Adaptations in the Western, Central, and Eastern Pacific
22. Physical Anthropology of the American Indian, Eskimo, and Aleut
23. Other

C. Prehistoric Archeology: Topical Facets

The following facets are intended to provide topical aspects from which to assign significance to prehistoric period sites. They can be used singly or in combination with the subthemes and facets listed above. This list is by no means complete and will need to be revised, as necessary, to identify themes and facets that reflect the nation's important pre historic period archeological resources. The list is provided to identify certain aspects of native life depicting activities not readily assignable to one or more of the other subthemes and facets listed above.

 1. Prehistoric Architecture/Shelter/Housing
 2. Prehistoric Technology
 3. Prehistoric Social and Political Organizations
 4. Prehistoric Science/Intellectual Developments
 5. Prehistoric Arts/Handicrafts
 6. Prehistoric Communication
 7. Prehistoric Diet/Health
 8. Prehistoric Economics/Trade
 9. Prehistoric Warfare
10. Prehistoric Religion, Ideology, and Ceremonialism
11. Prehistoric Social Differentiation
12. Prehistoric Settlements and Settlement Patterns
13. Prehistoric Urban Development
14. Prehistoric Rural Development
15. Prehistoric Transportation and Travel
16. Prehistoric Agriculture/Plant Domestication/Horticulture
17. Prehistoric Animal Domestication/Husbandry
18. Prehistoric Demographics
19. Prehistoric Cultural Change
20. Submerged Prehistoric Period Archeological Resources
21. Major Contributions to the Development of Culture Histories
22. Major Contributions to the Development of the Science of Archeology
23. Paleoecology
24. Prehistoric Human Physical Remains
25. Other

It must be noted that archeological values do not end with the prehistoric period but continue into the historic period as well. Many, if not all, of the historic period themes, subthemes, and facets in the framework can have associated nationally significant archeological remains. In some cases archeology is the key discipline that can shed additional light on the historical record concerning a specific theme or its sub-elements. Thus, significant archeological values associated with the themes that follow can and should be identified and classified by the appropriate theme; that is, the specific archeological values that contribute, in whole or in part, to the assignment of the theme(s) to a specific site should be identified, An initiative that deserves special attention, and not adequately included in the following themes, is the identification of nationally significant submerged historic period archeological resources, particularly shipwrecks and other remains of maritime activities.

D. Ethnohistory of Indigenous American Populations

Considered here is the period from the earliest historically recorded contacts between indigenous and non-indigenous people until contemporary times. Evidence for the assignment of ethnohistorical themes may require the integration of archeological findings with ethnographic analysis of documentary materials, ethnographic oral histories, and ethnographic inter views.

A dynamic approach to indigenous experiences in the colonial system and the evolving nation necessitates new orientations to theme categories. As a result, themes, subthemes, and facets better reflect the dimension of change in native cultures and, to a lesser degree, in the lifeways of colonists who interacted with native peoples. The proposed concepts still inadequately capture the spirit of either stability or change, of processes and products of human action in and reaction to new natural and cultural environments, and may require additional refinement.

1. Native Cultural Adaptations at Contact

This facet provides baseline markers of representative cultural adaptations evolved by native peoples in response to local habitats and adjacent groups at the time of historically recorded contact, immediately before non-native cultures have had demonstrable structural impact. Emphasis is on the relationships among native technology, resource use, demographic features and settlement patterns. Family and community organization, economics, including division of labor and economic exchanges, political patterns, religious beliefs and practices, and intertribal relations are considered, too. This facet applies to cultures of the continental United States, including Alaska, as well as the Pacific and Caribbean. It ranges temporally from the 15th to the 20th centuries, when contact with Hawaiians and Alaskans became widespread.

a. Native Adaptations to Arctic Environments
b. Native Adaptations to Subarctic Environments
c. Native Adaptations to Northwest Coast Environments
d. Native Adaptations to the Western Littoral and Sierra Environments (CA)
e. Native Adaptations to Southwestern Environments
f. Native Adaptations to Plateau Environments
g. Native Adaptations to Great Basin Environments
h. Native Adaptations to Plains Environments
i. Native Adaptations to Northeastern Environments
j. Native Adaptations to Southeastern Environments
k. Native Adaptations to Caribbean Environments
l. Native Adaptations to Micronesian Environments
m. Native Adaptations to Polynesian Environments

2. Establishing Intercultural Relations

This facet emphasizes bases for early interactions between native and non-native cultures in the continental United States, Hawaii, Alaska, and in the Caribbean, Micronesia, and Polynesia. It considers economic, political, and religious bases in addition to the individuals or groups responsible for intercultural contact.

a. Trapping and Fishing for Maccomets
b. Whaling and other Maritime Activities
c. Military Scouts
d. Guiding Explorers Across New Territories
e. Defending Native Homelands
f. Defending Native Religious Systems
g. Introductions to Foreign Religious Systems
h. New Native Military Alliances
i. Trade Relationships
j. Cash Cropping
k. Helping Foreigners Survive: Providing Food, Clothing, and Shelter

3. Varieties of Early Conflict, Conquest, or Accommodation

This facet considers the effects of British, French, Spanish, and other colonists and newcomers, including Blacks, on native peoples and cultures. It focuses on consequences for the native economy, including resource use and technology; family and community life; religions aspects; and intertribal relations. Demography is considered, too, because the depopulation of customary native areas as a result of disease, military, or other hostile encounters, relocation, resettlement, and population decline also triggered modification of customary culture patterns. This facet begins with the contact period and continues until native peoples are about to be incorporated, by treaty, legislation, land purchase, or other means, into the United States' political apparatus. The period ends sooner for groups in the continental U.S. than those on Hawaii or in Alaska.

a. Transfer of Technology to Native Peoples
    1. Domestic Plants and Animals, Cultivation, and Husbandry
    2. Military Culture, e.g., Organization, Values, Technology, and Materials
    3. Fermentation, Alcoholic Beverages, Tobacco, Drugs, and Medicines
    4. Communication Systems
b. Forced and Voluntary Population Movements
    1. The Establishment of Indian Territory
    2. The Changing Cultural Geography of the Southeast, Northeast, etc.
    3. New Inter- and Intragroup Alliances
    4. Military Removal and Concentration
c. The New Demographics
    1. Disease and Massacres: Their Cultural and Biological Effects
    2. Depopulation of Terrain
    3. Captives, Slaves, and Refugees
d. Changing Settlement Types
    1. Mounted Hunters
    2. Sedentary Villagers
    3. Townspeople
    4. Plantation Laborers
    5. Missionized Settlements
    6. Reservations
    7. Maritime Trade Centers
    8. Pastoralists and Ranchers
    9. Urban Neighborhoods

4. Native Contributions to the Development of the Nation's Cultures

This facet addresses native contributions to the evolving and distinctive national cultures either by the direct transfer of native technology to newcomers, by syncretisms that reflect native or non-native ingenuity in combining materials or concepts from the two traditions, by inspiring non-natives to adapt traditional native cultures to new needs, and by otherwise contributing to the nation's creative pool.

a. Transferring Native Technology to Newcomers: Food, Clothing, Drugs, Medicines, and Means of Transportation
b. Native Roles in Decorative and Fine Arts, Literature, and Music
c. Native Roles in the Development of Humanism, the Social Sciences, and the Law
d. Native Roles in the Changing Images of America: the West, Hawaii, Alaska, etc.

5. Becoming Native American

This facet considers the processes leading to incorporation of native peoples as ethnic subcultures of a more inclusive national economic, social, and political system.

a. Treaties and Lows Formally Defining Native American Statuses and Roles
b. Federal Education programs to Assimilate Native Americans
e. The Role of Missionaries in Assimilation
d. Native Responses to New Economic, Political, and Territorial Arrangements
e. Native Statuses in Mew Stratification Systems
f. The Bureau of Indian Affairs
g. Co-existing Political Bodies: Chiefdoms, Monarchies, and Nations within the Nation

6. The Myth of the Vanishing Native

This facet considers contemporary American Indians, Eskimos, Aleuts, Micronesians, and Polynesians as demographically recovering and culturally viable populations, Evolving adaptations of contemporary peoples are considered, including orientations to mechanized agriculture, timbering, fishing, non-native extractive industries, tourism, and urban living.

a. Ethnic Revitalization
    1. Changing Tribal Statuses, Political, and Religious Systems
    2. Ethnic Associations (including Pan-Indian Groups)
b. Resource Use
    1. Commercial Timbering, Fishing, Agriculture, and Ranching
    2. Extractive Industries
    3. Subsistence Cultivation
    4. 20th-Century Hunters and Herders
c. Tourism
d. Large and Small Industries
e. Contemporary Reservations and Villages
f. Urban Subcultures
g. The Mew Professionals

II. EUROPEAN COLONIAL EXPLORATION AND SETTLEMENT

This theme covers related activities of European nations as colonial powers within the present territory of the United States from the earliest recorded voyages until 1917.

A. Spanish Exploration and Settlement

This subtheme includes all activities by Spain within the present continental and overseas territory of the United States from Columbus' landing on it. Croix in 1493 until the conclusion of the Spanish-American War in 1898.

1. Caribbean
2. Southeast
3. Southwest
4. California
5. Pacific

B. French Exploration and Settlement

This subtheme deals with the activities of France within the present territory of the United States from her initial explorations in the 16th century until the transfer of Louisiana to the United States in 1803.

1. Atlantic
2. St. Lawrence and Great Lakes
3. Mississippi Valley
4. Gulf Coast

C. English Exploration and Settlement

This subtheme addresses the activities of Great Britain within the present territory of the United States from Cabot's voyage in 1497 through colonization of the 13 original colonies, as well as later exploration related to present United States territory in the Pacific.

1. Exploration
2. Settlement of New England
3. Settlement of Mew York and Mew Jersey
4. Settlement of Pennsylvania and Delaware
5. Settlement of Virginia
6. Settlement of Maryland
7. Settlement of the Carolinas
8. Settlement of Georgia

D. Other European Exploration and Settlement

This subtheme deals with the earliest European voyages to the present territory of the United States including Dutch and Swedish activity in the Middle Atlantic region from 1609 until 1664, Russian operations in Alaska and along the lower Pacific coast during the 18th and 19th centuries, and the period of Danish administration of the present U.S. Virgin Islands from 1672 to 1917.

1. Scandinavian
2. Dutch
3. Russian

III. DEVELOPMENT OF THE ENGLISH COLONIES, 1688-1763

This theme focuses on the physical, military, and political development of Great Britain's North American colonies during the 18th century, The period was marked by the defeat and occupation of New France; by a significant increase in population and wealth; and by a growing independence of thought and action stimulated by the distinctive environment of a new continent.

A. Physical Development:

1. Growth of Urban Areas and Previous Settlements
2. Territorial Expansion

1. Intracolonial Matters
2. Relations with Parliament and Crown

1. French
2. Spanish

1. Intellectual and Religious Affairs
2. Economic Affairs and Ways of Life

IV. THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION

This theme embraces the political and military conflict between the "thirteen United States of America" and Great Britain, 1763-1783. In addition to the military campaigns and engagements, it focuses on the political events leading up to the revolution and the diplomatic moves by the various parties to the conflict, as well as political and social events during that era that were not directly related to the Revolution.

V. POLITICAL AND MILITARY AFFAIRS, 1783-1860

This theme addresses the related activities during that period in which the United States developed from a weak confederation into a stable and growing nation--a nation capable of coping with most of its major domestic problems, of defending its interests by military action on land and sea, and of holding its own in international diplomacy. There was also a greater democratization of political institutions during this period. This theme also deals with the affairs of government during the three decades preceding the Civil War. The end of this period witnessed the general extension of suffrage to include all white males and expression of the dynamic concept of Manifest Destiny; but these developments were ultimately overshadowed by the increase of sectionalism that led to disunion and the Civil War.

VI. THE CIVIL WAR

This theme focuses on the epic struggle between the North and the South that eliminated both slavery and the right of secession as a consequential political theory, Included are all military, political, and diplomatic activities related to this first of the "total" American wars, and all other political and social activities of this era not related to the war.

VII. POLITICAL AND MILITARY AFFAIRS, 1865-1939

This theme treats related activities from the end of the Civil War until the beginning of the conflict that became World War II. The period was characterized by the reconstruction of the South, the increasing influence of big business and the efforts of 'Progressive' political reformers to counteract it, a "war" with Spain, the increasing stature of the United States as a world power, especially with the entry of the country into World War 1. The period was also characterized by massive immigration and isolationism after the war, the tremendous rise in the standard of living, the Great Depression that followed the 1929 crash of the stock market, and the subsequent increase in the role of the national government in economic and social affairs.

VIII. WORLD WAR II

This theme deals with the political, military, and diplomatic activities of the United States on the eve of and during the global struggle against the Axis powers from 1939 to 1945, and other political and military events of the era not associated with the war.

IX. POLITICAL AND MILITARY AFFAIRS AFTER 1945

This theme focuses on post-World War II events in United States history. It covers such facets as the aftermath of the war, the formation of the United Nations, the restructuring of world systems, the Korean Conflict, the "Cold War" between the United States and its allies and the Soviet Union and the emergence of the United States as the leader of the Free World. (Because this time period is so recent, individual facets will need to be determined and reevaluated with the perspective that will inevitably come with greater distance in time from these events.

X. WESTWARD EXPANSION OF THE BRITISH COLONIES AND THE UNITED STATES, 1763-1898

This theme embraces the expansion of the British colonies and the United States from the crest of the Appalachians across the North American continent and into the Pacific Ocean, between the Proclamation of 1763 and the end of the Spanish-American War.

A. British and United States Explorations of the West

Included in this subtheme are the activities of military and civilian explorers west of the Appalachians from the 1760s to the early 1870s.

1. Early Pathfinders, 1763-1807
2. Lewis and Clark Expedition, 1804-1806
3. Scientific and Topographic Surveys

B. The Fur Trade

This subtheme encompasses the history of the American fur trade west of the Appalachians from the days of the "long hunters" in Kentucky in the 1760s through the activities of the fur seal and sea otter trappers in Alaskan waters during the late 1890s.

1. Old Northwest and Mississippi Valley Fur Frontier, 1763-1815
2. Fur Trappers and Mountain Menu as Pathfinders
3. John Jacob Astor and the American Fur Company, 1808-1840
4. Rocky Mountain Rendezvous Era, 1824-1839 (including Rocky Mountain Fur Company, 1822-1834)
5. Southwest Fur Trade
6. Hudson's Bay Company and the Northwest Coast Fur Trade
7. Alaska Fur Trade

C. Military-Aboriginal American Contact and Conflict

This subtheme covers the relations between the British colonies and the United States with the aboriginal peoples west of the Appalachians (including military confrontations and conflicts) from 1763 to 1891.

1. East of the Mississippi, 1763-1850s
2. The Southern Plains
3. The Northern Plains
4. The Southwest
5. The Western Mountains
6. The Pacific Coast

D. Western Trails and Travelers

Included in this subtheme are the development of commercial and migratory trails westward and the history of their use and users.

1. First Westward Trails East of the Mississippi
2. Santa Fe Trail
3. Oregon Trail and Settlement of Oregon
4. California Trails and Settlement of California
5. Mormon Migration and Settlement of the Great Basin

E. The Mining Frontier

This subtheme treats all phases of the history of mining west of the Appalachians from the mid-18th century until the end of the 19th.

1. California Gold Rush
2. Northwest: Oregon, Washington, Idaho, and Western Montana
3. Southwest: Arizona and Mew Mexico
4. Great Basin: Nevada, Utah, and Eastern California
5. Rockies: Colorado and Wyoming
6. Black Hills of South Dakota
7. Alaskan Gold Rushes

F. The Farmers' Frontier

This subtheme addresses thus extension of agriculture from the Appalachians to the Pacific coast between the end of the French and Indian War and the close of the 19th century, when most cheap land suitable for farming had been appropriated.

1. Farming Frontier of the Old Northwest, 1763-1820
2. Settling and Farming tine Eastern Prairies, 1820-1861
3. Later Settlements and Farming in the California Valley, Oregon, and Washington
4. Settling and Farming in the Great Plains, 1862-1900

G. The Cattlemen's Empire

This subtheme is concerned with the history of the cattle industry west of the Appalachians, which reached its apogee in the Great Plains during the latter half of the 19th century. Major phases include the large open Texas ranges of the 1860s and the transition to the enclosed holdings of the large cattle companies in the 1880s.

1. Great Trail Drives, 1866-1885
2. The Cow Towns, 1866-1885
3. Ranches

XI. AGRICULTURE

This theme deals with the practice of plant and animal husbandry within the present territory of the United States. Emphasized are the development of various farming techniques and the varieties of crops, livestock, and implements employed over time and in differing regions.

A. Era of Adaptation, 1607-1763
B. Plantation Agriculture, 1607-1860
C. Era of Subsistence Agriculture, 1763-1820
D. The Plantation Breaks up, Sharecropping, and Tenant Farming, 1860-
E. Mechanical Agriculture as Business Enterprise Beyond Self-Sufficiency, 1820-
E. Farming on the East Coast for Local Markets (Dairying, Fruits, and Vegetables

XII. BUSINESS

This theme is concerned with this development of commerce, industry, and domestic and international trade within the present territory of the United States. Included are practices, methods, organizations, and techniques associated with these activities.

A. Extractive or Mining Industries

1. Iron and Ferro Alloys
2. Petroleum and Related Resources
3. Other Metals and Minerals
4. Timber and Lumber
5. Fishing and Livestock

B. Manufacturing Organizations

1. Food, Beverages, and Tobacco
2. Transportation Equipment
3. Machinery and Instruments
4. Fabricated Metal and Glass Products
5. Thread and Needle Industries
6. Paper, Printing, and Publishing
7. Chemicals and Allied Products
8. Home Furnishings and Furniture
9. Other

C. Construction and Housing

1. Commercial
2. Private
3. Public

D. Trade

1. Export-Import
2. Wholesale
3, Retail
4. Advertising
5. Commodity Markets

E. Finance and Banking

1. Commercial Banks
2. Savings and Loan Associations
3. Mutual Savings Banks
4. Credit Unions
5. Finance and Personal Loan Companies
6. Credit Companies (Credit Card Industry)
7. Public Regulatory Institutions
8. Stock and Other Market Exchanges
9. General Finance

F. Insurance

1. Fire and Marine
2. Casualty and Surety
3. Life
4. Health

G. Service Industry

1. Food
2. Hostelry

H. Power and Lighting

1. Electric
2. Gas
3. Nuclear
4. Water

I. Accounting

J. Defense

K. Business Organization

L. Shipping and Transportation

M. Supporting Institutions

XIII. SCIENCE

Included in this theme is the discovery of significant concepts and phenomena including those derived from scientific exploration. It also includes American exploration not related to westward expansion, such as that in the polar regions and outer space.

A. Physical Sciences

1. Astronomy
2. Physics
3. Chemistry

B. Earth Science

1. Physical Geography
2. Geology
3. Hydrology
4. Meteorology

C. Biological Sciences

1. Botany
2. Zoology
3. Paleontology
4. Psychology

D. Social Sciences

1. Anthropology
2. Economics
3. Political Science
4. Sociology

E. Mathematics

F. Medicine

1. Clinical Specialties
2. Non-Clinical Specialties
3. Affiliated Disciplines

G. Scientific Institutions

XIV. TRANSPORTATION

This theme covers the transportation of persons and goods by land, water, air, and space, encompassing vehicles, vessels, roads, canals, systems, and structures used as well as the history of the activities themselves.

XV. COMMUNICATION

This theme focuses on means of communication, both physical and electronic, as well as the history of the activities themselves.

XVI. ARCHITECTURE

This theme is concerned with the development and expression of building design within the present territory of the United States. It deals with the careers and works of leading architects, structures of outstanding value in design, the evolution of significant architectural styles, and structures richly representative of particular types or geographical regions. Also included is the field of urban design. Subthemes have approximate dates:

1. Early Gothic Revival
2. High Victorian Gothic
3. Late Gothic Revival

1. Victorian Romanesque
2. Richardsonian

1. Italian Villa
2. American Bracketed Villa
3. Cast Iron: Gothic, Romanesque Renaissance

1. Octagons
2. Egyptian
3. Moorish

1. Georgian (1870-1920)
2. Spanish (Mission) (1890-1940)
3. Tudor (1890-1940)
4. Jacobean (1890-1915)
5. Neo-Classical (1890-1915)
6. Beaux Arts (1890-1915)
7. Renaissance (1890-1915)

1. Urban Areas
2. Suburban Areas
3. Parks
4. Cemeteries
5. Regional Planning

XVII. LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE

XVIII. TECHNOLOGY (Engineering and Invention)

This theme embraces with the development of processes, devices, structures, and tools resulting from the application of scientific princIples. It encompasses the lives and works of engineers, builders, inventors, technicians, and the specialized techniques by which they have executed their works.

1. Fire, Safety, Sanitation, and Pollution Controls

XIX. LITERATURE

This theme is concerned with literary accomplishment in its many forms. Literature includes journalism as well as all types of creative writing.

1. Novel
2. Short Story

XX. THEATER

This theme is concerned with dramatic accomplishment for the live theater. It covers all aspects of the preparation, production, and presentation of theatrical works for the stage.

XXI. MOTION PICTURES

This theme is concerned with dramatic accomplishment for the celuloid medium. It covers all aspects of the preparation, production, and presentation of drama for the motion picture screen.

XXII. MUSIC

This theme is concerned with musical accomplishment in its many forms.

XXIII. DANCE

This theme is concerned with dance accomplishment in its many forms.

XXIV. PAINTING AND SCULPTURE

This theme encompasses the history of painting and sculpture by persons either academically trained or self-taught.

1. American Impressionism, 1876-1920

1. The Eight, the Armory Show, the New Realism, 1900-1926
2. Art Colonies, 1915-1930
3. Regionalism, 1915-1935

1. WPA, 1933-1935
2. Refugees from Europe, 1930s

XXV. PRINTS AND PHOTOGRAPHY

This theme encompasses the history of printmaking and the art of photography by persons either formally trained or self-taught.

XXVI. DECORATION AND FOLK ART

This theme embraces those art forms and objects created and used for functional purposes in the home and workplace. These originated mostly with artists and craftsmen with skills and talents passed on from person to person outside an academic environment.

XXVII. EDUCATION

This theme addresses the development of public and private formal education in the United States. It encompasses the careers of noted educators and the history of educational institutions, including libraries, museums, and zoos.

1. Early Education, Its Conceptual Development
2. Objectives and Methods

1. Development of the System
2. Variant Patterns in the System
3. Effects of Technology
4. Population Change
5. Development of Equal Educational Opportunity
6. Objectives, Curricula, Methodology, and Administration

1. Primary Models
2. Objectives Curricula, Admission Policies, Teaching Methods, Examinations
3. Social and Administrative Patterns
4. Research, Graduate, Post-Graduate Studies, and Professional Studies

1. Conceptional Development
2. Patterns of Organization
3. Gifted
4. Mentally Handicapped
5. Physically Handicapped
6. Socially and Emotionally Disturbed

1. Conceptional Development
2. Institutional Patterns

1. Conceptional Development
2. Apprenticeships and Employee Training

1. Museums, Archives, and Botanical Gardens
2. Libraries
3. Zoos
4. Other Specialized Institutions

1. Aboriginal Populations
2. Ethnic Populations
3. Women's Education
4. The Military

XXVIII. THE LAW

XXXIX. INTELLECTUAL CURRENTS

This theme is concerned with ideas, concepts, and philosophies nor necessarily related to any specific movement and not necessarily possessing any immediate material or social application.

XXX. AMERICAN WAYS OF LIFE

This theme treats the social structure of people within the present territory of the United States. Included are the lifeways of various strata of the American people over time. Here are assigned areas depicting in representative fashion significant economic, social, occupational, regional, ethnic, and religious groups.

XXXI. SOCIAL AND HUMANITARIAN MOVEMENTS

This theme is concerned with the efforts of individuals and groups to reshape society or social institutions in accordance with preconceived ideals and to rectify or relieve disabilities under which portions of the population suffer.

XXXII. CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES

This theme addresses the history of public and private management of the nation's land, water, and air resources, including plant and animal life .

1. Fish, Wildlife, and Vegetation Preservation
2. Origins of the National Parks Movement
3. Game Protection
4. The Forest Service and Forest Preservation
5. Origins of Watershed and Water Conservation
6. Water Purification and Sewage Treatment
7. Scenic Preservation

 1. Emergence of Federal Conservation Legislation
 2. Birth of Wildlife Management
 3. Fish end Wildlife Refuge System
 4. Forest System Expands
 5. Soil Conservation Movement
 6. Origin and Development of the National Park Service
 7. Range and Forage Protection
 8. Wilderness System
 9. Public Health Through Pollution Control
10. The Great Depression and Conservation

XXXIII. HISTORIC PRESERVATION

This theme addresses the history of public and private efforts to protect and manage historic sites and structures.

1. The South Looks to Government for Help
2. The Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities

1. Memorials to the Revolution
2. American Scenic and Historic Preservation Society -- A Pattern for Private Action

1. Regionalism and Preservation
2. Private Historical Societies
3. Society for the Preservation of Hew England Antiquities

1. Battlefield Preservation
2. Archeological Preservation
3. The National Park Service and the Hew Deal
4. The National Trust
5. Growth in Professionalism and Technology

XXXIV. RECREATION

This theme is concerned with leisure activities of people in the United States, including sports and games, vacationing and tourism, other participatory and non-participatory activities, and those individuals who have contributed significantly to the recreational life of the United States.

1. Olympics
2. Baseball
3. Football
4. Basketball
5. Tennis
6. Cricket
7. Squash
8. Rowing

1. Amusement Parks
2. Roller Coasters
3. Carousels
4. Circuses
5. Zoos, Aquariums, and Planetariums
6. Worlds Fairs
7. Racing
8. Festivals and Pageants
9. Rodeos

1. Resort Hotels and Spas
2. Resort Communities
3. Other