A History of Forest Conservation in the Pacific Northwest, 1891-1913

I. Primary Material

A. Unpublished

1. Department of the Interior Records, National Archives

This is a large collection of the papers relating to the National Forests which came into the Land Office during the period 1891-1905. The papers are contained in something over two hundred large cardboard file boxes, which have the names of the forests on their covers. The papers are arranged alphabetically, in order of the date they were received at the Land Office. Contents are of an extremely miscellaneous nature. They include petitions and remonstrances both for and against the reserves, from state governments, civic groups, associations and private individuals; orders and directives of Land Office Officials; Presidential orders; and reports of Special Agents of the Land Office, the Geological Survey, and the Bureau of Forestry. The only classification is chronologically and by National Forest. However, Jeannie Peyton, a clerk of the Land Office, prepared two skeleton outlines to the incoming papers: "History of the Creation of Federal Forest Reserves under Section 24 of the Act of March 3, 1891," and "Forest Reserves Established during President McKinley's Administration, 1892-1901." Both these typewritten manuscripts are found in Research Compilation Files, dr. 354, in the Forest Service Files of the National Archives.

2. Bureau of Forestry and Forest Service Records, National Archives

The papers of the Bureau of Forestry and of the Forest Service are complex in nature and large in quantity. They consist of correspondence of the old Division of Forestry; reports of special agents; inspection reports of the regional inspectors of the Forest Service, prior to 1905; and records of the Forest Service itself.

Several collections are of special value for the period and region covered. One is the Research Compilation files, a collection of 250 feet of material, of unique or special character. Harold Pinkett, archivist in the Natural Resources Division, has published a guide to this collection in "Records of Research Units of the United States Forest Service in the National Archives," Journal of Forestry. 45:4 (April, 1947), pp. 272-75.

Bureau of Forestry files, down to 1897, consist primarily of incoming and outgoing correspondence. After 1897, when the Bureau took on more activities, the correspondence is larger in volume and more various in nature. There are large numbers of special reports dealing with this period in the collection.

In 1905, the Forest Service succeeded the Bureau of Forestry. Their files are arranged according to the organization of the Forest Service, classified chronologically according to both function and region; and the investigator will find it well to familiarize himself with that organization before beginning his work. In addition to this, however, there are many special files, dealing with timber land frauds, historical material, and the like.

3. Gifford Pinchot Papers, Library of Congress

This collection proved to be of value primarily in corroborating material Pinchot mentioned in his autobiography. The value of the collection is not as great as it might be because (1) much of it is still unsorted; (2) some of the papers, including his diary, are still in the possession of his widow; and (3) much of the material duplicates what is found in the official correspondence, in the Archives. Despite their limitations, the collection proved to be of value.

4. Regional Collections

The Pacific Northwest Forest Experiment Station, and the Regional Headquarters of the Forest Service, Portland, Oregon, both have historical files, dealing mainly with persons and personalities. Some material is also to be found in the State Archives of both Oregon and Washington.

5. interviews

B. Published

1. Federal Government Departments and Bureaus*

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*All published by the U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C.

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a. U. S. Department of Agriculture

Trees, the Department of Agriculture Yearbook for 1949

b. Bureau of Forestry, and Forest Service

Engign, Edgar T., Report on the Forestry Conditions of the Rocky Mountains and Other Papers. Bulletin 2, Division of Forestry, 1889.

Coville, Fredrick V., Forest Growth and Sheep Grazing in the Cascade Mountains of Oregon. Bulletin 15, Division of Forestry, 1898.

Woodruff, George W., Federal and State Forest Laws. Bulletin 57, Bureau of Forestry, 1904.

Forest Reserves in Idaho. Bulletin 67, Forest Service, 1905.

Graves, Henry S., Protection of Forests from Fire. Bulletin 82, Forest Service, 1910.

Burns, Findley, The Olympic National Forest. Bulletin 89, Forest Service, 1911.

______, The Crater National Forest. Bulletin 100, Forest Service, 1911.

Plummer, Fred G., Forest Fires. Bulletin 117, Forest Service, 1912.

Plummer, Fred G., Lightning in Relation to Forest Fires. Bulletin 111, Forest Service, 1912.

The Use of the National Forests. 1907.

Highlights in the History of Forest Conservation. (mimeograph, n.d.).

c. Bureau of Animal Husbandry

Carman, E. A., H. A. Heath, and John Minto, Special Report on the History and Present Condition of the Sheep industry of the United States. 1892.

d. Department of the interior

Annual Report of the Secretary. 1889 to 1914.

e. General Land Office

Report of the Comissioner. 1889 to 1914.

f. U. S. Geological Survey

Nineteenth Annual Report of the United States Geological Survey, 1897-98. Part V—Forest Reserves.

U. S. Geological Survey, Forest Reserves. Annual Report, 1900. Volume 21, part V. 1900. 2 volumes.

Langille, H. D., Fred G. Plummer, Arthur Dodwell, Theodore F. Rixon and John B. Leibig, Forest Conditions in the Cascade Range Forest Reserve. 1903 (Professional Paper No. 9).

Pinchot, Gifford, Survey of the Forest Reserves. Washington, 1898.

2. Special Reports, Federal and State

Conference of the Western Governors, 1913. The Smith Brooks Printing Company, Denver, 1914.

Conference of the Western Governors, 1914. The Smith Brooks Printing Company, Denver, 1914.

Conference of the Western Governors, 1915. Lamborn, Olympia, 1915.

Fernow, Bernnard Eduard, Report on the Forestry Investigations of the United States Department of Agriculture, 1877-1898. Washington, 1898: 55th Cong. House Doc. 181, Serial 3813.

Report in the Matter of the Impeachment of Cornelius H. Hanford. Washington, 1912: 62nd Cong., 2d Session, H. Doc. 1152.

The Western Range. Washington, 1936: 74th Cong., 2d Session, Sen. Doc. 199.

3. Legislative Proceedings, Federal and State

Congressional Record. 1891 to 1913. U. S. Government Printing Office.

Journal of the Senate of the State of Oregon. 1891 to 1913. State Printer, Salem.

Journal of the House of the State of Oregon. 1891 to 1913. State Printer, Salem.

House Journal of the Legislature of the State of Washington. 1891 to 1913. Olympia, State Printer.

Senate Journal of the Legislature of the State of Washington. 1891 to 1913. Olympia, State Printer.

4. State Bureaus, Boards and Commissions

Annual Report of the Oregon Conservation Commission to the Governor. 1906 to 1913. Salem, State Printer.

Annual Report of the Oregon State Forester. 1908 to 1913. Salem, State Printer.

Annual Report of the State Forester of Washington. 1905 to 1913. Olympia, State Printer.

Biennial Report of the State Land Commissioner of Washington. 1900 to 1914. Olympia, State Printer.

Biennial Report of the California State Board of Forestry. 1905-06. Sacramento, State Printer, 1906.

Colorado State Forester: First Biennial Report, 1911-12. Fort Collins, State Printer, 1912.

5. Professional and Guild Publications

The New Jersey Forester. 1895-1898. Princeton, New Jersey.

The Forester. 1898-1901.

Forestry and Irrigation. 1902-08.

Conservation. 1909.

American Forestry. 1910-1923.

American Forests and Forest Life. 1924-30.

American Forests. 1931-54. Washington, D. C. (All these references refer to the same periodical. The New Jersey Forester was founded by John Gifford, a Princeton man who was one of the first forestry educators in the United States. In 1898 the journal was acquired by the American Forestry Association, and has been the official organ of that group since, with the place of publication transferred to Washington, D. C. The numbering of the volumes is continuous; that is, the first issue of The Forester is volume 4, number 1).

Forestry Quarterly. 1902-16. Ithaca, New York.

Proceedings of the Society of American Foresters. 1905-17. Washington, D. C.

Journal of Forestry. 1917-1955. Washington, D. C. (Forestry Quarterly was founded by B. E. Fernow at Cornell. In 1905 it amalgamated with the Proceedings of the Society of American Foresters to form the Journal of Forestry.)

West Coast Lumberman. 1891-1913. Tacoma.

American Lumberman. 1909-1913. Chicago.

Columbia River and Oregon Timberman. 1899-1905. Portland.

The Timberman. 1905-1913. Portland.

The Mountaineer. 1900-1910. Seattle.

The Sierra Club Bulletin. 1891-1900. San Francisco.

Proceedings of the Pacific Northwest Forest Protection and Conservation Association, Spokane, January 4-5 and and April 5, 1909. The Timberman, Portland, 1909.

Proceedings of the Western Forestry and Conservation Association. 1910-1916. The Timberman, Portland.

Proceedings of the Forest Fire Conference of the Western Forestry and Conservation Association, 1911. The Timberman, Portland, 1911.

Report of the National Conservation Commission. Washington, 1909: 60th Congress, 2d Session, Sen. Doc. 676.

Addresses and Proceedings of the First Conservation Congress, Held at Seattle, Washington, August 26-28, 1909. Conservation Commission, Seattle, 1909.

Addresses and Proceedings of the Second Conservation Congress, Held at St. Paul Minnesota, September 5-8, 1910 Conservation Commission, Washington, 1911.

Report of the Forestry Committee of the Fifth Conservation Congress 1913. Conservation Commission, Washington,

6. Autobiographies, Memoirs and Collections of Papers

Bade, William Fredrick, The Life and Letters of John Muir. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1924. 2 volumes.

Minto, John. Rhymes of Early Life in Oregon and Historical Biographical Facts. Salem: Statesman Printing Company, 1915.

Morison, Elting, et al (ed.). The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1951-54.

Pinchot, Gifford. Breaking New Ground. New York: MacMillan, 1947.

Roosevelt, Theodore. Autobiography. New York: Scribners, 1913.

Stimson, Henry, and McGeorge Bundy. On Active Service in Peace and War. New York: Harper, 1948.

7. Books

Kipling, Rudyard. From Sea to Sea. 2 volumes. New York: Scribners Sons, 1899-1900 (Writings, Volumes 15-16).

Steel, William Gladstone. The Mountains of Oregon. Portland: D. Steel, 1890.

Mauk, Charlotte (ed.). Yosemite and the Sierra Nevadas: Selections from the Writings of John Muir. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1948.

Muir, John. The Mountains of California. 2 volumes. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1916.

Minto, John. A Paper on the Forestry Interests. Salem: State Printer, 1898.

Puter, Stephen A. Douglas, and Horace Stevens. Looters of the Public Domain. Portland: Portland Printing House, 1908.

Thoreau, Henry David. The Maine Woods. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1893.

8. Articles

Allen, Edward Tyson, "The Applications and Possibilities of the Federal Reserve System," Proceedings of the Society of American Foresters, I:2 (November, 1905), pp. 41-52.

______. "What the Protective Associations Did," American Forestry, XVI:2 (November, 1910), p. 641.

______. "Ranger Wild Young on the Fire Line or Lariat Laura's Fatal Form," American Forestry, XX:7 (July, 1914), pp. 496-98.

Andrews, W. T. "Introduction of the Practical Teaching of Logging Engineering and Lumber Manufacture at the University of Washington," The University of Washington Forest Club Quarterly, IV:3 (November, 1925), pp. 34-37.

Buck, C. J. "How Telephone Lines Saved Lives," American Forestry, XVI:2 (November, 1910), pp. 648-51.

Clapp, S. S. "Forest Fires in Washington and Oregon," American Forestry, XVI:2 (November, 1910), pp. 644-47.

Minto, John. "Sheep Husbandry in Oregon," Oregon Historical Quarterly, III:3 (September, 1902), pp. 219-47.

West, Oswald. "Reminiscences and Anecdotes-151;Mostly About Politics," Oregon Historical Quarterly, LI:2 (June, 1950), pp. 109-10.

9. Pamphlets, Newsletters and Occasional Periodicals

Steel, David and W. G. Steel Points. Portland, 1906-07.

Memorial of the Chamber of Commerce of Seattle Relative to the Forest Reserves in the State of Washington. Seattle, no publisher, 1897.

The Six-Twenty-Six. Portland: Regional Office, U. S. Forest Service, 1917-1938 (mimeographed).

The Ranger. Portland: Regional Office, U. S. Forest Service, 1917-23 (mimeographed).

The Washington Hatchet. Supervisor's Office, Washington N.F., 1912 (mimeographed).

The Deschutes Ranger. Supervisor's Office, Deschutes N.F., 1914 (mimeographed).

The Crater Ranger. Supervisor's Office, Crater N.F., 1911-13 (mimeographed).

10. Newspapers

The Portland Oregonian, 1891-1913. Portland, Oregon.

The Oregon Journal, 1903-04. Portland, Oregon.

The Spokane Spokesman-Review, 1909-19. Spokane, Washington.

(Scattered use was also made of the Seattle Post-Intelligencer; the Tacoma Ledger; and The Bellingham Reveille).

II. Secondary Material

A. Unpublished

Cox, John H., "Organization of the Lumber industry in the Pacific Northwest." Doctoral thesis, University of California, 1937.

Lowenthal, David. "George Perkins Marsh." Doctoral thesis, University of Wisconsin, 1953.

Meany, Edmond Jr. "The History of the Lumber Industry in the Pacific Northwest to 1911." Doctoral thesis, Harvard University, 1935 (microfilm in University of Washing ton Library).

Wilson, Helen Owen. "Miles Poindexter and the Progressive Movement in Eastern Washington." Master of Arts thesis, State College of Washington, 1941.

Murray, Keith Alexander. "Republican Party Politics in Washington During the Progressive Era." Doctoral thesis, University of Washington, 1946.

B. Published

1. Reference Works

Handlin, Oscar, et al (ed.). Harvard Guide to American History. Cambridge Harvard University Press, 1954.

Bradley, Mary A., and Mabel G. Hunt. Index to Publications of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, 1901-25. Washington: Government Printing Office, 32.

First Index to the Journal of Forestry. Washington, 1929.

Second Index to the Journal of Forestry. Washington, 1940.

Third Index to the Journal of Forestry. Washington, 1952.

Classified Index to the Journal of Forestry, 1901-1926. Washington, 1932.

Johnson, Allen (ed.). Dictionary of American Biography. New York: C. Scribners Sons, 1928-44. 21 volumes.

2. Biographies

Blum, John L. The Republican Roosevelt. Cambridge: The Harvard University Press, 1954.

Bowers, Claude G. Beveridge and the Progressive Era. New York: Literary Guild, 1932.

Fuess, Claude. Carl Schurz, Reformer. New York: Dodd, Mead and Company, 1932.

Mason, Alpheus. Brandeis, A Free Man's Life. New York: Viking Press, 1946.

Pringle, Henry F. Theodore Roosevelt: a Biography. New York: Harcourt Brace & Company, 1931.

______. The Life and Times of William Howard Taft. New York: Farrar and Rinehart, 1939. 2 volumes.

Rodgers, Andrew Denny. Bernhard Edouard Fernow. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1951.

Wolfe, Linnie Marsh. Son of the Wilderness: the Life of John Muir. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.

3. Books

Allen, Edwart Tyson. Practical Forest in the Pacific Northwest. Portland: Western Forestry and Conservation Association, 1911.

Athearn, Robert. Westward the Briton. New York: Scribners, 1953.

Bagley, Clarence. History of Seattle From the Earliest Settlement to the Present Time. Chicago: The S. J. Clarke Publishing Company, 1916 .

Cameron, Jenks. The Development of Governmental Forest Control in the United States. Baltimore The Johns Hopkins Press, 1928 (Publications of the Institute for Governmental Research).

Carhart, Arthur. Timber in Your Life. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1954.

Chittenden, Hiram Martin. History of Yellowstone National Park. 3rd edition. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press, 1933.

Clark, Donald H. 18 Men and a Horse. Seattle: The Metropolitan Press, 1949.

Coman, Edwin T., and Helen M. Gibbs. Time, Tide and Timber: A Century of Pope and Talbot. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press, 1949.

Cummins, Homer, and Carl McFarland. Federal Justice. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1937.

Dana, Marshall. The First Fifty Years of the Oregon Journal. Portland: The Metropolitan Press, 1931.

Dyar, Ralph. News for an Empire. Caldwell: The Caxton Press, 1952.

Fisher, Robert Morse (ed.). The Metropolis In Modern Life. Garden City: Doubleday and Company, 1955.

Fernow, Bernhard Edouard. A Brief History of Forestry in Europe, the United States, and Other Countries. 3rd revised edition. Toronto: University Press, 1913.

Gaston, Joseph. Portland, Its History and Builders. Chicago: The S. J. Clarke Company, 1911.

Geike, Archibald. Geological Sketches at Home and Abroad. New York: MacMillan, 1892.

Gulick, Luther Halsey. American Forest Policy. New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1951.

Hubbard, Benjamin Horace. A History of Public Land Policies. New York: Peter Smith, 1939.

Hodges, L. K. (ed.). Mining in the Pacific Northwest. Seattle: The Post-Intelligencer, 1897.

Holbrook, Stewart. Burning an Empire; The Story of American Forest Fires. New York: The MacMillan Company, 1943.

Ise, John. The United States Forest Policy. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1920.

James, Harlean. Romance of the National Parks. New York: The MacMillan Company, 1939.

Jensen, Merril (ed.). Regionalism in America. Madison: University of Wi sin Press, 1952.

Kerwin, Jerome G. Federal Water Power Legislation. New York: Columbia University Press, 1926.

Leyburn, James G. Frontier Folkways. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1935.

MacMahon, Arthur W. Federalism: Real and Emergent. Garden City: Doubleday and Company, 1955.

Marsh, George Perkins. The Earth as Modified by Human Action. Revised edition. New York: Scribners, 1898.

Mason, Alpheus. Bureaucracy Convicts Itself: the Ballinger-Pinchot Controversy. New York: The Viking Press, 1941.

McKinley, Charles. Uncle Sam in the Pacific Northwest. Berkeley: California University Press, 1952.

McNeil, Fred H. W'East, the Mountain. Portland: The Metropolitan Press, 1937.

Mills, Randall. Sternwheelers Up the Columbia. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press, 1947.

Mount Hood: A Guide Compiled by the Works Progress Administration. New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1940.

Mowry, George. Theodore Roosevelt and the Progressive Movement. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1947.

_______. The California Progressives. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1951.

Mumford, Lewis. The Brown Decades. New York: Harcourt Brace and Company, 1932.

Peffer, E. Louise. The Closing of the Public Domain. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press, 1951.

Robbins, Roy. Our Landed Heritage. New York: Peter Smith, 1950.

Schlesinger, Arthur Meier. The Rise of the City. New York: The MacMillan Company, 1933.

Shankland, Robert. Steve Mather of the National Parks. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1951.

Smith, Guy-Harold (ed.). Conservation of Natural Resources. New York: John Wiley and Company, 1952.

Turner, Fredrick Jackson. The Frontier in American History. Henry Holt, 1920.

_______. Sections in American History. Henry Holt, 1932.

Wentworth, Edward Norris. America's Sheep Trails. Ames: Iowa State College Press, 1948.

White, Stewart Edward. The Forest. New York: The Outlook Company. 1903.

_______. The Rules of the Game. Doubleday Page and Company, 1912.

Wolfe, Muriel Sibell. The Bonanza Trail. Bloomington: University of Indiana Press, 1953.

4. Articles

Almack, John. "History of Oregon Normal Schools," Oregon Historical Quarterly. XXI:2 (June, 1920), pp. 95-169.

Cross, Whitney R. "Ideas in Politics: Conservation Policies of the Two Roosevelts," Journal of the History of History of Ideas, XIV:3 (June, 1953), pp. 421-38.

Guthrie, John D. "William Henry Boole Kent," Journal of Forestry, 44:8 (August, 1946), pp. 44-48.

High, James. "Some Southern California Opinions Concerning Conservation of Forests, 1890-1905," Historical Quarterly of Southern California 33:4 (December, 1951), pp. 291-312.

Holt, W. Stull. "Some Consequences of the Urban Movement on American History," Pacific Historical Review, XXII:4 (November, 1953), pp. 337-52.

Hosmer, Ralph S. "The Society of American Foresters: An Historical Summary," Journal of Forestry, 38:11 (November, 1940), pp. 829-54.

O'Callaghan, Jerry A. "Senator Mitchell and the Oregon Land Frauds, 1905," Pacific Historical Review, XXI:3 (August, 1952), pp. 255-60.

Payton, Jeannie S. "Forestry Movement of the Seventies in the Interior Department, under Schurz," Forest Quarterly XVIII:4 (April, 1920), pp. 391-406.

Pinchot, Gifford. "How Conservation Began in the United States," Agricultural History, XI:4 (October, 1937), pp. 255-65.

Rakestraw, Lawrence. "Uncle Sam's Forest Reserves," Pacific Northwest Quarterly, 44:4 (October, 1953), pp. 145-51.

Sherman, E. A. "The Supreme Court of the United States and Conservation Policies," Journal of Forestry, XIX:8 (December, 1921), pp. 928-30.

Smith, Herbert A. "The Early Forestry Movement in the United States," Agricultural History, XII:4 (October, 1938), pp. 326-46.