YUKON-CHARLEY RIVERS Yukon Frontiers Historic Resource Study of the Proposed Yukon-Charley National River

¹Billington, Westward Expansion, pp. 529-45; Rodman W. Paul, California Gold: The Beginning of Mining in the Far West (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1947); Clark C. Spence, Mining Engineers and the American West: The Lace-Boot Brigade, 1849-1933 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1970); Rodman W. Paul, Mining Frontiers of the Far West, 1848-1880 (New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1963); Otis E. Young, Western Mining: An Informal Account of Precious-Metals Prospecting, Placering, Lode Mining, and Milling on the American Frontier From Spanish Times to 1893 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1970).

²Brooks, Blazing Alaska's Trails, p. 328.

³Best synthesis is R.N. DeArmond, "A Letter to Jack McQuesten: 'Gold on the Fortymile'", The Alaska Journal 3 (1973): 114-121; Brooks, Blazing Alaska's Trails, p. 331, Mathews, The Yukon, p. 110; Frank Buteau, "My Experiences in the World" in Sourdough Sagas, ed. Herbert L. Heller (New York: Ballantine Books, 1967), David Wharton, The Alaska Gold Rush (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1972), pp. 108-9; and Will H. Chase, Reminiscences of Captain Billie Moore (Kansas City: Burton Publishing Co., 1947), p. 173.

⁴Osgood, The Han Indians, pp. 129-38.

⁵Joseph Ladue, Klondyke Nuggets (Montreal: John Lovell and Son Publishers, 1897), pp. 81-2; William Ogilvie, The Klondike Official Guide (Toronto: The Hunter, Rose Co., 1898), p. 54.

⁶Frank Buteau, "My Experience in the World", pp. 86-112; Henry Davis, "Recollections", Sourdough Sagas, ed. Herbert L. Heller (New York: Ballantine Books, 1967), pp. 24-77.

⁷Buteau, "My Experience in the World", p. 13.

⁸Ibid p. 90; Davis, "Recollections", p. 38.

⁹Tappan Adney, The Klondike Stampede (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1900), p. 241; Mathews, The Yukon, p. 111.

¹⁰Buteau, "My Experience in the World", p. 96.

¹¹Paul, Mining Frontiers and California Gold; Young, Western Mining; and nearly all United States Geological Survey Bulletins on Alaska.

¹²Adney, The Klondike Stampede, pp. 226-24; also described in Paul, California Gold and Mining Frontiers; and Young, Western Mining.

¹³Buteau, "My Experience in the World", p. 97.

¹⁴Ibid., p. 96.

¹⁵Ibid., p. 88.

¹⁶Josiah Edward Spurr, Through the Yukon Gold Diggings: A Narrative of Personal Travel (Boston: Eastern Publishing Co., 1900). p. 133.

¹⁷Buteau, "My Experience in the World", p. 104.

¹⁸McQuesten's generosity was legendary, and nearly all observers commented on it. Buteau, "My Experience in the World"; Davis, "Recollections", Ogilvie, Early Days; Brooks, Blazing Alaska's Trails; and Adney, The Klondike Stampede.

¹⁹Chase, The Reminiscences of Captain Billie Moore; and Captain William D. Moore, "From Peru to Alaska", typescript in Manuscript Collection, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.

²⁰Callahan, "A Yukon Autobiography", p. 128; Wharton, The Alaska Gold Rush, pp. 289, 150-55; and Samuel C. Dunham, "The Alaskan Goldfields and the Opportunities They Offer for Capital and Labor" in Bulletin of the Department of Labor, ed. Carroll D. Wright, U.S. Congress, House Doc. No. 206, pt. 3, 55th Cong., 2d sess., 1898, p. 359. The date is difficult to pinpoint but gold was probably found in 1892 and Circle founded the following spring of 1893.

²¹Callahan, "A Yukon Autobiography", p. 128; Wharton, The Alaska Gold Rush, pp. 152-55 but Wharton digresses into a long passage filled with imaginative conjectures.

²²Spurr, Through the Yukon Gold Diggings, p. 173; and Davis, "Recollections", p. 67.

²³Alfred Hulse Brooks, "The Circle Precinct", Report on Progress of Investigations of Mineral Resources of Alaska in 1906, United States Geological Survey (hereafter known as U.S.G.S.) Bulletin 314 (Washington, 1907), p. 188; and Adney, The Klondike Stampede, p. 458.

²⁴Adney, The Klondike Stampede, p. 458; Spurr, Through the Yukon Gold Diggings, p. 161; and Harold B. Goodrich, "History and Conditions of Yukon Gold District to 1897", Eighteenth Annual Report of the United States Geological Survey to the Secretary of the Interior, 1896-97, pt. 3 (Washington, 1898), p. 118.

²⁵Stuck, Voyages on the Yukon; Dunham, "The Alaskan Goldfields", p. 350; and Kitchener, Flag Over the North, p. 188.

²⁶Goodrich, "History and Conditions of Yukon", p. 118; and Adney, The Klondike Stampede, p. 458.

²⁷Davis, "Recollections", p. 67; and Spurr, Through the Yukon Gold Diggings, p. 175.

²⁸Spurr, Through the Yukon, p. 176.

²⁹Arthur Treadwell Walden, A Dog-Puncher on the Yukon (New York: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1928), pp. 42-3.

³⁰Henry De Windt, Through the Gold-Field of Alaska to Bering Straits (New York: Harper and Brothers Publishers, 1898), p. 160.

³¹Goodrich, "History and Conditions of Yukon", p. 119; Brooks, Blazing Alaska's Trails, p. 332.

³²Dunham, "The Alaskan Goldfields", p. 358.

³³Buteau, "My Experience in the World", pp. 107-8; and William Douglas Johns, "The Early Yukon, Alaska, and the Klondike Discovery as They were Before the Great Klondike Stampede Swept Away the Old Conditions Forever By One Who Was There", typescript, Manuscript Collection, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.

³⁴Johns, "The Early Yukon", p. 135.

³⁵Spurr, Through the Yukon, p. 196; Others also describe dances; Johns, "The Early Yukon:, p. 171; Davis, "Recollections", p. 68; De Windt, Through the Gold-Field, pp. 161-2; C. S. Hamlin, Old Times on the Yukon: Decline of Circle City; Romances of the Klondyke (Los Angeles: Wetzel Publishing Co., 1928), p. 4.

³⁶Davis, "Recollections", p. 14; Johns, "The Early Yukon", p. 137; and Miners' Association of Circle, Alaska, vol. 1 - Constitution, By-Laws, and Membership of the Miners' Association, vol. 2 - Minutes, 16 November 1895, in Historical Library, Juneau, Alaska.

³⁷Paul, California Gold, pp. 210-39; Dunham, "The Alaskan Goldfields", p. 363; Walden, A Dog-Puncher on the Yukon, pp. 49-53; Johns, "The Early Yukon", p. 148; and Conditions in Alaska, Hearings Before Subcommittee of Committee on Territories, U.S. Congress, Senate, Report No. 282, pt. 2, 58th Cong., 2d sess., 1904, p. 95.

³⁸Goodrich, "History and Conditions of Yukon', p. 127; Conditions in Alaska, p. 95; and Johns, "The Early Yukon", p. 148.

³⁹Buteau, "My Experience in the World", p. 83.

⁴⁰Goodrich, "History and Conditions of Yukon", p. 127; Walden, A Dog-Puncher on the Yukon, p. 48.

⁴¹Walden, A Dog-Puncher on the Yukon, p. 49.

⁴²Anna Fulcomer, "The Three R's at Circle City", Century Magazine 56: 223-29.

⁴³Johns, "The Early Yukon", pp. 124-27.

⁴⁴Ibid., p. 127.

⁴⁵Ibid., p. 135.

⁴⁶Ibid., p. 141.

⁴⁷Ibid., p. 142.

⁴⁸Billington, Westward Expansion, p. 534.

⁴⁹Alaska Mining Record, 26 October 1898, p. 3; The Alaska Weekly, 10 August 1923, p. 3; and Kitchener, Flag Over the North, p. 153.