Gateways to Commerce: The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers' 9-Foot Channel Project on the Upper Mississippi River

Books and Published Reports

Armstrong, Ellis, ed. History of Public Works in the United States 1776-1976. Chicago: American Public Works Association, 1976.

Burner, David. Herbert Hoover: A Public Life. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1979.

Official Book of the Fair: An Introduction To A Century of Progress International Exposition. Chicago: A Century of Progress, Inc., 1933.

Craig, Lois A., et. al. The Federal Presence: Architecture, Politics, and Symbols in United States Government Building. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1978.

Creager, William P., Joel D. Justin, and Julian Hinds. Engineering for Dams. 3 Vols. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1945.

Cullem, George W. Biographical Register of the Officers and Graduates of the U.S. Military Academy from 1802 to 1867. New York: James Mille, 1879; revised ed., with a supplement, containing the Register of Graduates to January 1, 1979.

Dickerman, Alan R., George E. Radosevich, and Kennet Noble. Foundation of Federal Reclamation Policies: An Historical Review of Changing Goals and Objectives. Fort Collins: Department of Economics, Colorado State University, 1970.

Dimock, Marshall E. Developing America's Waterways: Administration of the Inland Waterways Corporation. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1935.

Dobney, Frederick J. River Engineers of the Middle Mississippi: A History of the St. Louis District. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. St. Louis: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, St. Louis District, 1978.

Dorsey, Florence. Master of the Mississippi, Henry Shreve and the Conquest of the Mississippi. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, Co., 1941.

Fine, Lenore and Remington, Jessie A. The Corps of Engineers: Construction in the United States, United States Army, in World War II. Washington D.C.: Office of the Chief of Military History, 1972.

Fite, Gilbert C. George N. Peek and the Fight for Farm Parity. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1954.

Fries, Robert F. Empire in Pine: The Story of the Lumbering Industry in Wisconsin, 1830-1900. Madison: State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1951.

Hays, Samuel P. Conservation and the Gospel of Efficiency: The Progressive Conservation Movement 1890-1920. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1959, reprinted with a new preface by the author, New York: Antheneum, 1974.

History of Clinton County Iowa. Clinton: Clinton County Historical Society, 1976.

Hofstadter, Richard. The Age of Reform From Bryan to F.D.R. New York: Vintage Books, 1955.

Hull, William J., and Robert W. Hull. The Origin and Development of the Waterways Policy of the United States. Washington D.C.: National Waterways Conference 1967.

Hunter, Louis. Steamboats on the Western Rivers, An Economic and Technological History. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1949.

Institute for Government Research. The U.S. Reclamation Service: Its History. Activities and Organization. Fort Collins: Department of Economics, Colorado State University, 1970.

Jackson, Donald C. Great American Bridges and Dams. Washington D.C.: The Preservation Press, National Trust for Historic Preservation, 1988.

James, George Whaton. Reclaiming the Arid West: The Story of the United States Reclamation Service. New York: Dodd, Mead, and Company, 1917.

Johnson; Leland R. The Davis Island Lock and Dam 1870-1922. Pittsburgh: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers District, 1985.

______. The Falls City Engineers: A History of the Louisville District Corps of Engineers United States Army. Louisville: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Louisville District, 1974.

_____. The Falls City Engineers: A History of the Louisville District Corps of Engineers United States Army 1970-1983. Louisville: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Louisville District, 1984.

_____. Men, Mountains and Rivers: An Illustrated History of the Huntington District, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Huntington, WV: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Huntington District, 1977.

Larson, Agnes M. History of the White Pine Industry in Minnesota. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1949.

Leuchtenburg, William E. Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal, 1932-1940. New York: Harper Row, 1963.

Linton, Calvin D., ed. The Bicentennial Almanac: 200 Years of America. New York: Thomas Nelson and Company, 1975.

Maass, Arthur. Muddy Waters: The Army Engineers and the Nation's Rivers. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1951.

Merritt, Raymond H. Creativity, Conflict and Controversy: A History of the St. Paul District U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. St. Paul: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, St. Paul District, 1980.

_____. The Corps, the Environment and the Upper Mississippi Basin. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Historical Division, Office of Administrative Services, Office of the Chief of Engineers. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1984.

Newman, Clarence. Ohio River Navigation: Past, Present, Future. Cincinnati: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Ohio River Division, 1979.

Nichols, Roger L. and Patrick L. Halley. Stephen Long and American Frontier Exploration. Newark: University of Delaware Press, 1980.

Nixon, Edgar B., ed. Franklin D. Roosevelt and Conservation, 1911-1945. Hyde Park, New York: General Services Administration, National Archives and Resources Service, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, 1957.

Nye, Russell B. Midwestern Progressive Politics. New York: Harper and Row, 1959.

Rathbun, Mary Yeater. The Illinois and Michigan Canal. Springfield: Illinois Department of Conservation, 1980.

Roberts, Nelson C. and S.W. Moorhead. Story of Lee County, Iowa. Chicago: The S.J. Clarke Publishing Company, 1914.

Robinson, Michael. History of Navigation in the Ohio River Basin. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, National Waterways Study, Water Resources Support Center, Institute for Water Resources, 1983.

_____. History of Navigation in the Ohio River Basin: National Waterways Study: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Water Resource Support Center. Institute for Water Resources—Navigation History NWS-83-5. Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1983.

_____. "The Federal Barge Fleet: An Analysis of the Inland Waterways Corporation, 1924-1939." National Waterways Roundtable Proceedings. Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1980.

Saloutos, Theodore and John D. Hicks. Agricultural Discontent in the Middle West, 1900-1939. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1951.

Scarpino, Phillip V. Great River: An Environmental History of the Upper Mississippi, 1890-1950. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1985.

Schoklitsch, Arim. Hydraulic Structures: A Text and Handbook. Translated by Samuel Shulits. 2 Vols. New York: American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1937.

Scott, John S. A Dictionary of Civil Engineering. 2nd ed. Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1965.

Short, C.W., and R. Stanley-Brown. Public Buildings: A Survey of Architecture of Projects Constructed by Federal and Other Governmental Bodies Between the Years of 1933 and 1939 with the Assistance of the Public Works Administration. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1939.

Taylor, Emerson Gifford. Gouverneur Kemble Warren, The Life and Letters of An American Soldier 1830-1882. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1932.

Twain, Mark [Samuel Clemens]. Life on the Mississippi. First American edition (1883), as printed in Mark Twain, Mississippi Writings. New York: Library Classics of the United States, Inc., 1982.

Tweet, Roald. A History of Navigation Improvements on the Rock Island Rapids (The Background of Lock and Dam 15). Rock Island: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Rock Island District, 1980.

_____. A History of the Rock Island District U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 1866-1983. Rock Island: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Rock Island District, 1984.

_____. Taming of the Des Moines Rapids: The Background of Lock 19. Rock Island: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Rock Island District, 1978.

_____. History of Transportation on the Upper Mississippi and Illinois Rivers. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, National Waterways Study, Water Resources Support Center, Institute for Water Resources, 1983.

Twinning, Charles E. Downriver, Orrin H. Ingam and the Empire Lumber Company. Madison: State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1975.

_____. Phil Weyerhaeuser, Lumberman. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1985.

"The Development of the Lock and Dam System on the Upper Mississippi River." In National Waterway Roundtable Proceedings: History. Regional Development, Technology—A Look Ahead, by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, National Waterways Study, Water Resources Support Center, Institute for Water Resources, n.d.

The U.S. Reclamation Service: Its History. Activities and Organization. New York: D. Appleton and Co., 1919.

Twenty-Second Convention National Rivers and Harbors Congress. Proceedings of the Twenty-Second Convention National Rivers and Harbors Congress, Washington. D.C., December 8 and 9, 1926. Washington D.C.: Press of Randall Inc., 1927.

U.S. Army, Office of the Chief of Engineers. Laws of the United States Relating to the Improvement of Rivers and Harbors, from August 11, 1790, to January 1, 1939. 3 Vols. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1913 and 1940.

_____. Annual Reports of the Chief of Engineers United States Army, to the Secretary of War for the years 1867-1940. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1868-1941.

Wolfe, P.B. Wolfe's History of Clinton County, Iowa. Indianapolis: B.F. Bowen Co., 1911.

Wood, Richard G. Stephen Harriman Long, 1784-1864, Army Engineer, Explorer, Investor. Glendale, CA: A.H. Clarke Co., 1966.

Corps of Engineers Reports on the 9-Foot Channel

Carlson, Harry. "Report on Test of Relation Between Probe Resistance and Soil Density." St. Paul: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, St. Paul District, 1938.

____. "Report on Trial Mixes for Dam Number 3." Fountain City, WI: U.S. Engineering Laboratory, n.d.

Lidicker, William Z. "Unusual Timber and Steel Bearing Pile Load Tests at Mississippi River Dam No. 3." July 26, 1939. St. Paul: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, St. Paul District Office.

_____. "Soil Loading Tests on Buried Tie Plates." Typewritten, n.d. St. Paul: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, St. Paul District Office.

Mudd, Thomas J. "Locks and Dams No. 26, Mississippi River—Alton, Illinois." St. Louis: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, St. Louis District, 1975. Typescript.

Stopp, Carl. "Report of Main Lock Cofferdam, Twin Locks No. 26." Alton, IL: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, St. Louis District, 1934.

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. "A Study of Water Pressures On Roller Gates: Hydraulic Model Investigation." St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory Report No. 77. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, October 1963.

_____. St. Paul Engineer District Sub Office: Hydraulic Laboratory, University of Iowa City, IA. "Laboratory Test on Hydraulic Model of Lock and Dam No. 11, Mississippi River, Dubuque, Iowa." Hydraulic Report No. 40, April 1940,

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Rock Island District. "Mississippi River Lock and Dam No. 11, Final Report—Construction." Vol. I: "Introduction, Lock, Roadway, and Temporary Buildings." Vol. III: "Eagle Point Bridge Alterations." Vol. IV: "Power, Control, and Lighting System." Rock Island: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Rock Island District, 1938.

_____. "Mississippi River Lock and Dam No. 12, Final Report—Construction." Vol. I: "General Introduction and Lock." Rock Island: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Rock Island District, November 1937.

_____. "Final Cost Report Dam No. 12, Mississippi River." Rock Island: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Rock Island District, October 1939.

_____. "Mississippi River Lock and Dam No. 13, Final Report—Construction." Vol. I: "Introduction and Lock." Rock Island: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Rock Island District, January 1938.

_____. "Final Cost Report, Dam 13, Mississippi River." Rock Island: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Rock Island District, December 1939.

_____. "Final Cost Report, Lock 13, Mississippi River." Rock Island: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Rock Island District, n.d.

_____. "Environmental Assessment, Rehabilitation of Old Lock 14, Mississippi River, Le Claire, Iowa." Rock Island: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Rock Island District, 1978.

_____. "Mississippi River Lock and Dam No. 14, Final Construction Report." Vol. I: "Introduction, Lock, Temporary Buildings." Rock Island: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Rock Island District, December 1939.

_____. "Lock and Dam No. 14, Mississippi River, LeClaire, Iowa: specifications for Repair of Miter Gates Auxiliary Lock." Rock Island: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Rock Island District, November 1937.

_____. "Final Cost Report, Dam No. 14, Mississippi River." Rock Island: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Rock Island District, December 1939.

_____. "Mississippi River Lock and Dam No. 15: Final Report Construction." Vol. I: "Text." Rock Island: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Rock Island District, February 1935.

_____. "Mississippi River Lock and Dam No. 16, Final Report—Construction." Vol. I: "Introduction, Lock and Channel Excavation at Horse Island." Rock Island: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Rock Island District, May 1937.

_____. "Mississippi River Lock and Dam No. 17: Final Report Construction," Vol. I: "Introduction, Lock and Temporary Buildings." Rock Island: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Rock Island District, March 1938.

_____. "Final Cost Report, Dam No. 17, Mississippi River." Rock Island: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Rock Island District, October 1940.

_____. "Specifications for Esplanade Work—Lock and Dam No. 17." Rock Island: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Rock Island District, March 1939.

_____. "Mississippi River Lock and Dam No. 18, Final Report—Construction." Vol. I: "Introduction, Lock, Roadway, and Temporary Buildings." Rock Island: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Rock Island District, n.d.

_____. "Final Cost Report, Dam No. 18, Mississippi River." Rock Island: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Rock Island District, November 1938.

_____. "Completion Report on the Construction of New Lock 19, Mississippi River." Rock Island: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Rock Island District, March 1958.

_____. "Mississippi River Lock and Dam No. 19; Repairs to Keokuk Lock Miter Gates." Rock Island: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Rock Island District, March 1934.

_____. "Mississippi Lock and Dam 20: Final Report—Construction." Vol I: "Introduction and Lock." Rock Island, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Rock Island District, March 1935.

_____. "Final Cost Report Dam 20, Mississippi River." Rock Island: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, June 1936.

_____. "Mississippi River Lock and Dam 21 Final Report—Construction." Vol. I: "Introduction and Lock." Rock Island: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Rock Island District, August 1939.

_____. "Final Cost Report, Dam No. 21, Mississippi River." Rock Island: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Rock Island District, May 1939.

_____. "Mississippi River Lock and Dam No. 22, Final Report" Vol. I: "Introduction, Lock, Roadway, and Temporary Buildings." Rock Island: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Rock Island District, July 1937.

_____. "Final Cost Report, Dam No. 22, Mississippi River." Rock Island: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Rock Island District, October 1939.

_____. "Mississippi River Lock and Dam No. 22, Esplanade Improvement, Final Report—Construction." Quincy, IL.: U.S. Engineer Office, November 1939.

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, St. Louis District. "History and Cost Report Lock 24, Mississippi River." St. Louis: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, St. Louis District, 1938. Typescript.

_____. "Mississippi River Lock & Dam No. 25—Final Construction Report, Volume I, Lock No. 25." St. Louis: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, St. Louis District, ca. 1943.

_____. "Lock and Dam No. 25, Mississippi River, Cap-au-Gris, Missouri, Specifications for Construction of Central Control Station." St. Louis: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, St. Louis District, 1938.

_____. "Lock No. 25, Report of Cofferdam Construction and Removal." St. Louis: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, St. Louis District, 1937.

_____. "Lock and Dam No. 25, Mississippi River, Cap-au-Gris, Missouri, Specifications for Construction of Dam." St. Louis: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, St. Louis District, 1937.

_____. "Final Report—Lock and Dam 26, Mississippi River, Alton, Illinois, Part I—Locks." St. Louis: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, St. Louis District. Typescript.

_____. "Final Report—Lock and Dam No. 26, Mississippi River, Alton, Illinois, Part II—Dam/Auxiliary Lock." St. Louis, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, St. Louis District. Typescript.

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, St. Paul District. "Major Rehabilitation Program: Mississippi River Locks and Dams 3-10 In the St. Paul District—Overview and Cultural Resources Compliance Report With A Programmatic Memorandum of Agreement." St. Paul: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, St. Paul District, n.d. Photocopied.

_____. "Reconnaissance Report—Major Rehabilitation: Lock and Dam Number 4 Mississippi River, Minnesota and Wisconsin." St. Paul: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, St. Paul District, April 1984.

_____. "Histories of Construction: Locks and Dams 3, 4, 5, 5A, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10—1935-1940." St. Paul: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, St. Paul District. 20 Vols. Typescript.

_____. "Project Information: Upper Mississippi River Nine-Foot Channel Project." St. Paul: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, St. Paul District. Typescript.

_____. "Report on Investigations of Foundation Soil Densities at Dam No. 3." St. Paul: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, St. Paul District, 1937.

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, U.S. Division Engineer, Upper Mississippi Valley Division (UMVD) "The Upper Mississippi River Canalization Improvement." St. Paul: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, St. Paul District, 1938, revised May 1939 and May 1940.

Theses, Unpublished Reports, and Other Papers

Anfinson, John O. "Upper Mississippi River, Nine-Foot Channel History; Part 1: Why Congress Authorized the Project" (draft). St. Paul: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, St. Paul District, October 1, 1990.

Brunet, Patrick James. "The Corps of Engineers and Navigation Improvement on the Channel of [the] Upper Mississippi River to 1939." Master's Thesis. University of Texas at Austin, 1977.

Elliot, Malcolm. "The Upper Mississippi River Project With a Discussion of the Movable Gates in the Dams." Paper presented at the Western Society of Engineers, Chicago, November 1, 1937.

Gjerde, Jon. "Historical Resources Evaluation: St. Paul District Locks and Dams on the Mississippi River and Two Structures at St. Anthony Falls." St. Paul: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, St. Paul District, 1983.

_____. Historic American Engineering Record Inventory Cards: Locks and Dams 3-10. Washington D.C.: Historic American Engineering Record, 1983.

McLean, Larry. "Keokuk Lock and Dam." National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form, 1976.

Merritt, Raymond. "The Development of the Lock and Dam System on the Upper Mississippi River. Washington, D.C.: National Waterways Roundtable: U.S. Army Water Resources Support Center, n.d.

Moore, David W. and Frederick J. Dobney. "Engineers, Environmentalists, and the Replacement of Locks and Dam No. 26: A Study in Passion, Politics, and Principle." Copy in the files of the Office of History, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Fort Belvoir, VA, n.d.

Noble, Kennet. "Foundation of Federal Reclamation Policies: An Historical Review of Changing Goals and Objectives." Fort Collins: Department of Economics, Colorado State University, 1970.

O'Bannon, Patrick W. "Upper Mississippi River 9-Foot Channel Project Locks and Dams 24-27, An Inventory for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, St. Louis District." Historic American Engineering Record Documentation (HAER). Lakewood, CO: Rocky Mountain Regional Office, National Park Service, 1989.

O'Brien, William Patrick. "Upper Mississippi River 9-Foot Channel Project Locks and Dams 3-10, An Inventory for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, St. Paul District." Historic American Engineering Record Documentation (HAER). Lakewood, CO: Rocky Mountain Regional Office, National Park Service, 1987.

_____. Photographic Inventory: Locks and Dams 3-10. Denver: Rocky Mountain Regional Office, National Park Service, 1987.

Rathbun Associates. Historical-Architectural and Engineering Study: Locks and Dams 11-22, 9-Foot Navigation Project, Mississippi River. Rock Island: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Rock Island District, 1985.

_____. "Upper Mississippi River 9-Foot Channel Project Locks and Dams 11-22, An Inventory for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Rock Island District." Historic American Engineering Record Documentation (HAER). Lakewood, CO: Rocky Mountain Regional Office, National Park Service, 1988.

Rathbun, Mary Yeater and Peter A. Rathbun. "Report on Historical Investigations at I&M Canal Lock No. 14." Springfield: Division of Historic Sites, Illinois Department of Conservation, 1978.

Rathbun, Mary Yeater. "The United States Army Corps of Engineers in the Little Rock District" (1987 draft). Office of History, Office of the Chief of Engineers, Ft. Belvoir, VA.

Threshold Design, Inc. "Lockhouse Rehabilitation Concept Report, Mississippi River." Milwaukee: Threshold Design, Inc., 1984.

Yeater, Mary. "Hennepin Canal Historic District." National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form, 1977.

Manuscript Collections

American Heritage Center, University of Wyoming, Laramie. Jerome O. Ackerman Collection.

Clinton Public Library, Clinton, IA. Citizens Historical Association Biographical Sketches.

Hayner Public Library, Alton, IL. Alton (IL) Evening Telegraph Clippings File.

Illinois State Historical Society Library, Springfield, IL. Montgomery Meigs and Family Papers, 1866-1931.

Iowa State Historical Department, Des Moines, IA. Keokuk Lock and Dam File.

Iowa State Historical Society Library, Iowa City, IA. Miscellaneous Keokuk Collection.

National Archives and Record Center, Chicago, IL. Record Group 77.

National Archives, National Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, MO.

National Archives, Civilian Records Center, St. Louis, MO. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, St. Paul District Files. Civilian Employment Records, Record Group 146 (unaccessioned).

National Archives, Kansas City, MO. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, St. Paul and St. Louis Districts. Record Group 77.

National Archives, Washington D.C. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, District Records. Record Group 77.

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Rock Island District Office, Rock Island, IL. Rock Island District Office Records.

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, St. Louis District Office, St. Louis, MO. St. Louis District Office Records.

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, St. Paul District Office, St. Paul, MN. St. Paul District Office Records.

Washington National Records Center, Suitland, MD. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, District Files. Civil Works, 1923-1942. Record Group 77.

Interviews

Baker, Verlin. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Lockman at Lock and Dam No. 13. Telephone interview by Mary Rathbun, June 27, 1984.

Barr, Ken. Archeologist, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Rock Island District, Rock Island, IL. Telephone interview by Mary Rathbun, February 19, 1988.

Boland, Beth Groyner. Office of the Keeper of the National Register, Washington, D.C. Telephone interview by Mary Rathbun, May 11, 1988.

Boland, Beth Groyner. Office of the Keeper of the National Register, Washington, D.C. Telephone interview by William Patrick O'Brien, May 17, 1988.

Clark, Ron G. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Lockmaster, Lock and Dam No. 20, Canton, MO. Interview by Mary Rathbun, July 16, 1984.

Currier, Wayne. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Lockmaster of Lock and Dam No. 11, Dubuque, IA. Telephone interview by Mary Rathbun, January 25, 27, and February 2, 1988.

English, Ray. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Locktender at Lock No. 19, Keokuk, IA. Interview by Mary Rathbun, July 24, 1984.

Johnson, Leland. Historian and Author. Telephone interview by William Patrick O'Brien, January 26, 1987.

Mansherger, Floyd. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Rock Island District, Rock Island, IL. Telephone interview by Mary Rathbun, January 25, 1988.

Morgan, James. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Lockmaster at Lock and Dam No. 15. Telephone interview by Mary Rathbun, July 1984.

Ohler, Steve F. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Lockmaster, Lock and Dam No. 18, near New Boston, IL. Telephone interview by Mary Rathbun, July 11, 1984.

Ross, Charles. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Engineer (retired), Huntington, WV. Interview by Rohert Maddox, October 13, 1982.

Weiman, Larry. Union Electric Co., Hydraulic Engineer. Keokuk Power Plant, Keokuk, IA. Interview by Mary Rathbun, July 24, 1984.

Wright, James. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Lockmaster (former), Lock and Dam No. 20, Canton, MO. Interview by Mary Rathbun, July 16, 1984.

Maps

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Rock Island District. "Drawings: Upper Mississippi River Lock and Dam 9-Foot Channel Project." Map Collection, Rock Island District, Rock Island, IL.

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, St. Paul District. "Drawings: River and Harbor Project: Mississippi River—Missouri River to Minneapolis: Locks and Dams 3-10." Map Collection, St. Paul District, St. Paul, MN.

_____. "Drawings: Upper Mississippi River Lock and Dam 9-Foot Channel Project, 1930-1940." Map Collection, St. Paul District Office, St. Paul, MN.

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, St. Louis District. "Drawings: Upper Mississippi River Lock and Dam 9-Foot Channel Project, Locks 24-27." Map Collection, St. Louis District, St. Louis, MO.

Photographs

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Pittsburgh District. Photographic Collection. Pittsburgh, PA.

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Rock Island District. Photographic Collection. Rock Island Arsenal, Rock Island, IL.

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, St. Louis District. Photographic Collection. St. Louis District Office, St. Louis, MO.

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, St. Paul District. Photographic Collection. St. Paul District Office, St. Paul, MN.

_____. Field Photographs, Lock and Dam Complexes 3, 4, 5, 5A, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10. St. Paul District Office, St. Paul, MN.

Union Electric Company, Keokuk Power Plant. 1910-1914 Photograph Collection. Keokuk Power Plant, Keokuk, IA.

Newspapers and Journals

"Army Mud Shoes Beat Ol' Miss." Engineering News Record 209 (December 16, 1982): 14.

Arkansas Gazette. October 17, 1935.

Barr, G. Walter. "Interesting Details About the Keokuk Dam." Iowa Factories 2: 6-10.

"Barge Bottleneck Uncorked." Civil Engineering, January 1987.

Belknap, J.H. "Electrical Equipment at Kanawha Dams." The Military Engineer 27 (1935): 349-352.

"Biggest Lock on the Mississippi." Engineering News-Record 145 (October 5, 1950): 30-32.

"Building the Rolling-Crest Dam Across Grand River." Engineering News 76, No. 2 (July 13, 1916): 60-64.

"Canalizing the Mississippi for 9-Ft. Navigation." Engineering News-Record 112 (1934): 322-324.

Chenoweth, David. "Trials at Alton." Water Spectrum 10 (Winter 1977-1978): 16-23.

Christenson, E.J. "Dam Foundation Compacted by Pile Driving." Civil Engineering 9 (February 1939): 92-93.

Cole, Harry. "Design Analysis of Roller Gates for Movable Dams." Engineering News-Record 115 (1935): 718-722.

"Construction Progress on Chain of Rocks Locks." Concrete 56 (September 1948): 16-18.

Daley, E.L. "Canalization of the Upper Mississippi." Civil Engineering 6 (1936): 104-108.

"Date Set for Hearing on Alma Dam: Walton League Heads to Meet Here." Winona (MN) Republican Herald, February 6, 1931.

"Dewatering the Mississippi." Engineering News-Record 209 (December 9, 1982): 22-24.

Fowler, William H. "Circular Cell Cofferdam on Deadman Island Dam." Engineering News-Record 104 (1930): 66-68.

"Girder-Mounted Crane Cuts Guidewall Costs." Highway and Heavy Construction 130 (January 1988): 52-55.

Gross, Charles P. and H.G. McCormick. "The Upper Mississippi River Project." The Military Engineer 33 (July-August 1941): 311-317.

"Halleck Seaman, Man of Vision." Clinton (IA) Herald, Centennial Edition, June 18, 1955.

Harper, S.O. "Operation of Grand River Roller Dam Proves Satisfactory." Engineering News-Record 80 (1918): 1225-1226.

Heavey, W.F. "Concreting at Ohio River Lock no. 45." The Military Engineer 16 (March-April 1924): 144-146.

Hill, Hibbert M. "Developing the Upper Mississippi: Plans for Deepening Existing Channel." Civil Engineering 1 (1931): 1352-1357.

Hill, Hibbert M. and Ralph P. Johnson. "Reservoirs on the Upper Mississippi River." Civil Engineering 2 (1932): 299-303.

Journal of Wood River Township. March 13, 1975. Hayner Public Library, Alton, IL.

Ketchum, E.P. "Removing a Collapsed Cofferdam." The Military Engineer 29 (1937): 203-206.

Koch, Carol. "Old 26—An Economic Bottleneck." Soybean Digest 37 (December 1976): 6-9.

Lidicker, William Z. "Mississippi River: Lock and Dam No. 3." Old Man River 4, No. 9 (September 1937): 12-15.

Link, Arthur S. "What Happened to the Progressive Movement in the 1920s?" American Historical Review 64 (1959). Reprinted in David M. Kennedy, ed., Progressivism: The Critical Issues. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1971.

"Lock Concrete Placed by Pumping." Engineering News-Record 112 (1934): 101-105.

"Lock Concreting at Rock Island Dam." Engineering News-Record 112 (1934): 341-345.

Martin, C.R. "New Design Cuts Cost of Roller Gates." Engineering News-Record 122 (1939): 66-67.

"Modify the Alma Dam." Wabasha County Herald Standard, March 5, 1931.

"May Build River Lock Opposite City of Dubuque." Dubuque Journal, September 28, 1933.

McAlpine, William H. "Roller Gates in Navigation Dams." The Military Engineer 26 (1934): 419-423.

McCormick, Herbert G. and John W. Dixon. "Mississippi River Cofferdams." The Military Engineer 28 (March-April 1936): 105-108.

McKinney, Col. Leon E., William R. Sutton and Jean-Yves Perez. "Locks and Dam No. 26: Rehabilitation Versus Replacement." The Military Engineer 72 (1980): 110-113.

"Mississippi Lock Design: A First for Black & Veatch." Dimensions: The Black & Veatch Employee Magazine (August 1986): 2.

Mowry, George E. "The California Progressive and His Rationale: A Study in Middle Class Politics." Mississippi Valley Historical Review 36 (September 1949).

Nelson, Martin E. "Hydraulic Model Experiments—Iowa City." Old Man River 2, No. 5 (December 1935): 27-28.

"New Power Plant Replaces Old Waterwheels." Engineering News Record 99, No. 23 (December 8, 1927): 908-911.

"Nine Foot Channel Seen as Menace to Wildlife." St. Paul Pioneer Press, May 3, 1934.

"Patent Lock Gate." The Farmer's Journal, Welland Canal Intelligence 2, No. 39 (October 17, 1827).

Peterson, P.C. "Use Ultra-Modern Methods in Mississippi River Dam." Concrete 41 (December 1933): 3-4.

Peterson, Col. Thorwald R. "Replacement for Locks and Dam No. 26." The Military Engineer 66 (1974): 287-288.

Peterson, William J. "Rafting on the Mississippi: Prologue to Prosperity." Iowa Journal of History 58, No. 4 (1960).

"Pumping the Mississippi Dry for Lock and Dam 26." Construction Digest 61 (April 18, 1988): 40-41.

Reinecke, P.S. "The Rhine and the Upper Mississippi." The Military Engineer 30, (May-June, 1938): 167-171.

Roberts, S.G. "Canalization of the Upper Mississippi and Illinois." Scientific American 152 (February 1935): 72-74.

______. "Roller Gate Dams for Kanawha River," Engineering News Record 111, (September 21, 1933): 337-342.

"Roller-Gate Dam Erection at Rock Island, Ill." Engineering News-Record 112 (1934): 410-414.

St. Paul Pioneer Press. May 3, 1934.

Smyser, R.E., Jr. "Chain of Rocks Project Improves Navigation on Mississippi River." Civil Engineering 17 (1947): 16-18.

Soast, Allen. "Navigation Locks Design Becomes Research Project." Engineering News-Record 219 (August 6, 1987): 38-40.

Sutton, William R. "Alton Locks and Dam Project Update." Proceeding of the Nineteenth Annual University of Illinois Grain Dealers Conference. Urbana-Champaign: University of Illinois, 1977): 18-22.

Teichman, Frank. "Large Roller-Crest Dam, Grand Valley Project, Colorado." Engineering News 76 (July 6, 1916): 1-4.

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, St. Paul District. Old Man River 2, No. 5 (December 1935); 3, No. 8 (October 1936); 4, No. 5 (May 1937); 4, No. 9 (September 1937); 5, No. 3 (March 1938); 5, No. 2 (February 1938); 2, No. 5 (December 1935).

Wabasha County (WI) Herald Standard. March 5, 1931.

Ward, Henry B. "The American Association For The Advancement Of Science: Preliminary Announcement Of The Summer Meeting To Be Held In Chicago From June 19 To 30, In Connection With The Century Of Progress Exposition." Science, 77, No. 2003 (May 19, 1933).

Wilson, Ben Hur. "The Des Moines Rapids Canal." Palimpsest, April 1924.

"William Milnor Roberts, Civil Engineer." Engineering News, January 11, 1879.

Winona (MN) Republican Herald. February 6, 1931.

Wood, L.E. "A Nine Foot Depth in the St. Paul District Below St. Anthony Falls!" Old Man River V, No. 5: 6.

_____. "Historical Sketch: Construction of L/D No. 3." Old Man River 5, No. 3 (March 1938): 12-18.

"Work Moves Swiftly on Lock 16, Jobs Increase." Muscatine Journal, March 23, 1934.

Ylvisaker, Lenvik. "Developing the Upper Mississippi: Survey and Mapping Methods." Civil Engineering 1 (1931): 1357-1360.

Government Documents

Deposition of William A. Gooding. October 19, 1850, in George Heath v. George W. Hildreth, Civil Action a-1363, Fifth Judicial District of the Supreme Court of the State of New York, Herkimer, NY.

G.W. Hildreth. Canal-Lock Gate, Patent No. 1517. Patented March 19, 1840; G. Heath, Hydraulic Canal Gate, Patent No. 2393, Patented December 14, 1841.

Heath v. Hildreth, Case No. 6309, October 15, 1841, Circuit Court, Washington D.C.

New York State Assembly Doc. No. 18. January 15, 1844.

New York State Assembly Doc. No. 201. April 21, 1846.

New York State Assembly Doc. No. 216. May 5, 1846.

New York State Assembly Doc. No. 91. February 22, 1944.

U.S. Congress. House. Message from the President of the United States, Transmitting Copies of surveys made in Pursuance of Acts of Congress, of 30th April, 1824, and 2nd March, 1829. E. Doc. 7. 21st Cong., 1st sess., 1829.

_____. Letter from the Secretary of War, Transmitting a Report Furnishing Information in Relation to the Improvement of the Des Moines Rapids. E. Doc. 83. 35th Cong., 1st sess., 1858.

_____. Survey of Mississippi River. H. Doc. 341. 59th Cong., 2nd sess., 1907.

_____. Committee on Rivers and Harbors Report on Proposed Rivers and Harbors Act. H.R. 581, 68th Cong., 1st sess., 1924.

_____. Committee on Rivers and Harbors Report on Proposed Rivers and Harbors Act. H.R. 952, 68th Cong., 1st sess., 1924.

_____. Committee on Rivers and Harbors Report on Proposed Rivers and Harbors Act. H.R. 1053, 68th Cong., 1st sess., 1924.

_____. Committee on Rivers and Harbors. Hearings on H.R. 3921 providing for the Improvement and Completion of Prescribed Sections of the Mississippi, Missouri, and Ohio Rivers held before the Committee on Rivers and Harbors, House of Representatives, 68th Congress, 1st Session. 68th Cong., 1st sess., 1924.

_____. A Bill Providing for the Improvement and Completion of Prescribed Sections of the Mississippi, Missouri and Ohio Rivers. H.R. 3921. 68th Cong., 1st sess., 1924.

_____. Report of Committee of Rivers and Harbors on Proposed Rivers and Harbors Act. 68th Cong., 2nd sess., 1925.

_____. Hearings before the Committee on Rivers and Harbors, House of Representatives, 69th Congress, 1st session on the following subjects: Report on Umqua Harbor and River. Oreg.: Report on Islais Creek, San Francisco Harbor. Calif.: Raising the levels of the headwaters of the Mississippi River: Control of floods on the Illinois River, Illinois; Allowing credit and disbursing officers for Reimbursement of certain subsistence expenses; Acceptance and approval of bids for furnishing materials and labor: Collection of commercial statistics. 69th Cong., 1st sess., 1926.

_____. Statement of Hon. Herbert Hoover, Secretary of Commerce, before the Committee on Rivers and Harbors, House of Representatives, 69th Congress, 1st Session, on the subject of the Development of Inland Waterway Systems in the United States. 69th Cong., 1st sess., 1926.

______. H. Doc. 583, 69th Cong., 2nd sess., 1926.

_____. Hearings before the Committee on Rivers and Harbors, House of Representatives, 71st Congress, 2nd Session, on the Subject of the Improvements of the Mississippi River between the Mouth of the Missouri River and Minneapolis. 71st Cong., 2nd sess., 1930.

_____. Mississippi River, Between Mouth of Missouri River and Minneapolis, Minnesota (Interim Report). H. Doc. 290. 71st Cong., 2nd sess., 1930.

_____. Public Resolution No. 10. H. J. Resolution 271, 72nd Cong., 1st sess., 1932.

_____. Committee on Rivers and Harbors. Mississippi River to Minneapolis—Decree of Injunction Restraining the Government from Construction of a Lock and Dam at Alma, Wis. H. Doc. 7, 72nd Cong., 1st sess., 1932.

_____. Survey of Mississippi River Between Missouri River and Minneapolis. H. Doc. 137. 72nd Cong., 1st sess., 1932.

_____. Hearings before the Committee on Rivers and Harbors, House of Representatives, 72nd Congress, 1st Session, on the subject of the Improvement of the Mississippi River between the mouth of the Missouri River and Minneapolis. 72nd Cong., 1st sess., 1932.

_____. Hearings before the Committee on Rivers and Harbors, House of Representatives, 73rd Congress, 1st Session, on the Subject of Continuing the Improvement of Upper Mississippi River, and Proposals of the American Railways in Connection with the Improvement of Inland Waterways, Distribution of Expenses for Reconstruction of Bridges and Other Structures, Proposes Tonnage Tax or Toll Charge. 73rd Cong., 1st sess., 1933.

U.S. Congress. Senate. Report from the Secretary of War, in Compliance with a Resolution of the Senate in Relation to the Rock River and Des Moines Rapids of the Mississippi River. S. Doc. 139. 25th Cong., 2nd sess., 1837.

_____. Report of the Secretary of War in Answer to a Resolution of the Senate Relative to the Improvement of the Des Moines and Rock River Rapids. E. Doc. 12. 33rd Cong., 2nd sess., 1854.

_____. Report of the Secretary of War, Communicating in Compliance with a Resolution of the Senate of December 16, 1856, Information Relative to the Des Moines and Rock River Rapids, and the Harbor at Dubuque. Iowa. E. Doc. 45. 34th Cong., 3rd sess., 1857.

______. Report on the Proposed River and Harbor Bill (H.R. 11472). S. Rpt. 1143, 68th Cong., 2nd sess., 1925.