Gateways to Commerce: The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers' 9-Foot Channel Project on the Upper Mississippi River

CHAPTER TEN NOTES

1. Eiliot, "Movable Gates," 3.

2. H.M. Anderly to Alfred W. Rice, December 6, 1940, RG77, St. Paul District, General Records 1934-1943, Box 39, Entry 1629, File 4013.1/28-11 to 4013.1/65, NAKCB.

3. Gjerde, "St. Paul Locks and Dams," 118-128, 161-179.

4. Merritt, Creativity, Conflict and Controversy, 190-203, 206-207, 437.

5. Annual Authorities—Employees—District Engineers, St. Paul, though the Division Engineer, Western Division, May 7, 1929, 1-20; Lieutenant Colonel Wildurr Willing to Chief of Engineers, October 21, 1929, re: Selection of Howard Anderly for Promotion; General Lytle Brown, Chief of Engineers to the Secretary of War, February 27, 1930; Lieutenant Colonel Wildurr Willing to Chief of Engineers, U.S. Army, February 13, 1930; and Memorandum: U.S. Engineer Office, St. Paul, Minnesota, November 18, 1929—Statement to accompany recommendation for increase of pay: Elmer J. Christenson, 2, RG77, subgroup: St. Paul District, Box 8, Entry 1628, Miscellaneous Authorities, (FY 1930) Files 15/385-1 to 15/385-62, NAKCB; U.S. Civil Service Commission Certificate No. 6425, June 8, 1927—Appointment of Elmer J. Christenson as Junior Civil Engineer; Arwood M. Miller, Civilian Personnel Officer to Chairman, Incentive Awards Committee, St. Paul District, CE, U.S. Army, Subject: Recommendation for Special Acts or Service Award, March 1, 1956, 3; and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Civilian Personnel File: Elmer J. Christenson, Record Group 146 (unaccessioned), Civilian Records Center, National Archives, St. Louis (hereafter cited as NASL).

6. Personnel Files: Hibbert M. Hill and Martin Nelson, Record Group 146, Civilian Records Center, NASL; Personnel Files: James R. Johnson, Elmer J. Christenson, Edward F. Brownell, Henry J. Manger, Leo M. Buhr, George O. Guesmer, Martin E. Nelson, RG77, subgroup: St. Paul District: Miscellaneous Authorities, (FY 1930) box 8, entry 1628, file 15/385-1 to 15/385-62, NAKCB; Report on Economy in Expenditures in compliance with Circular Letter (Finance No. 173) Office, Chief of Engineers, December 29, 1932, and Letter from Division Engineer, U.M.V.D., January 11, 1933, RG77, U.M.V.D., Organization Planning Files-Permanent #2, Box 9, Para 15-B, SR 345-250-5, NAKCB.

7. Jerome O. Ackerman Collection, American Heritage Center, University of Wyoming, Laramie.

8. "History of Construction: Dam Number 3" (St. Paul: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, St. Paul District, n.d.), typewritten, St. Paul District Office Records; U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Drawings: Upper Mississippi River Lock and Dam 9-Foot Channel Project, 1930-1940, Map Collection, St. Paul District Office Records; Gjerde, "St. Paul Locks and Dams," 132-136; and Merritt, Creativity, Conflict and Controversy, 206-207.

9. "History of Construction: Dam 4" (St. Paul: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, St. Paul District, n.d.), typewritten, St. Paul District Office Records, 1, 57-68, 80; Major Rehabilitation Program: Mississippi River Locks and Dams 3-10 in the St. Paul District—Overview and Cultural Resources Compliance Report With A Programmatic Memorandum of Agreement (St. Paul: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, St. Paul District Office, n.d.), photocopy, 8; William Patrick O'Brien, "Photographic Inventory: Locks and Dams 3-10," National Park Service, Rocky Mountain Regional Office, 1987; Gjerde, "St. Paul Locks and Dams," 136-139; Merritt, Creativity, Conflict and Controversy, 206-207; and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Drawings: Upper Mississippi River Lock and Dam 9-Foot Channel Project, 1930-1940, Map Collection, St. Paul District Office Records.

10. "History of Construction: Dam 5" (St. Paul: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, St. Paul District, n.d.), typewritten, St. Paul District Office Records, 1, 2, 31-34, 37-44, 80; "History of Construction, Lock 5" (St. Paul: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, St. Paul District, compiled by C.B.M., copied from original 8/31/43—pencil notation), St. Paul District Office Records, 1, 4-6; Major Rehabilitation Program: Mississippi River Locks and Dams 3-10 in the St. Paul District, 9; U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Drawings: Upper Mississippi River Lock and Dam 9-Foot Channel Project, 1930-1940, Map Collection, St. Paul District Office Records; Gjerde, "St. Paul Locks and Dams," 139-142; and Merritt, Creativity, Conflict and Controversy, 206-207.

11."History of Construction: Lock 5A" (St. Paul: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, St. Paul District, n.d.), typewritten, St. Paul District Office Records, 1-32; Major Rehabilitation Program: Mississippi River Locks and Dams 3-10 in the St. Paul District, 10; U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Drawings: Upper Mississippi River Lock and Dam 9-Foot Channel Project, 1930-1940, Map Collection, St. Paul District Office Records; Gjerde, "St. Paul Locks and Dams," 142-144; and Merritt, Creativity, Conflict and Controversy, 206-207.

12. "History of Construction: Dam 6" (St. Paul: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, St. Paul District, December 1936), typewritten, St. Paul District Office Records, 1, 48-64, 93-94; "History of Construction: Lock 6" (St. Paul: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, St. Paul District, April 1935), typewritten, photocopy, St. Paul District Office Records, 8-9, 11-12, 16-17, 47-48; Major Rehabilitation Program: Mississippi River Locks and Dams 3-10 in the St. Paul District, 11; U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Drawings: Upper Mississippi River Lock and Dam 9-Foot Channel Project, 1930-1940, Map Collection, St. Paul District Office Records; Gjerde, "St. Paul Locks and Dams," 145; and Merritt, Creativity, Conflict and Controversy, 206-207.

13. "History of Construction: Lock 7" (St. Paul: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, St. Paul District, n.d.), typewritten, St. Paul District Office Records, 2-3; "History of Construction: Dam 7" (St. Paul: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, St. Paul District, n.d.), typewritten, St. Paul District Office, 1, 36-53, 76-78; Major Rehabilitation Program: Mississippi River Locks and Dams 3-10 in the St. Paul District, 12; U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Drawings: Upper Mississippi River Lock and Dam 9-Foot Channel Project, 1930-1940, Map Collection, St. Paul District Office Records; Old Man River 4, No. 4, April 1937, passim; Gjerde, "St. Paul Locks and Dams," 148-151: and Merritt, Creativity, Conflict and Controversy, 206-207;

14. "History of Construction: Lock 8" (St. Paul: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, St. Paul District, n.d.), typewritten, photocopy, St. Paul District Office Records, frontispiece, 1-2; "History of Construction: Dam 8" (St. Paul: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, n.d.), typewritten, photocopy, St. Paul District Office Records, 1, 3, 57-72, 81; Major Rehabilitation Program: Mississippi River Locks and Dams 3-10 in the St. Paul District, 13; U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Drawings: Upper Mississippi River Lock and Dam 9-Foot Channel Project, 1930-1940, Map Collection, St. Paul District Office Records; Old Man River 4, No. 5 (May 1937), passim; Gjerde, "St. Paul Locks and Dams," 151-154; and Merritt, Creativity, Conflict and Controversy, 206-207.

15."History of Construction: Lock and Dam 9" (St. Paul: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, n.d.), typewritten, St. Paul District Office Records, 1, 65, 72, 96-97; "History of Construction: Lock 9" (St. Paul: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, n.d.), typewritten, photocopy, St. Paul District Office Records; Major Rehabilitation Program: Mississippi River Locks and Dams 3-10 in the St. Paul District, 14; U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Drawings: Upper Mississippi River Lock and Dam 9-Foot Channel Project, 1930-1940, Map Collection, St. Paul District Office Records; Old Man River 5, No. 5 (n.d.), 2; Old Man River 5, No. 2 (February 1938); Gjerde, "St. Paul Locks and Dams," 154-157; and Merritt, Creativity, Conflict and Controversy, 206-207.

16. "History of Construction: Dam 10" (St. Paul: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, St. Paul District, July 1938), typewritten, St. Paul District Office Records, 1, 3-8, 13, 21; "History of Construction: Lock 10" (St. Paul: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, June 1938), typewritten, photocopy, St. Paul District Office Records, 4, 6-11, 17; Major Rehabilitation Program: Mississippi River Locks and Dams 3-10 in the St. Paul District, 15; U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Drawings: Upper Mississippi River Lock and Dam 9-Foot Channel Project, 1930-1940, Map Collection, St. Paul District Office Records; Gjerde, "St. Paul Locks and Dams," 159-161; and Merritt, Creativity, Conflict and Controversy, 206-207.

17. Tweet, Rock Island District, 379. Unlike Major Hall, Major Edgerton's career prospered after his Rock Island tour of duty. From 1940-44, he served as Governor of the Panama Canal Zone. He then became Deputy Director and, still later (1945-46), Director of Material for the War Assets Administration. In 1946 Edgerton became Director of the United Nations Recovery and Reconstruction Agency in China, a position he held until 1947 when he became a member of the War Department Board. He also served as President of the Corps' Beach Erosion Board before retiring from the Army in 1949. After retirement, Edgerton became Executive Director of the Committee on Renovation of the White House during the Truman Administration. He was president of the Export-Import Bank from 1953-1955, a consulting engineer for the World Bank, and director of several corporations. He died in 1976.

18. Tweet, Rock Island District, 401-401; Johnson, Louisville District, 183; and W.F. Heavey, "Concreting at Ohio River Lock No. 45," The Military Engineer 16 (March-April 1924), 144-146. Not only had McCormick, the Southerner (he was born and educated in Virginia), already served directly under McAlpine, the Yankee (who was born and educated in Massachusetts), but McCormick, at age 54, was more the 56 year-old McAlpine's contemporary and their professional training and experience drew on the same period and styles of engineering. Monroe represented an earlier style.

19 Annual Report 1934, 782; Annual Report 1937, 916; Annual Report 1940, 1152; and Tweet, Rock Island District, 380-381. Following his Rock Island tour, Gesler was in charge of the Contract and Finance Section of the Office of the Chief of Engineers. He served as Mid-Atlantic Division Engineer from 1943-1946. He was Philadelphia District Engineer in 1949 and 1950. He died in 1958.

20. Tweet, Rock Island District, 384, 407, 409; "List of Officers and Others Available for Witnesses," February 4, 1937; "List of Witnesses available to testify on Meltzer Claim Case on Lock 22," May 26, 1941.

21. R. A. Wheeler to Chief of Engineers, May 3, 1934, RG77, Entry 111, Box 977, File 3524, WNRC; "List of Officers and Others Available for Witnesses," February 4, 1937; "List of Witnesses Available to testify on Meltzer Claim Case on Lock 22," May 26, 1941; Tweet, Rock Island District, 401, 271, 416. Once the project was designed, Monroe retired from the Corps in 1937 and McCormick became the head civilian engineer in the Rock Island District. McCormick remained in that position until he retired from the Corps in 1946. However, much of the rest of the engineering staff moved on. By 1941, Silkman was Chief of the Supply Section of the Office of the Chief of Engineers. J. B. Alexander was in Denison, Texas, working on high dams and Abbott was working for the Corps in the Canal Zone. Abbott later transferred back to the Ohio River and became Chief of Engineering at the Ohio River Division in Cincinnati. He finally retired from the Corps in 1970. Johnson to O'Brien, February 6, 1988, 2nd letter of that date, 2, files at the National Park Service, Rocky Mountain Regional Office, Lakewood, Colorado.

22. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Drawings: Upper Mississippi River Locks and Dams 9-Foot Channel. (Copies of all the original contract drawings pertaining to each lock and dam complex are on file at that complex, and copies of all the drawings relevant to the 12 complexes in the Rock Island District (11-22) circulate from the central district library vault in the Clock Tower Building Annex in Rock Island, Illinois); "Final Report—Lock 11," 2-4, 6, 24-25, 32, 82-83, 91; "Final Report—Dam 11," 2, 4, 10, 16, 52-53; "Mississippi River Lock and Dam No. 11, Final Report—Construction," Vols. III and IV; "Power, Control and Lighting System" (Rock Island: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Rock Island District, July 1940), 2-3, RG77, Entry 81, Box 667, NACB; C.W. Ball to Contract Section OCE, January 5, 1942, RG77, Entry 111, Box 694, WNRC; R.A. Wheeler to Leroy C. Perkins, July 17, 1934, C.W. Bail to Chief of Engineers, June 26, 1941, and January 26, 1942, R.A. Wheeler to Div. Engineer, January 16, 1934, and R.A. Wheeler to Div. Engineer, October 5, 1933, RG77, Entry 111, Box 974, WNRC; interoffice memos, April 27, 1942, and May 21, 1940, E.E. Gesler to Chief of Engineers, January 13, 1937, Harry W. Hill to Chief of Engineers, June 19, 1941, E.E. Gesler to Chief of Engineers, January 13, 1937, E.E. Gesler to R.W. Kaltenbach Corp., April 16, 1937, and E.E. Gesler to Div. Engineer, June 26, 1937, RG77, Entry 111, Box 975, WNRC; "Bids on upper approach deflection dike, June 1941," and "Laboratory Test on Hydraulic Model of Lock and Dam No. 11, Mississippi River, Dubuque, Iowa," by St. Paul Engineer District sub-office, Hydraulic Laboratory, University of Iowa, Iowa City: Hydraulic Report No. 40, April 1940, RG77, Entry 111, Box 178, WNRC; Annual Report 1940, 1160; Annual Report 1942, 1025; Annual Report 1947, 1400; Annual Report 1948, 1563; "Lockhouse Rehabilitation Concept Report, Mississippi River" (Milwaukee: Threshold Design, Inc., 1984), passim; Mary Rathbun telephone interviews with Wayne Currier, Lockmaster at Lock and Dam No. 11, January 25 and 27, 1988, and February 2, 1988; and Mary Rathbun interview with Steve F. Ohler, Lockmaster at Lock and Dam No. 18, July 11, 1984.

23. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Drawings: Upper Mississippi River Locks and Dams 9-Foot Channel, Rock Island District Records; "Mississippi River Lock and Dam No. 12, Final Report—Construction," Vol. I: "General Introduction and Lock," (Rock Island: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Rock Island District, November 1937), (hereafter referred to as "Final Report—Lock 12," 2-4,20, 22, 85; "Final Cost Report Dam No. 12, Mississippi River" (Rock Island: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Rock Island District, October 1939); W.H. Crossen to General Accounting Office, July 23, 1938, RG77, Entry 111, Box 977, File 3524, WNRC; Annual Report 1951, 1237; Threshold, "Lockhouse Rehabilitation;" Currier interviews, Ohler interview; and Annual Report 1939, 1150.

24. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Drawings: Upper Mississippi River Locks and Dams 9-Foot Channel, Rock Island District Records; "Mississippi River Lock and Dam No. 13, Final Report—Construction," Vol. I: "Introduction and Lock" (Rock Island: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Rock Island District, January 1938), (hereafter referred to as "Final Report—Lock 13'), 11, 20; "Final Cost Report, Lock 13, Mississippi River" (Rock Island: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Rock Island District, n.d.), 16-17; "Final Cost Report, Dam 13, Mississippi River" (Rock Island: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Rock Island District, December, 1939), C, 6; E.E. Gesler to Chief of Engineers, December 15, 1936, March 31, 1937, June 24, 1938, and March 15, 1938, and E.E. Gesler to Chief of Engineers, November 30, 1935, RG77, Entry 111, Box 979, WNRC; E.E. Gesler to Chief of Engineers, June 2, 1939, RG77, Entry 111, Box 980, File 3524, WNRC; Annual Report 1942, 1028; Annual Report 1950, 1449; Currier interviews; Threshold, "Lockhouse Rehabilitation;" Mary Rathbun interview with Verlin Baker, Lockman at Lock and Dam No. 13, June 27, 1984; Ohler interview; "Final Cost Report, Dam No. 14, Mississippi River" (Rock Island: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Rock Island District, December 1939), (hereafter referred to as "Final Cost Dam 14"), C; "Final Cost Report, Dam No. 17, Mississippi River" (Rock Island: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Rock Island District, October 1940), (hereafter referred to as "Final Cost Dam 17"), 107; and Annual Report 1940, 1155.

25. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Drawings: Upper Mississippi River Locks and Dams 9-Foot Channel, Rock Island District Records; "Mississippi River Lock and Dam No. 14, Final Construction Report," Vol. I: "Introduction, Lock, Temporary Buildings" (Rock Island: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Rock Island District, December 1939), (hereafter referred to as "Final Report Lock 14"), 6, 12-13, 20, 74; "Final Cost Dam 14," C; W.H. Crosson to Chief of Engineers, March 31, 1939, M.E. Sorley to Central Engineering Company, November 24, 1936, R.A. Wheeler to Central Engineering Company, August 17, 1935, C.P. Gross to Chief of Engineers, November 20, 1940, E.E. Gesler to Chief of Engineers, June 22, 1939, and E.L. Daley to Chief of Engineers, January 11, 1934, RG77, Entry 111, Box 982, WNRC; C.L. Hall to A.L. Richards, April 26, 1930, R. Monroe to H. Burgess, June 9, 1920, and H. Burgess to Division Engineer, July 24, 1920, RG77, entry 81, box 798, NACB; "Lock and Dam No, 14, Mississippi River, Le Claire, Iowa: Specifications for repair of Miter gates Auxiliary Lock" (Rock Island: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Rock Island District, November 1937); Annual Report 1951, 1237; Environmental Assessment, Rehabilitation of Old Lock 14. Mississippi River, Le Claire. Iowa (Rock Island: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Rock Island District, 1978); Currier interviews; Ohler interview; Tweet, History of Improvements Rock Island Rapids, 1-2, 11, 15; Rivers and Harbors Acts of March 2, 1907, and March 5, 1914; and Annual Report 1924, 1090.

26. US. Army Corps of Engineers, Drawings: Upper Mississippi River Locks and Dams 9-Foot Channel, Rock Island District Records; "Final Report-Lock and Dam 15;" M.E. Sorley to Schadt Service Company, September 17, 1935, E.E. Gesler to Chief of Engineers, December 27, 1935, R.A. Wheeler to Chief of Engineers October 16, 1934, and October 18, 1934, RG77, Entry 111, Box 984, WNRC; B.A. McGinn to Chief of Engineers, February 4, 1934, G.E. Edgerton to Chief of Engineers, April 7, 1931, April 27, 1931, and August 1, 1931, G.E. Edgerton to Division Engineer, March, 1931, and George R. Spalding to Chief of Engineers, July 27, 1931, RG77, Entry 111, Box 985, File 3524, WNRC; R.A. Wheeler to Chief of Engineers, July 22, 1934 and July 23, 1934, E.N. Parker to Chief of Engineers, February 2, 1933, and George Spalding to Chief of Engineers, November 7, 1932, RG77, Entry 111, Box 986, WNRC; C.W. Ball to Chief of Engineers, August 14, 1941, and James D. Campbell to Comptroller General, February 18, 1933, RG77, Entry 112, Box 694, WNRC; Tweet, Rock Island District, 384; Annual Report 1942, 1028; Annual Report 1951, 1237; Annual Report 1980, 29; Mary Rathbun interview with James Morgan, Lockmaster, Lock and Dam No. 15, July 1984; Ohler interview, and Tweet, History Improvements Rock Island Rapids, 15.

27. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Drawings: Upper Mississippi River Locks and Dams 9-Foot Channel, Rock Island District Records; "Mississippi River Lock and Dam No. 16, Final Report—Construction," Vol. I: "Introduction, Lock and Channel Excavation at Horse Island" (Rock Island: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Rock Island District, May 1937), (hereafter referred to as "Final Report Lock 16"), 2-3, 18,31-34; R.A. Wheeler to Central Engineering Co., November 11, 1933, and December 29, 1934, R.A. Wheeler to Kelso-Burnett Electric Co., July 13, 1935, R.A. Wheeler to Chief of Engineers, February 16, 1934, and November 14, 1933, E.L. Daley to Chief of Engineers, December 28, 1933, R.A. Wheeler to Sprague and Henwood, Inc., January 9, 1934, J.M. Silkman to Chief of Engineers, June 9, 1934, and R.A. Wheeler to Division Engineer, December 7, 1934, RG77, Entry 111, Box 986, WNRC; Henry Berbert to Chief of Engineers, April 26, 1936, RG77, Entry 111, Box 987, WNRC; Rock Island District shop drawings card index, Rock Island District Library, Clock Tower Building Annex, Rock Island, Illinois; "Work Moves Swiftly on Lock 16, Jobs Increase," Muscatine Journal March 23, 1934; Annual Report 1940, 1160: Annual Report 1942, 1028; Annual Report 1951, 1237; interoffice memo, May 21, 1940, RG77, Entry 111, Box 975, File 3524, WNRC; Currier interviews; Threshold, "Lockhouse Rehabilitation;" and Ohler interview.

28. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Drawings: Upper Mississippi River Locks and Dams 9-Foot Channel, Rock Island District Records; "Mississippi River Lock and Dam No. 17: Final Report Construction," Vol. I: "Introduction, Lock and Temporary Buildings" (Rock Island: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Rock Island District, March 1938), (hereafter referred to as "Final Report Lock 17"), 9, 17, 25, 33, 28; "Final Cost Report, Dam No. 17, Mississippi River" (Rock Island: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Rock Island District, October 1940), (hereafter referred to as "Final Cost Dam 17"), 107; E.E. Gesler to Chief of Engineers, April 23, 1937, E.E. Gesler to Maxon Construction, February 19, 1937, R.L. Dean to Contract Section OCE, December 1, 1938, and American Surety Company to War Department, August 6, 1940, RG77, Entry 111, Box 988, WNRC; Annual Report 1950, 1449; Annual Report 1951, 1237; Currier interviews; Ohler interview; E.E. Gesler, Finding of Fact, 17 June 1938, RG77, Entry 111, Box 988, File 3367, WNRC; entire contents of RG77, Entry 111, Box 682; Annual Report 1940, 1156; "Specifications for Esplanade Work-Lock and Dam No. 17," (Rock Island. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Rock Island District, March 1939), RG77, Entry 111, Box 179, WNRC.

29. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Drawings: Upper Mississippi River Locks and Dams 9-Foot Channel, Rock Island District Records; "Mississippi River Lock and Dam No. 18, Final Report—Construction," Vol. I: "Introduction, Lock, Roadway, and Temporary Buildings" (Rock Island: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Rock Island District, n.d.) (hereafter referred to as "Final Report Lock 18"), 2-4, 13, 16, 22, 60; "Final Cost Report, Dam No. 18, Mississippi River" (Rock Island: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Rock Island District, November 1938) (hereafter referred to as "Final Cost Report Dam No. 18"), 1-2, 87, 94-105; R.A. Wheeler to Edward M. Rocho, August 7, 1935, R.A. Wheeler to S.A. Healy, September 12, 1935, E.L. Daley to Chief of Engineers, February 19, 1934, E.E. Gesler to Kelso-Burnett Electric Company, July 16, 1936, and R.A. Wheeler to Division Engineer, August 16, 1935, RG77, Entry 111, Box 990, WNRC; E.E. Gesler to Layton and Plumb, August 21, 1937, and R.A. Wheeler to Chief of Engineers, March 21, 1934, RG77, Entry 111, Box 991, WNRC; Annual Report 1940, 1160; Annual Report 1942, 1028; Annual Report 1951, 1237; interoffice memo, May 21, 1940, and E.E. Gesler to Division Engineer, June 26, 1937, and to Chief of Engineers January 13, 1937, RG77, Entry 111, Box 975, File 3524, WNRC; Threshold, "Lockhouse Rehabilitation;" Currier interviews; Ohler interview; H. Doc. 137; and Annual Report 1938, 1050.

30. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Drawings: Upper Mississippi River Locks and Dams 9-Foot Channel, Rock Island District Records; Tweet, Rock Island District; "Completion Report on the Construction of New Lock 19, Mississippi River" (Rock Island: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Rock Island District, March 1958) (hereafter referred to as "Completion Report New Lock 19"); Tweet, Taming Des Moines Rapids, 3-10; G. Walter Barr, "Interesting Details About the Keokuk Dam," Iowa Factories, II: 6-10; "Keokuk Lock and Dam," file at Iowa State Historical Department, Des Moines; "Mississippi River Lock and Dam No. 19, Repairs to Keokuk Lock Miter Gates" (Rock Island: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Rock Island District, March 1934), 1; R.A. Wheeler to Chief of Engineers, April 23, 1934, E.E. Gesler to Chief of Engineers, January 24, 1938, C.P. Gross to Chief of Engineers, January 29, 1940, and C. W. Bali to Chief of Engineers, November 18, 1941, RG77, Entry 111, Box 992, WNRC; Mary Rathbun interview with Ray English, locktender, Lock No. 19, July 24, 1984; Mary Rathbun interview with Larry Weiman, hydraulic engineer, Union Electric Company, Keokuk Power Plant, Keokuk, Iowa, July 24, 1984; Annual Report 1867, 265; Ben Hur Wilson, "The Des Moines Rapids Canal," Palimpsest V, No. 4 (April 1924), 120-130; 1910-1914 construction photographs, 28 vols., Union Electric Company, Keokuk Plant; McClean, "Keokuk Lock and Dam," 3; and Keokuk Industrial Association, "1914 Survey," 87.

31. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Drawings: Upper Mississippi River Locks and Dams 9-Foot Channel, Rock Island District Records; "Final Report Lock 20," 2, 4, 19-22; "Final Cost Dam 20," 1; Pillsbury to U.S. District Engineer Rock Island, November 26, 1932, E.N. Parker to Chief of Engineers, November 16, 1933, R.A. Wheeler to Division Engineer, September 30, 1933, and June 22, 1935, D.A. Morris to Comptroller General, June 24, 1935, R.A. Wheeler to Chief of Engineers, May 25, 1935, R.A. Wheeler to Fries-Walters, April 8, 1935, R.A. Wheeler to Link Belt Co, April 1, 1935, and December 27, 1934, and R.A. Wheeler to Chief of Engineers, October 31, 1934, RG77, Entry 111, Box 993, WNRC; R.A. Wheeler to the Atlas Car & Mfg. Co., May 7, 1935, and R.A. Wheeler to Division Engineer, March 30, 1935, RG77, Entry 111, Box 992, File 3356; Burt E. Hoover to E.E. Abbott, July 30, 1935, R.A. Wheeler to Lakeside Bridge Co., July 24, 1935, and E.E. Gesler to Division Engineer, January 12, 1938, RG77, Entry 111, Box 994, WNRC; Annual Report 1940, 1160; Annual Report 1942, 1028; Annual Report 1951, 1237; and H. Doc. 137.

32. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Drawings: Upper Mississippi River Locks and Dams 9-Foot Channel, Rock Island District Records; W.A. Snow to Chief of Engineers, December 14, 1933, RG77, Entry 111, Box 994, File 3524, WNRC; "Final Report Lock No. 21," 2, 13, 19-27; "Final Cost Report Dam No. 21, Mississippi River" (Rock Island: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Rock Island District, May 1939) (hereafter referred to as "Final Cost Dam No. 21"), 18; E.E. Gesler to McCarthy Improvement Co., August 14, 1936, C.H. Barth to E.A. Koenemann Co., March, 12, 1937, E.L. Daley to Chief of Engineers, March 7, 1935, and E.E. Gesler to Chief of Engineers, November 17, 1936, RG77, Entry 111, Box 995, WNRC; Harry W. Hill to Chief of Engineers, October 31, 1940, RG77, Entry 112, Box 694, WNRC; Annual Report 1940, 1160; Annual Report 1942, 1028; Annual Report 1951, 1237; Threshold, "Lockhouse Rehabilitation;" Currier interviews; Ohler interview; series of 1935 letter and memos constituting RG77, Entry 111, Box 997, File 7243, WNRC; and Annual Report 1939, 1150.

33. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Drawings: Upper Mississippi River Locks and Dams 9-Foot Channel, Rock Island District Records; "Mississippi Lock and Dam 20: Final Report—Construction," Vol I: "Introduction and Lock" (Rock Island: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Rock Island District, March 1935) (hereafter referred to as "Final Report Lock 22"), 13, 18, 25, 70; "Final Cost Report, Dam No. 22, Mississippi River" (Rock Island: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Rock Island District, October 1939) (hereafter referred to as "Final Cost Dam No. 22), 87-97; "Mississippi River Lock and Dam No. 22, Esplanade Improvement, Final Report—Construction" (Quincy, Illinois: U.S. Engineer Office, November 1939), 4; E.L. Daley to Chief of Engineers, January 12, 1934, RG77, Entry 111, Box 997, File 3524, WNRC; E.E. Gesler to Massman Construction Co., September 12, 1936, Joseph Schaefe to Chief of Engineers, April 26, 1938, E.E. Gesler to E.A. Koenemann Electric Co., March 1937, E.E. Gesler to Chief of Engineers, December 24, 1935, E.E. Gesler to Chief of Engineers, November 1, 1938, and E.L. Daley to Chief of Engineers, March 28, 1934, RG77, Entry 111, Box 998, WNRC; and Annual Report 1939, 1150.

34. Personnel Records, Almern Frederick Griffin, NASL.

35. Personnel Records: William W. Wanamaker, John A. Adams, Lawrence B. Feagin, National Personnel Records Center, NASL.

36. Construction Drawings, Mississippi River Lock & Dam No. 24, half-size copies on file at U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, St. Louis District Office, St. Louis; assorted records and files held at the site and at the St. Louis District Office; and "History and Construction Report, Lock 24" on file at St. Louis District Office.

37. Construction Drawings, Mississippi River Lock & Dam No. 25, half-size copies on file at U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, St. Louis District Office, St. Louis; assorted records and files held at the site and at the St. Louis District Office; and "Final Construction Report Lock No. 25" on file at St. Louis District Office.

38. Construction Drawings, Mississippi River Lock & Dam No. 26, half-size copies on file at U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, St. Louis District Office, St. Louis; assorted records and files held at the site and at the St. Louis District Office; and Final Reports Lock No. 26 and Dam No. 26 on file at St. Louis District Office.

39. Construction Drawings, Mississippi River Lock & Dam No. 26(R), half-size copies on file at U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, St. Louis District Office, St. Louis; and assorted records and files held at the site and at the St. Louis District Office.

40. Construction Drawings, Mississippi River Lock & Dam No. 27, half-size copies on file at U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, St. Louis District Office, St. Louis; and assorted records and files held at the site and at the St. Louis District Office.