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Gates of the Arctic
Gaunt Beauty ... Tenuous Life Historic Resource Study for Gates of the Arctic National Park & Preserve |
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CHAPTER 4:
Notes
1First Lieut. J.C. Cantwell, R.C.S., Report of the Operations of the U.S. Revenue Steamer Nunivak on the Yukon River Station, Alaska, 1899-1901 (Washington, GPO, 1902), 47-60.
4Second Lieut. B.H. Camden, R.C.S., "Reconnaissance of the Koyukuk River, Alaska" (Paper I in Cantwell, Nunivak), 239-242.
5Camden, 247-48; Marshall, ArcticVillage, 39.
6Camden, 245; Cantwell, 68-70; Gary C. Stein, "Ship Surgeon on the Yukon," Alaska Journal 11 (1981), 232.
8The Army's Role in the Building of Alaska, 43-44.
9Sherwood, Exploration of Alaska, 179-80.
10Jeannette Paddock Nichols, Alaska; a History of its Administration, Exploitation, and Industrial Development During its First Half Century Under the Rule of the United States (Arthur H. Clark Co., Cleveland, 1924; reprinted in 1963 by Russell & Russell, Inc., New York), 141-43.
11 Brooks, Blazing Alaska's Trails, 501-08; Ernest Gruening, The State of Alaska (Random House, New York, 1954), 47-55.
14The summary of 1898-1900 laws is derived from Gruening, The State of Alaska, 105-113, and Nichols, Alaska, 154 ff. Reflections on jury system problems and the efficacy of the commissioner system in the Koyukuk precinct derived from study of Koyukuk dockets and journals obtained from the Alaska State Archives, Juneau. For criticisms of the commissioner system, see Gruening, 340-47.
15Above discussion based on Gruening, State of Alaska, esp. 140-41; Nichols, Alaska, 407-09; Brooks, Blazing Alaska's Trails, XXVII; and Ted. C. Hinckley, "Reflections and Refractions: Alaska and Gilded Age America," in Robert A. Frederick, ed., Frontier Alaska: A Study in Historical Interpretation and Opportunity (Alaska Methodist University Press, Anchorage, 1968): esp. 101-03.
17Gruening, The State of Alaska, 120-21, fn. 51.
18Conditions in Alaska, 58 Congo 2d Sess., Senate Rpt. 282 4570), 9. Emphasis in original.
19Ibid, McKenzie's testimony is on pages 107-18; quote on page 107.
24Philip S. Smith, quoting Brooks in "Memorial of Alfred H. Brooks," published in volume 37 of the Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, 1926; reprinted as an appendix in Brooks, Blazing Alaska's Trails, 549.
25Surveys of early USGS history in Alaska and the study region can be found in Brooks, Blazing Alaska's Trails, Sherwood, Exploration of Alaska, and in Philip S. Smith and J.B. Mertie, Jr., Geology and Mineral Resources of Northwestern Alaska, USGS Bulletin 815 Washington, GPO, 1930. Original field notebooks are on file at the Alaska Geology Branch technical library, USGS Western Regional Office, Menlo Park, CA.
26Maps and Descriptions of Routes of Exploration in Alaska in 1898 (Engraving and printing Division, USGS, Washington, 1899).
29This summary derived from Irving McK. Reed, "Upper Koyukuk Region, Alaska" (Dept. of Mines, Territory of Alaska, typescript report, 1938), 3-4.
30Smith and Mertie, USGS Bull. 815, 8.
31Brooks used the name Arctic Mountains. After his death in 1924, they were renamed the Brooks Range; see Orth, Dictionary of Alaska Place Names, 162.
32A.G. Maddren, The Koyukuk-Chandalar Region, Alaska, USGS Bull 532 (Washington, GPO, 1913), 32-35, 74-76.
33Robert Marshall, ArcticVillage, 37-44.
34Frank C. Schrader Diary, USGS Field Notebook #106 (typescript transcription), 22-28, July l7-Aug. 26;entries; "Preliminary Report on a Reconnaissance along the Chandlar [sic]Report, Part II, 1899-1900 (Washington, GPO, 1900), 447-486.
35F.C. Schrader, Geological Field Notes on the Chandalar River and Middle Fork Koyukuk River, June 21 to August 16, 1899 (edited by J.B. Mertie, Jr.), FN 62, entries for July 20, Aug. 6, 12-15.
36Reconnaissance on Chandlar [sic] and Koyukuk Rivers, 486.
37Frank Charles Schrader, A Reconnaissance in Northern Alaska Across the Rocky Mountains, Along Koyukuk, John, Anaktuvuk, and ColvilleRivers, and the ArcticCoast to CapeLisburne, in 1901, USGS Professional paper No. 20 (Washington, GPO, 1904), 30-31.
39Schrader Note Book I, Arctic Ocean Trip, 1901, as transcribed by J.B. Mertie, Jr., 40-41.
43Schrader, A Reconnaissance in Northern Alaska, 19-21. 1
46Ibid., 99-104; Irving McK. Reed, Upper Koyukuk Region, Alaska Dept. of Mines, Territory of Alaska, 1938 (typescript report), III ff.
47Philip S. Smith, The Noatak-Kobuk Region, Alaska, USGS Bull. 536 (Washington, GPO, 1913), 5.
48Walter J.C. Mendenhall, Reconnaissance from Fort Hamlin to Kotzebue Sound, Alaska, by way of Dall, Kanuti, Allen [Alatna], and Kowak [Kobuk] Rivers, USGS Prof. Paper No. 10 (Washington, GPO, 1902), 9-10,24.
57W.C. Mendenhall, Reconnaissance from Fort Hamlin to Kotzebue Sound, Alaska, 1901, Note Book No.2, Aug. 29 entry, 52.
58Susan M. Will, Coldfoot, an Historic Mining Community on the Middle Fork of the Koyukuk River, Alaska (Bureau of Land Management, Fairbanks 1982, unpaginated typescript draft cultural resources report).
59Ibid., History chapter: Kitchener, Flag Over the North, 159-160; Melvin B. Ricks, Directory of Alaska Postoffices and Postmasters (Tongass Pub. Co., Ketchikan, AK, 1965), 14, 46.
60Clarence L. Hobart, "United States Customs Service in Alaska," Alaska-Yukon Magazine, Mar. 1907, 3(1), 91.
61"Pioneering Days of Northern Alaska," Alaska Magazine, 1(2), May 1905, 234-236.
62The original Bettles log is owned by Tishu Ulen, an old time resident of the upper Koyukuk now living in Fairbanks: the following notations from the log are with her permission.
63License Applications, Vol. 1, U.s. District Court, 3d Division, July 1900-Aug. 1904, 81-82.
64Marshall, ArcticVillage, 32.
65Koyukuk Court Docket (criminal), 10.
72August Tobin's granddaugher, Doris Bordine of Eagle River, Alaska, provided letters, historical photos, and other memorabilia of August Tobin. An undated speech script by August's son, Emery, "The Gold Rush," and an article by his daughter, Florence Tobin Thornton, "Father Wanted Gold," Alaska Magazine, June 1983, 18-21, gave details of August Tobin's Koyukuk adventures. August Tobin himself recorded the 1907 marriage of Frank "Brainy" Smith at Wiseman, in a poem written in Swedish, translated into English prose by Florence Thornton, which appeared in The Alaska Journal, A 1981 Collection, XI, 172-75.
73Fairbanks Weekly News, 7/30/04, 1.
74Fairbanks Daily Times, 7/9/07, 3.
75Seward Weekly Gateway, 1/4/08, 1.
76Seward Weekly Gateway, 5/9/08, 2.
77Seward Weekly Gateway, 5/16/08, 4; and 4/17/09, 4.
78Seward Weekly Gateway, 7/10/09, 4.
79Seward Weekly Gateway, 7/25/08, 4.
80G.M. Hill, "The Koyukuk, One of the Richest Districts in the Far North," Alaska-Yukon Magazine, June 1909, 8(3), 211-12.
81Seward Weekly Gateway, 3/6/09, 4.
83Tom Bundtzen, "Drift miners --Alaska's incurable optimists," Alaska Mines & Geology, 33(1), January 1984, I; anon., "Promising Mining Camp, Rich Strike Made in Old Placer Diggings on the Koyukuk," Alaska-Yukon Magazine, 5(2), April 1908, 90-91.
84Paul W. Trush, comp., A Dictionary of Mining , Mineral, and Related Terms, Bureau of Mines, Dept. of the Interior Washington, GPO, 1968).
85Ibid., 2. Many technical works describe with narrative and diagrams-various levels of drift mining technology. The most useful to this writer were: Robert peel, Mining Engineers' Handbook, I, Third Edition (John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1941); Ernest Wolff, Handbook for the Alaskan Prospector (University of Alaska Fairbanks, 1969); C.W. Purington, Gravel and Placer Mining in Alaska, USGS Bull. 263 (Washington, GPO,1905); Norman L. Wimmler, Placer-Mining Methods and Costs in Alaska, Bureau of Mines Bull. 259 (Washington, GPO, 1927).
86Bundtzen, "Drift miners," 2-3; Peele, Mining Engineer's Handbook, I, 10.617.
87T.A. Rickard, "Mining Methods in the North," Mining and Scientific Press, Jan. 9, 1909, 86.
88T.A. Rickard, Through the Yukon and Alaska (Mining and Scientific Press, San Francisco, 1909), 271-78; direct quotations from 272-74 and 276 respectively.
89Trush, Dictionary of Mining Terms, various entries; Wimmler, Placer Mining Methods, 123-25; Wolff, Handbook, 315-20.
90Hudson Stuck, Ten Thousand Miles With a Dog Sled (Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, 1914), 48-49.
91Ida Williams, "Nolan on the Koyukuk," Alaska-Yukon Magazine, 10(3), Aug. 1910, 221.
92Stuck, Ten Thousand Miles, 48.
94Interview with Al Withrow, Old Bettles, 6/26/85.
95Emil Edward Hurja, "Mining in the Far North, The Koyukuk Mining District," Mining and Scientific Press, 109(11), Sept. 2, 1914, 416.
97Hudson Stuck, Voyages on the Yukon and Its Tributaries, A Narrative of Summer Travel in the Interior of Alaska(CharlesScribner's Sons, New York, 1917), 258: "N.C. Company's Chandalar Operations," Seward Weekly Gateway, June 1, 1907, 4; "New Mining Camps," Alaska-Yukon Magazine, 3(5), July 1907, 430.
99Irving McK. Reed, "Frank Yasuda, Pioneer in the Chandalar," Alaska Sportsman, 29(6), June 1963, 14-15, 42-45; William R. Hunt, North of 53°, The Wild Days of the Alaska-Yukon Mining Frontier, 1870-1914 (Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc., 1974), 233-39; Evelyn Mertie, Thirty Summers and a Winter (University of Alaska, Fairbanks, 1982), 64-66.
100The S.J. Marsh materials cited and quoted in this section are found in the Eskil Anderson Collection, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Archives.
101S.J. Marsh report to Sulzer of May 1906.
102Hunt, North of 53°, 236-37~ Bob De Armond, comp., "This Month in Northland History," Alaska Sportsman, Sept. 1969, 18.
103Marsh to Sulzer, October 11, 1906, 2-3.
104Marsh to Sulzer, December 24, 1906.
105Marsh to Sulzer, January 23, 1907, 7-8, 9.
106Marsh to Sulzer, selected letters from November 23, 1907, to December 30, 1909.
107Marsh to Sulzer, March 3, 1909, 2; edited for spelling.
110A.G. Maddren, The Koyukuk-Chandalar Region, Alaska, USGS Bull. 532 (Washington, GPO, 1913), 110-116; quotation on 115-16.
111A.G. Maddren, Koyukuk-Chandalar Region, Notebook IV (file No. 274).
112Maddren, Koyukuk-Chandalar, Bull., 532, 29-32, 68-73; quotation on 73.
113Philip S. Smith and Henry M. Eakin, "The Shungnak Region, Kobuk Valley," in Alfred H. Brooks, et al., Mineral Resources of Alaska, Report on Progress of Investigations in 1910, USGS Bull. 480 (Washington, GPO, 1911), 291-294.
114Lewis Lloyd, "Shungnak--On the Arctic Slope," Alaska-Yukon Magazine, 7(6), March 1909, 478-80.
115Anon., "Kobuk District May Prove a Real Bonanza," Alaska-Yukon Magazine, 10(5), November 1910, 316-17.
116Philip S. Smith, "The Alatna-Noatak Region," in Alfred H. Brooks, et al., Mineral Resources of Alaska...1911, USGS Bull. 520 (Washington, GPO, 1912), 332-33. A.G. Maddren interviewed Manuel Louis, probably in Bettles, in 1909. Louis stated that in the spring of 1899 he and about 30 other men sledded from the upper Kobuk (specifically from their winter camp at Reed River Hot Springs) to Lucky Six Creek on the Noatak. During the summer they put in a bedrock drain with dynamite and black powder, and produced $500 in gold. This changes Smith's figure, but not his conclusions. Maddren, Koyukuk-Chandalar Region Notebook III (file No. 273).
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