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Pipestone
Managing the Sacred and the Secular An Administrative History of Pipestone National Monument |
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ENDNOTES
Chapter 1
1Richard Ojakangas and Charles L. Matsch, Minnesota's Geology (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1982), 223-24.
2Patricia Comdon Johnson, Minnesota: Portrait of the Land and its People (Helena, MT: American Geographic Publishing, 1989), 16-19.
3Ojakangas and Matsch, Minnesota's Geology, 225-27; George M. Schwartz and George A. Thiel, Minnesota's Rocks and Waters: A Geological Story (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1963), 289; Johnson, Portrait of the Land, 19.
4Ojakangas and Matsch, Minnesota's Geology, 225-27.
5Schwartz and Thiel, Minnesota's Rocks and Waters, 288; Johnson, Portrait of the Land, 68.
6Ojakangas and Matsch, Minnesota's Geology, 223; Schwartz and Thiel, Minnesota's Rocks and Waters, 286-87.
7Ojakangas and Matsch, Minnesota's Geology, 227-28; George A. Thiel, The Geology and Underground Waters of Southern Minnesota (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1944), 348-53.
8Ojakangas and Matsch, Minnesota's Geology, 47.
9Schwartz and Thiel, Minnesota's Rocks and Waters, 286-87.
10Ibid., 287; James N. Gunderson, "The Mineralogical Characterization of Catlinite from its Sole Provenance, Pipestone National Monument, Minnesota," (Omaha: National Park Service, 1991) Research/Resources Management Report MWR-17, 5; G. N. Delin, "Occurrence of Catlinite in the Southern Half of Pipestone National Monument, Minnesota," (Minneapolis, Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey, 1980); Johnson, Portrait of the Land, 69.
11Johnson, Portrait of the Land, 69.
12Ojakangas and Matsch, Minnesota's Geology, 226, 229-30; Johnson, Portrait of the Land, 22.
13Thiel, The Geology and Underground Waters of Southern Minnesota, 348; Gunderson, "The Mineralogical Characterization of Catlinite," 3.
14Thiel, The Geology and Underground Waters of Southern Minnesota, 349-50.
15John S. Sigstad, "The Age and Distribution of Catlinite and Red Pipestone," (Ph.D. diss., University of Missouri, 1973), 49, 155; Arrell Morgan Gibson, The American Indian: Prehistory to the Present (Lexington, MA: D. C. Heath,1980), 249, 262.
16Richard White, "The Winning of the West: The Expansion of the Western Sioux in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries," The Journal of American History 65, no. 2 (September 1978): 319-43; Richard White, The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650-1815 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), 1-49.
17White, "The Winning of the West," 322-23; Anthony McGinnis, Counting Coup and Cutting Horses: Intertribal Warfare on the Northern Plains 1738-1889 (Evergreen, CO: Cordillera Press, Inc., 1990), 6-9.
18Ibid., 323-32; interestingly, George Catlin attributed Sioux domination of the quarries to "the instigation of whites, who have told [the Sioux] that by keeping off other tribes . . . they can acquire much influence and wealth." See George Catlin, North American Indians: Being Letters and Notes on Their Manners, Customs, and Conditions Written During Eight Years' Travel Amongst the Wildest Tribes of Indians in North America, 1832-1839 (Edinburgh: John Grant, 1926), 190.
19White, "Winning of the West," 325-26; Alfred Crosby, The Columbian Exchange: The Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492 (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1972).
20McGinnis, Counting Coup and Cutting Horses, 16-23.
21White, The Middle Ground, 6; William P. Corbett, "A History of the Red Pipestone Quarry and Pipestone National Monument," (unpublished M.A. Thesis, University of South Dakota, 1976), 5-8.
22White, The Middle Ground, 149; Corbett, "History of the Red Pipestone Quarry," 8.
23Corbett, "History of the Red Pipestone Quarry," 8-9; H. H. Sibley, to the Minnesota Legislative Council, Journal of the Council for the Territory of Minnesota, 1849, Minnesota Historical Society, 30; Major Lawrence Taliferro, "Journal," August 15, 1831, Pipestone National Monument.
24Donald D. Parker, ed., The Recollections of Philander Prescott, Frontiersman of the Old Northwest 1819-1862 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1966), 137; Robert Murray, "Administrative History of Pipestone National Monument, Minnesota," manuscript, Pipestone National Monument, Minnesota, 3; McGinnis, Counting Coup and Cutting Horses, 71-85.
25Parker, Philander Prescott, 136.
26Corbett, "History of the Red Pipestone Quarry," 10-12; Earl Arthur Shoemaker, The Permanent Indian Frontier: The Reason for the Construction and Abandonment of Fort Scott, Kansas, During the Dragoon Era (Omaha: National Park Service, 1986), 37.
27Catlin, North American Indians, 189-90.
28Michael McDonald Mooney, George Catlin: Letters and Notes on the American Indians (New York: Clarkson N. Potter Inc., 1975), 60-65.
29Leo Marx, The Machine in the Garden: Technology and the Pastoral Ideal in America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1964), is the clearest articulation of this set of ideas. Curtis M. Hinsley, Jr., Savages and Scientists: The Smithsonian Institution and the Development of American Anthropology, 1846-1910 (Washington: D. C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1981) looks at many of the ramifications.
30Roderick Nash, Wilderness and the American Mind (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1983), 3rd edition, 44-66.
31Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, The Song of Hiawatha (Boston: Ticknor and Fields, 1855), 11-19.
32William H. Goetzmann, Army Exploration in the American West 1803-1863 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1959), 58, 69-74; Corbett, "History of the Red Pipestone Quarry," 16-17; U.S. Congress. Senate. Report Intended to Illustrate a Map of the Hydrographical Basin of the Upper Mississippi River. 26th Congress, 2nd session. Senate Document 237.
33Corbett, "History of the Red Pipestone Quarry," 20-21.
Chapter 2
1White, The Middle Ground , 1-93; John Opie, The Law of the Land: Two Hundred Years of American Farmland Policy (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1987); E. Louise Peffer, The Closing of the Public Domain: Disposal and Reservation Policies 1900-50 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1951).
2Gibson, The American Indian, 249; White, "The Winning of the West," 319-43.
3William P. Corbett, "The Red Pipestone Quarry: The Yanktons Defend a Sacred Tradition, 1858-1929," South Dakota History 8, 99-116; Charles J. Kappler, Indian Treaties: 1778-1883 (New York: Interland Publishing, 1972), 588-93; McGinnis, Counting Coup and Cutting Horses, 85-108.
4Murray, "Administrative History," 9.
5Murray, "Administrative History," 10-11; Corbett, "Red Pipestone Quarry," 101.
6Corbett, "Red Pipestone Quarry," 101-02.
7Murray, "Administrative History," 12-15.
8Murray, "Administrative History," 20-21; Corbett, "Red Pipestone Quarry," 102.
9Murray, "Administrative History," 22; Corbett, "Red Pipestone Quarry," 102-03; see also Daniel J. Boorstin, The Americans: The Democratic Experience (New York: Vintage Books, 1974), 3-37.
10Murray, "Administrative History," 22-23; Corbett, "Red, Pipestone Quarry," 102-03.
11Murray, "Administrative History," 22.
15William M. Ridpath to Commissioner of Indian Affairs, November 14, 1883, Letters Received, RG 75, NA.
16Brian W. Dippie, The Vanishing American: White Attitudes and U. S. Indian Policy (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1982), 175-190; Frederick Hoxie, The Final Promise: The Campaign to Assimilate the Indians, 1880-1920 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1984), 41-81.
17United States Department of the Interior, Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior for 1886 (Washington, D. C.: Government Printing Office, 1887) v. 1, 40-41.
18Murray, "Administrative History," 30.
21Dippie, Vanishing American, 199-270.
22Murray, "Administrative History," 33-37.
23Murray, "Administrative History," 37-38.
29Robert M. Utley, The Last Days of the Sioux Nation (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1963), 40-59.
30Ibid., 40-59; Dippie, Vanishing American, 158-62, 199-242.
31Murray, "Administrative History," 50-52.
32Corbett, "Red Pipestone Quarry," 110-11; Murray, "Administrative History," 53.
33Corbett, Red Pipestone Quarry," 111; Murray, "Administrative History," 53.
34Corbett, "Red Pipestone Quarry," 111-12; Murray, "Administrative History," 55-57.
35William E. Unrau, Mixed Bloods and Tribal Dissolution: Charles Curtis and the Quest for Indian Identity (Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1989).
36Murray, "Administrative History," 58; Corbett, "Red Pipestone Quarry," 112-13.
37Corbett, "Red Pipestone Quarry," 113-14; Murray, "Administrative History," 59-61.
38Hoxie, The Final Promise, 83-114, 189-210; Murray, "Administrative History," 62-63.
39Corbett, "Red Pipestone Quarry," 113; Murray, "Administrative History," 63-64.
40Murray, "Administrative History," 65-67; Corbett, "Red Pipestone Quarry," 114-15.
Chapter 3
1Murray, "Administrative History," 46-49.
2Alfred Runte, National Parks: The American Experience, 2d. ed. (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1987), 55, 62-63; Hal Rothman, Preserving Different Pasts: The American National Monuments (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1989), 12-14.
3Runte, National Parks, 11-22, 33-47; Rothman, Preserving Different Pasts, 53-54.
4Murray, "Administrative History," 48-51, 75-76; Corbett, "Red Pipestone Quarry," 42-43.
5Pipestone County Star, June 30, 1916.
6Corbett, "Red Pipestone Quarry," 43; Murray, "Administrative History," 78.
7Murray, "Administrative History," 78; Thomas R. Cox, The Park Builders: A History of State Parks in the Pacific Northwest (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1988), 3-5; Robert Shankland, Steve Mather of the National Parks, 3d. ed. (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1970), 185-88.
8"Proposed Development for Pipestone State Park, Pipestone, Minnesota, Prepared Under the Direction of the Commissioner of Highways, 1924, By Order of the Governor," Box B, Folder B-1973, Pipestone National Monument.
9Murray, "Administrative History," 79.
10Murray, "Administrative History," 79-81.
11Corbett, "Red Pipestone Quarry," 45; Murray, "Administrative History," 81.
12______, "Winifred Bartlett: Monument Maker," H14: Area and Service History, Pipestone National Monument.
14"Minutes of Meeting of Pipestone National Park Association, January," January 14, 1932; "Executive Committee Meeting," February 11, 1932; "Minutes, March 15, 1932," Box P, P196, PISA, Pipestone.
15William P. Corbett, "Pipestone: The Origin and Development of a National Monument," Minnesota History, Fall 1980, 83-92; Murray, "Administrative History," 82; "Minutes, April 27, 1932," Box P, P196, PISA, Pipestone.
16Runte, National Parks, 97-102; Rothman, Preserving Different Pasts, 89-93.
17Horace M. Albright as told to Robert Cahn, The Birth of the National Park Service: The Founding Years, 1913-33 (Salt Lake City: Howe Brothers Press, 1985), 278.
18Rothman, Preserving Different Pasts, 68-72, 224-32; Albright as told to Cahn, The Birth of the National Park Service, 276-78.
19Donald C. Swain, "The National Park Service and the New Deal 1933-1940," Pacific Historical Review 41 (August 1972): 312-32; Barry Mackintosh, "Harold Ickes and the National Park Service," Journal of Forest History 29 (April 1985): 78-84; Murray, "Administrative History," 84; Corbett, "Origin and Development of a National Monument," 87; ______, "Winifred Bartlett: Monument Maker;" for Ickes' personal view of these issues, see Harold L. Ickes, The Secret Diaries of Harold L. Ickes: The First Thousand Days, 1933-1936 (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1954). Ickes' personal feelings about people often clouded his judgment. His antipathy for Albright's successor, Arno B. Cammerer, did volumes to damage the rapport to which Albright devoted himself.
20Rothman, Preserving Different Pasts, 224, 232.
21Rothman, Preserving Different Pasts, 170-72; Hal Rothman, "`A Regular Ding-Dong Fight': Agency Culture and Evolution in the NPS-USFS Dispute, 1916-1937," Western Historical Quarterly 20 (May 1989): 141-61.
22Harlan D. Unrau and G. Frank Williss, Administrative History: Expansion of the National Park Service in the 1930s (Denver: Denver Service Center, 1983), 1-25; Rothman, Preserving Different Pasts, 162, 169, 187-90, 202-04.
23Corbett, "A History of the Red Pipestone Quarry," 48; Conrad L. Wirth, Parks, Politics, and the People (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1980).
24Victor E. Shelford to H. C. Bryant, November 7, 1933, Pipestone, Series 7, RG 79, NA; for more on Shelford, see Robert A. Crocker, Pioneer Ecologist: The Life and Work of Victor Ernest Shelford 1877-1968 (Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1991).
25Corbett, "History of the Red Pipestone Quarry," 47.
26Corbett, "A History of the Red Pipestone Quarry," 48.
27Ibid., 48-49; Murray, "Administrative History," 86.
28Murray, "Administrative History," 86-87; Corbett, "A History of the Red Pipestone Quarry," 49; Shankland, Steve Mather of the National Parks, 304, John Ise, Our National Park Policy: A Critical History (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1961), 441. The Region II office in Omaha was established along with ones in San Francisco, Santa Fe, and Richmond, Virginia, in 1937. Region III, located in Santa Fe, had an additional administrative problem. The Emergency Conservation Work (ECW) program for Region III was located in Oklahoma City, creating split jurisdiction that was only joined in 1939.
29Murray, "Administrative History," 87; Corbett, "A History of the Red Pipestone Quarry," 49.
30Rothman, Preserving Different Pasts, 197-202.
31Ibid., 214-22; Robert W. Righter, Crucible for Conservation: The Creation of Grand Teton National Park (Boulder: Colorado Associated University Press, 1982) chronicles the aggressive use of executive power that created Jackson Hole National Monument and subsequent response from western legislators. The result set the stage for the post-war era, in which Congress routinely refused to fund national monuments that it had not approved by legislation. Once again, the limitations of the Antiquities Act of 1906 were made clear.
32Swain, "National Park Service and the New Deal," 312-32; Rothman, Preserving Different Pasts, 163-74; Unrau and Williss, Expansion of the National Park Service, 43-74.
Chapter 4
1Rothman, Preserving Different Pasts, 187-90; Unrau and Willis, Expansion of the Park System, 75-105; Superintendent, Pipestone National Monument to Regional Director, Region II, July 27, 1950, Box 194, Folder 501, Kansas City Federal Records Center.
2Rothman, Preserving Different Pasts, 196-207.
3Carroll H. Wegemann, Memorandum to Mr. Brown, August 5, 1938, Pipestone National Monument, File 204, Kansas City Federal Records Center.
4Acting Assistant to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs to Director of the National Park Service, Attention A. E. Demaray, October 7, 1938, Pipestone, Series 7, RG 79, NA; Rothman, Preserving Different Pasts, 89-139.
5Assistant Commissioner of Indian Affairs to Arno B. Cammerer, May 3, 1938, Pipestone, Series 7, RG 79, NA.
6J. W. Balmer to J. R. White, Acting Director of the National Park Service, August 16, 1939, Pipestone, Series 7, RG 79, NA; Rothman, Preserving Different Pasts, 75-86.
7Murray, "Administrative History," 95-96; Pipestone County Star, December 26, 1939; Pipestone County Star, January 12, 1940.
8Murray, "Administrative History," 97; Pipestone County Star, October 13, 1941.
9Edward A. Hummel, "Preliminary Historical Development Report of Pipestone National Monument," Ca. 1940, Pipestone, Series 7, RG 79, NA; Thomas J. Allen, "Memorandum for the Director," December 28, 1940, Pipestone, Series 7, RG 79, NA; Herbert E. Kahler to Acting Regional Director, Region II, March 15, 1941, Pipestone, Series 7, RG 79, NA.
10Ronald A. Foresta, America's National Parks and Their Keepers (Washington, D. C.: Resources for the Future, 1984), 49-51; John Ise, Our National Park Policy, 447-53.
11Albert F. Drysdale, "Custodian's Report," June 3, 1944, Pipestone, Series 7, RG 79, NA; Stanley C. Joseph, "Memorandum for the Director," June 28, 1944, Pipestone, Series 7, RG 79, NA.
12Eric Goldman, The Crucial Decade—and After: America 1945-1960 (New York: Random House, 1961), 4-5, 12-15.
13Runte, National Parks, 170-3; Ise, Our National Park Policy, 534-37.
14Runte, National Parks, 156-61.
15Bernard DeVoto, "The National Parks," Fortune 35 (June 1947) 120-21; Bernard DeVoto, "Let's Close the National Parks," Harper's Magazine 207 (October 1953), 49-52.
16Pipestone County Star, October 3, 1941; "Master Plan Development Outline, Pipestone National Monument," February, 1952, Box E, E 1501, Pipestone National Monument; Superintendent's Monthly Narrative, July 1, 1948; Superintendent's Monthly Narrative, October 1, 1948, Pipestone, Series 7, RG 79, NA.
17H. Carl Andersen to Newton B. Drury, May 11, 1946, Pipestone, Series 7, RG 79, NA.
18Lawrence C. Merriam, "Memorandum for the Director," May 24, 1946, Pipestone, Series 7, RG 79, NA; Albert F. Drysdale, "Memorandum for the Regional Director, Region II," April 22, 1947, Pipestone, Kansas City Federal Records Center.
19Herbert E. Kahler, "Report on Trip to Pipestone National Monument," July 12, 1946, Pipestone, Kansas City Federal Records Center.
20Minneapolis Morning Tribune, April 27, 1947.
21Superintendent's Monthly Narrative, April 1, 1948, Pipestone, Series 7, RG 79, NA; Rothman, Preserving Different Pasts, 222.
22Stanley C. Joseph, "Memorandum for the Custodian, Pipestone National Monument" and attached press release, "Full Time Custodian Appointed at Pipestone National Monument," April 1, 1948, Pipestone, Kansas City Federal Records Center.
23Paul Beaubien, "Report of an Archeological Reconnaissance, Pipestone National Monument," unpublished manuscript, 1949; Murray, "Administrative History," 99-103; Corbett, "History of the Red Pipestone Quarry," 56.
24Gordon Backlund interview with Dan Holder, November 22, 1991, Pipestone National Monument.
25Acting Regional Director Stanley C. Joseph to Superintendent, Pipestone National Monument, "Confidential Memorandum," July 17, 1950; Regional Historian and Regional Chief of Land and Recreational Planning, Report on Visit to Pipestone National Monument, August 14 (1950), September 11, 1950; Regional Historian to Superintendent, Pipestone National Monument, September 21, 1950; Jerome C. Miller to Superintendent, Pipestone National Monument, Pipestone, Kansas City Federal Records Center; Chief Historian Ed Bearss conversation with Hal Rothman, March 13, 1992, Columbia, South Carolina.
26Lyle K. Linch, Memorandum for the Regional Director, September 5, 1949, Pipestone, 620, Kansas City Federal Records Center.
27Weldon W. Gratton, Park Planner, "Resume of 'Three Maidens Area,' Pipestone National Monument," February 16, 1949, Pipestone, 610, Kansas City Federal Records Center.
28Ibid.; George F. Ingalls to Regional Director, September 2, 1949; Charles A. Richey to Regional Director, September 2, 1949; Weldon W. Gratton to The Files, February 7, 1950, Pipestone, 610, Kansas City Federal Records Center.
29Lyle K. Linch to Regional Director, March 25, 1950; Howard Baker to Superintendent, Pipestone National Monument, April 11, 1950; Harold Gilmore, April 18, 1950; R. S. Owens to Lyle K. Linch, April 19, 1950, Pipestone, 610, Kansas City Federal Records Center.
30Dippie, The Vanishing American, 304-21.
31Ibid., 336-43; Alvin M. Josephy, Jr., "Modern America and the Indian," 260-65, and W. Richard West, Jr., and Kevin Gover, "The Struggle for Indian Civil Rights," in Frederick E. Hoxie, ed., Indians in American History (Arlington Heights, IL: Harlan Davidson, Inc., 1988), 280-82.
32Dippie, Vanishing American, 336-53.
33Lyle K. Linch to Regional Director, October 20, 1948; Lyle K. Linch to Regional Director, October 20, 1948, Pipestone 620, Kansas City Federal Records Center.
34Lyle K. Linch to Regional Director, February 4, 1949; Lyle K. Linch to Regional Director, February 23, 1949; Howard W. Baker, Memorandum for the Superintendent, Pipestone National Monument, February 24, 1949, Pipestone 620, Kansas City Federal Records Center.
35Lyle K. Linch to Regional Director, September 5, 1949; Acting Regional Director to Director, September 8, 1949, Pipestone 620, Kansas City Federal Records Center; Murray, "Administrative History," 107.
36 Lawrence C. Merriam, Memorandum for the Superintendent, Pipestone National Monument, October 29, 1948; Acting Director to Commissioner, Bureau of Indian Affairs, December 16, 1948; Lyle K. Linch, Memorandum for the Regional Director, January 21, 1949; Associate Director to Associate Commissioner, Bureau of Indian Affairs, March 31, 1949; Regional Director to Director, November 18, 1949; Howard W. Baker to the Director, February 16, 1951; Region Two, National Park Service, "Recommendations for Boundary Adjustments, Pipestone National Monument," February 14, 1951, Pipestone 602, Kansas City Federal Records Center; Harvey B. Reynolds to Regional Director, February 3, 1956, L1419, Pipestone National Monument.
37Ronald F. Lee to Regional Director, June 14, 1951; Acting Regional Director to Director, August 24, 1951; Secretary of the Interior to Speaker of the House, August 31, 1951; Director to Commissioner, Bureau of Indian Affairs, September 21, 1951; Commissioner, Bureau of Indian Affairs to Director, October 5, 1951; Regional Director to Superintendent, Pipestone, November 30, 1951; Assistant Regional Director to Superintendent, Pipestone, April 1, 1952, Pipestone, 602, Kansas City Federal Records Center.
38Paul Beaubien, "Report of an Archeological Reconnaissance, Pipestone National Monument," unpublished manuscript, 1949; Dillon S. Myer to Associate Director, National Park Service, May 21, 1951, Pipestone 602, Kansas City Federal Records Center.
39Murray, "Administrative History," 103.
40Murray, "Administrative History," 105-06.
41Murray, "Administrative History," 106; Betty Zorich interview by Dan Holder, Pipestone National Monument, November 22, 1991.
42Murray, "Administrative History," 107.
Chapter 5
1Foresta, America's National Parks and Their Keepers, 53-54, 70-71, 100-07.
2Edward A. Hummel, "Preliminary Historical Development Report of Pipestone National Monument," ca. 1940, Pipestone 207, Series 7, RG 79, NA.
3"Master Plan Development Outline, Pipestone National Monument, Minnesota," February 1952, Box E, E 1501, Pipestone National Monument, Minnesota; Acting Regional Director to the Custodian, Pipestone National Monument, March 21, 1940; Regional Chief of Planning, Memorandum for the Files, April 18, 1941; Edward A. Hummel, Memorandum for the Acting Regional Director, August 22, 1941; Chief of Planning, Memorandum for the Regional Director, June 3, 1942; Acting Supervisor of Historic Sites, Memorandum for the Director, June 5, 1942; Acting Regional Director to the Director, December 1, 1949, Pipestone 600-01, Kansas City Federal Records Center.
4Archeologist to Regional Historian, October 19, 1955, Box E, E 1495, Museum Displays, Pipestone; MISSION 66 for Pipestone National Monument, Box G, G 1519, Pipestone.
5Paul L. Webb and Paul L. Beaubien, "Museum Prospectus for Pipestone National Monument," February 1957, Box G, G 2031, Pipestone.
6Ibid.; Ron Cockrell to Hal K. Rothman, August 2, 1992.
7Ibid.; Paul L. Beaubien to Superintendent, Pipestone National Monument, March 6, 1957; Ralph H. Lewis to Chief, EODC, May 15, 1957; Ronald F. Lee to the Director, April 15, 1957; H. Raymond Gregg to Director, July 8, 1957; H. Raymond Gregg to the Director, February 28, 1958, D6215, Pipestone National Monument.
8MISSION 66 for Pipestone National Monument, 1957, Box G, G 1519, Pipestone.
9Conrad L. Wirth, Address at Dedication of New Visitor Center, Pipestone National Monument, July 26, 1958, Box E, E 1490, Pipestone.
10Hal K. Rothman, On Rims and Ridges: The Los Alamos Area Since 1880 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1992), 191-98.
11Murray, "Administrative History," 107; MISSION 66 for Pipestone National Monument, 1957, Box G, G 1519, Pipestone.
12Regional Director to Superintendent, Pipestone National Monument, April 17, 1959, Box G, G 1519, Pipestone.
13Pipestone National Monument, Visitor Comments Regarding MISSION 66 Improvements, 1959, Box G, G 1519, Pipestone.
14Helen Schmidt, "Many National Park Superintendents Guests in Pipestone Tomorrow," Pipestone County Star, November 23, 1959.
15Management Review Team, Region Two, to Regional Director, "Report of Management Review, Pipestone National Monument," June 26, 1959; Regional Director to Superintendent, Pipestone National Monument, June 29, 1959, Box B, Folder B-1552, Management Review-1959, Pipestone National Monument.
16Carl Stoddard, telephone interview with Hal K. Rothman, April 24, 1992.
17Todd Gitlin, The Sixties: Years of Hope, Days of Rage (New York: Bantam Books, 1987), offers an insightful look at the cultural issues of the 1960s; for a contemporaneous but idiosyncratic view, see William O'Neill, Coming Apart: An Informal History of the 1960s (New York: Quadrangle New York Times Book Company, 1971).
18Foresta, National Parks and Their Keepers , 145-47; Conservation Foundation, National Parks for the Future (Washington, D. C.: Conservation Foundation, 1972); Clarence N. Gorman, interview with Hal K. Rothman, January 5, 1991.
19Cecil D. Lewis, Jr., interview with Hal K. Rothman, February 18, 1992.
22Acting Regional Director to the Director, June 18, 1969, L1817, Pipestone National Monument; Lewis interview.
23U.S. National Park Service, "Indian Cultural Center to be Constructed at Pipestone National Monument, Minnesota," K 1817, Pipestone.
24Superintendent, Pipestone, to Regional Director, June 17, 1969, K 1817, Pipestone.
25Regional Director to the Director, September 17, 1969, K 1817, Pipestone.
26Upper Midwest American Indian Cultural Arts Center, Pipestone National Monument, Minnesota, ca. 1969, K 1817, Pipestone.
27U.S. National Park Service, "Indian Cultural Center to be Constructed at Pipestone National Monument, Minnesota," K 1817, Pipestone; Cecil Lewis interview.
28Cecil D. Lewis, Jr., to Gene Schrader, February 25, 1970, K1817, Pipestone; Pipestone National Monument Interpretive Prospectus, January 1971, K1817, Pipestone.
29Pipestone National Monument Interpretive Prospectus, January 1971, K1817, Pipestone.
30Lewis to Schrader, February 25, 1970; Interpretive Prospectus, January 1971; Raymond "Chuck" Derby, interview by Dan Holder, November 22, 1991, Pipestone National Monument.
31Betty McSwain, "When Past is Present: Cultural Perspectives," Interpretation, (Fall 1990) 9-15; Betty McSwain interview.
32Don Thompson interview with Hal Rothman, February 25, 1992; Betty McSwain interview.
33Pipestone National Monument, Interpretive Prospectus, February 12, 1971; Corbett, "Pipestone: The Origin and Development of a National Monument," 83-92; Joseph Epes Brown, ed., The Sacred Pipe: Black Elk's Account of the Seven Rites of the Oglala Sioux (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1953), 3-9, describes the gift of the pipe to the Lakota people.
34Foresta, America's National Parks, 85-89.
37Barry Mackintosh, National Park Service Administrative History: A Guide (Washington, D. C..: National Park Service, 1991), 112-13; Don Thompson interview; Ron Cockrell to Hal K. Rothman, August 1, 1992.
38Foresta, National Parks and Their Keepers, 84-91; Runte, National Parks, 259-65.
39John C. Freemuth, Islands Under Siege: National Parks and the Politics of External Threats (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1991), 23-26; Runte, National Parks, 259-63.
40Bernard Shanks, "The Endangered Ranger," National Parks 65 no. 1-2 (January-February 1991): 32-36.
41NPS-32, Cooperating Association Guideline, Release No. 2, September 1986, 6-3; Betty McSwain interview.
42Vincent Halvorson, interview by Dan Holder, November 22, 1991, Pipestone National Monument.
45Vincent Halvorson interview; Josephy, "Modern American and the Indian," in Hoxie, ed., Indians in American History, 251-72.
46"Statement for Management, Pipestone National Monument," January 10, 1984, Basement Storage, Planning and Environmental Quality, Box 40, Statements for Management file, Midwest Regional Office.
Chapter 6
1Lyle K. Linch to Regional Director, Region II, August 22, 1950, Box 194, Folder 600-01, Kansas City Federal Records Center.
2Carroll H. Wegemann, Memorandum to Mr. Brown, August 5, 1938, Pipestone 204, Kansas City Federal Records Center; Edward A. Hummel, "Preliminary Historical Development Report of Pipestone National Monument," ca. 1940; Howard W. Baker, Memorandum for the Director, November 27, 1939, Pipestone, Series 7, RG 79, NA.
3David M. Brugge and Raymond Wilson, Administrative History: Canyon de Chelly National Monument (Santa Fe: National Park Service, 1976); Hal K. Rothman, Navajo National Monument: A Place and Its People (Santa Fe: National Park Service, 1991) Southwest Cultural Resource Management Series #40.
4Assistant Commissioner of Indian Affairs to Director, May 3, 1938, Pipestone 621; Director to Assistant Commissioner of Indian Affairs, June 9, 1938, Pipestone 621; Acting Regional Director to Director, November 27, 1939, Pipestone 000, Kansas City Federal Records Center.
5Acting Regional Director to Director, November 27, 1939, Pipestone, Series 7, RG 79, NA.
6Director, Memorandum for the General Manager, Indian Arts and Crafts Board, January 8, 1940; Acting Regional Director to Director, June 5, 1940; Acting Regional Director to Custodian, June 6, 1940; Assistant Director to Assistant. Commissioner of Indian Affairs, June 14, 1940; Acting Director to Regional Director, November 19, 1940, Region Two office, "Regulations to Govern Quarrying of the Red Pipestone . . .," September 16, 1944; Regional Director to J. W. Balmer, November 20, 1945; J. W. Balmer to Regional Director, November 23, 1945; Regional Director, Memorandum for the Director, November 29, 1945, Pipestone 208, Kansas City Federal Records Center; Federal Register 11 40, February 27, 1946, 2044.
7National Park Service, Special Use Permit for George Redman of Pipestone, Minnesota, Pipestone 208, Kansas City Federal Records Center; see also Special Use Permit for Nelson Jones, August 30, 1946; Special Use Permit for Robert Wilson, August 30, 1946; Special Use Permit for George and Clara Bryan, October 1, 1948; Special Use Permit for Joe Wabasha, September 9, 1950, Box 195, Folder 901, Kansas City Federal Records Center.
8Gilbert Backlund, interview by Dan Holder, November 22, 1991; Betty Zorich interview.
10Murray, "Administrative History," 103.
11Josephy, "Modern America and the Indian," in Hoxie, ed., Indians in American History, 265-70.
12Gibson, The American Indian: Prehistory to the Present, 569-70; W. Richard West, Jr. and Kevin Gover, "The Struggle for Indian Civil Rights," in Hoxie, ed., Indians in American History, 290-91; Robert E. Schmidt, "The American Indian Movement," (unpublished M.A. thesis, Wichita State University, 1976), 10-14; Richard White, It's Your Misfortune and None of My Own: A New History of the American West (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991), 586-88.
13West and Gover, "The Struggle for Indian Civil Rights," in Hoxie, ed., Indians in American History, 290-93.
14Raymond L. "Chuck" Derby interview.
15Cecil Lewis interview; Vincent Halvorson interview; Betty McSwain interview; Don Thompson interview.
16Betty Zorich interview; Cecil Lewis interview.
17Francis Paul Prucha, The Great Father: The United States Government and the American Indians (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1984), 2:1139-70; see also Donald L. Parman, "Indians of the Modern West," in Gerald D. Nash and Richard W. Etulain, The Twentieth-Century West: Historical Interpretations (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1989), 147-72.
19File, park ranger, "Evolution of Language on Yankton Issue, no date; Victor Provost to Sen. Daniel K. Inouye, June 7, 1987, Pipestone.
20Gibson, The American Indian, 569.
21Adalbert Zephier to Superintendent, Pipestone, July 7, 1987, A38, Pipestone.
22Ibid.; Raymond L. Derby to Adalbert Zephier, July 22, 1987, A 38, Pipestone.
23Raymond L. Derby to Adalbert Zephier, July 22, 1987, A 38, Pipestone.
24"Sioux Complete Pipestone Journey," Sioux Empire, July 17, 1988.
25Melissa Jordan and Deann Holland, "Indians Seeking Return of Quarry at Pipestone," The Independent, July 18, 1988; File, park ranger, "Evolution of Language on Yankton Issue," Pipestone; Jerry Reynolds, "Pipestone Relay Off and Running," Lakota Times, June 27, 1989.
26File, park ranger, "Evolution of Language on Yankton Issue," no date, Pipestone.
27Barry Amundson, "Indian Leader says Local Pipemakers Should be Honored," Pipestone County Star, July 14, 1988; Melissa Jordan and Deann Holland, "Indians Seeking Return of Quarry at Pipestone," The Independent, July 18, 1988; White, "The Winning of the West," 322-25.
28"Policy Statement of Indian Shrine Association," 1988; The Pipestone American Indian Community to the Editor, Pipestone County Star, May 1988, copies of both at Pipestone National Monument.
29Jerry Reynolds, "Pipestone Relay Off and Running," Lakota Times, June 27, 1989; Stephen N. Cournoyer, Jr., Chairman, Yankton Sioux Tribe, to Superintendent, Pipestone National Monument, June 5, 1989, Pipestone A 38, Spiritual Walk.
30File, park ranger, "Evolution of Language on Yankton Issue," Pipestone.
31Untitled, chronological account of Spiritual Run activities, July 1990, A 38, Pipestone.
33Vincent Halvorson to Wesley Hare, Jr., August 21, 1990, A 38, Pipestone.
35Robert LaBatte, "Lakota Runners Seek Protection for Sacred Pipestone Quarries," Shaman's Drum (Summer 1991), 17; Vincent J. Halvorson to Timothy White, editor, Shaman's Drum, September 4, 1991, A 38, Pipestone.
36State of Minnesota Indian Affairs Council, Resolution 091891-02, September 18, 1991.
37Sundance Committee to the Pipestone Shrine Association (sic), Superintendent of Parks, Mr. Vince Halberson (sic), May 9, 1991; Vincent J. Halvorson to Chris Leith and Clyde Bellecourt, May 16, 1991, A 38, Pipestone; Brown, The Sacred Pipe, 67-100.
38Sundance Committee, press release, July 20, 1991; Sundance Committee, "To All Native People," May 27, 1991.
391991 Sundance, Daily Log, A 38, Pipestone.
40Corbett, "Red Pipestone Quarry," 56.
42Raymond L. "Chuck" Derby interview.
Chapter 7
1Memorandum, Assistant Regional Director to Director, August 30, 1939, Pipestone National Monument, Series 7, Box 2360, NA, RG 79.
2Hummel, "Preliminary Historical Development Report of Pipestone National Monument."
3Murray, Administrative History, 94-95.
4Pipestone National Monument, Development Outline, D. O. NM-PIP-2000 - 1942, Pipestone; Albert F. Drysdale to Regional Director, January 23, 1940; Regional Director, "Memorandum for Custodian Drysdale," Pipestone National Monument, Pipestone 833-05, Kansas City Federal Records Center.
5Corbett, "History of the Red Pipestone Quarry," 54.
6Corbett, "History of the Red Pipestone Quarry," 53-54; Victor Cahalane to Daniel Beard, July 1, 1941, Pipestone, Series 7, RG 79, NA; Lyle K. Linch to Regional Director, June 29, 1950, Pipestone 885, Kansas City Federal Records Center.
7Lyle K. Linch to Regional Director, June 29, 1950, Pipestone 885, Kansas City Federal Records Center.
8Hagan to Joseph, "Office Memorandum, Subject—Linch: Pipestone, Research and Funds," November 3, 1948, Box 195, Folder 845; Stanley Joseph, "Memorandum for the Files," December 22, 1948, Folder 204, Inspections and Investigations, Kansas City Federal Records Center.
9Lyle K. Linch, "A Preliminary Study of the Geology of Pipestone National Monument," Box 195, Folder 732, Kansas City Federal Records Center.
10Superintendent, Pipestone National Monument to Regional Director, March 21, 1950, Pipestone 701, Kansas City Federal Records Center; Stephen J. Pyne, Fire in America: A Cultural History of Wildland and Rural Fire (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1982), xii.
11Ibid.; Howard W. Baker to Superintendent, Pipestone National Monument, March 3, 1950, Pipestone 701-01.4, Kansas City Federal Records Center.
12Murray, "Administrative History." Murray's work was typical of administrative histories of its time. It was narrative in character, parochial in scope, and addressed the era before the Park Service in far greater detail than it offered for the activities of the agency. Yet the work remains an excellent reference for specifics in the history of the quarries.
13Foresta, America's National Parks and Their Keepers, 53-54, 70-71, 100-07.
14A. E. Demaray to Walter G. Benjamin, July 28, 1948, Pipestone 833-05, Kansas City Federal Records Center; "Master Plan Development Outline, Pipestone National Monument, Minnesota," February 1952, Pipestone; Harvey B. Reynolds and Paul Beaubien, "Museum Prospectus for Pipestone National Monument, 1957," Pipestone.
15Reynolds and Beaubien, "Museum Prospectus."
16U.S. Department of the Interior, Advisory Board on Wildlife Management, Wildlife Management in the National Parks, by A. S. Leopold et al., Report to the Secretary of the Interior, March 4, 1963; A. Starker Leopold et al., "Wildlife Management in the National Parks," National Parks Magazine 37 (April 1963). The Leopold report was originally published by the Department of the Interior, but most of the major conservation journals reprinted the significant parts of it.
17Samuel P. Hays, Beauty, Health, and Permanence : Environmental Politics in the United States 1955-1985 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1987), is the most comprehensive look at the evolution of law and environmental policy and its impact on American society; see also Walter A. Rosenbaum, The Politics of Environmental Concern (New York: Prager Publishers, 1973).
18Pyne, Fire In America, 232-255.
19John Lissoway, interview with Hal K. Rothman, February 25, 1987; Milford Fletcher, interview with Hal K. Rothman, August 21, 1986; Pyne, Fire In America, 261, 290-91, 298.
20Gary Willson, "Prairie Management Perpetuates Historic Scene at Pipestone," Park Science: A Resource Management Bulletin 3 no. 4 (Summer 1983) 21-22.
21Foresta, National Parks and Their Keepers, 85; Robert M. Utley, "Toward a New Preservation Ethic," NPS Newsletter 198 (October 15, 1974).
22Executive Order Consultant to Regional Director, Midwest Region, May 30, 1975, File H1417, Division of Cultural Resources Management, Midwest Regional Office, National Park Service, Omaha, Nebraska.
26Adrienne Anderson to Regional Chief, Federal, State, and Private Liaison, Midwest Regional Office, July 15, 1975, H2215-PIPE; Merrill D. Beal to Russell M. Fridley, Director, Minnesota Historical Society, January 22, 1976, H34, National Park Service, Midwest Regional Office, Omaha, Nebraska.
27John D. McDermott to Merrill D. Beal, June 18, 1975; Merrill D. Beal to Robert Garvey, August 5, 1975; Regional Director to Robert Garvey, May 24, 1976, H34 MWR CL, National Park Service, Midwest Regional Office, Omaha, Nebraska; Acting Regional Director to Robert Garvey, October 20, 1976; Myra F. Harrison to Merrill D. Beal, October 20, 1976, Merrill D. Beal to Robert Garvey, November 12, 1976, H30 MWR PE, National Park Service, Midwest Regional Office, Omaha, Nebraska.
28John D. McDermott to Merrill D. Beal, February 10, 1977; Acting Associate Regional Director, Planning and Resource Preservation to Chief, Midwest Archeological Center and Superintendent, Pipestone National Monument, March 11, 1977, H30 MWR PE, National Park Service, Midwest Regional Office, Omaha, Nebraska.
29Merrill D. Beal to John D. McDermott, April 26, 1977, H30 MWR PE, National Park Service, Midwest Regional Office, Omaha, Nebraska.
30Regional Director to Central File, Midwest Region, August 9, 1979, H4217 MWR(PE); Regional Chief Scientist, Operations, Midwest Region to Don Albin, District Chief, U.S. Geological Survey, July 30, 1979, K3035 MWR(MN); Acting Chief, Midwest Archeological Center to Chief, Cultural Resources Management, July 28, 1980, H2215-PIPE, National Park Service, Midwest Regional Office, Omaha, Nebraska.
31Resources Management Plan and Environmental Assessment, Pipestone National Monument, December 21, 1982, D18, Pipestone National Monument.
32Vincent Halvorson interview; Steve Cinnamon to Ellen Foppes, August 1, 1992.
33Roger Q. Landers, Jr., "A Report on Management of Native Prairie Areas, Pipestone National Monument," February 1, 1979; Donald A. Becker with Thomas B. Bragg and David M. Sutherland, "Vegetation Survey and Prairie Management Plan for Pipestone National Monument," August 1986, National Park Service, Midwest Regional Office, Omaha, Nebraska.
34G. B. Morey, "Evaluation of Catlinite Resources, Pipestone National Monument, Minnesota," National Park Service, Midwest Region, Research/Resources Management Report MWR-4, April 1983; Gundersen, "The Mineralogical Characterization of Catlinite."
35Betty McSwain interview; Betsy H. Bradley, "Pipestone National Monument Collection Management Plan," June 1987, D6215, Pipestone; "Pipestone National Monument Scope of Collection Statement," November 17, 1988, K18, Pipestone.
36Vincent Halvorson interview; Resources Management Plan, Pipestone, 1982.
Chapter 8
1Wanita Beal, I Have a Story to Tell About Pipestone (Pipestone, MN: Wanita B. Beal, 1991), 54.
4Beal, Pipestone, 54-58; Gilbert Backlund interview.
7Superintendent, Pipestone National Monument to Regional Director, Region Two, July 27, 1950; Regional Historian to Acting Assistant Regional Director, August 30, 1951, Box 194, Folder 501, Kansas City Federal Records Center.
10Cecil Lewis interview; Raymond L. "Chuck" Derby interview.
11Gilbert Backlund interview; Cecil Lewis interview; Raymond L. "Chuck" Derby interview.
12Regional Historian to Acting Assistant Regional Director, August 30, 1951, Box 194, Folder 501, Kansas City Federal Records Center; Don Thompson interview.
13Prucha, The Great Father, 2:1139-70; Parman, "Indians of the Modern West," in Nash and Etulain, The Twentieth-Century West, 165.
18Statement for Management, Pipestone National Monument, revised March 30, 1984; Statement for Management, Pipestone National Monument, December 30, 1988.
19Vincent Halvorson interview.
Chapter 9
1Ise, Our National Park Policy, 534-36; Foresta, America's National Parks and Their Keepers, 223-58.
2Conservation Fund, National Parks for the Future.
3Runte, National Parks, 197-208; Foresta, America's National Parks and Their Keepers, 223-58.
4John C. Freemuth, National Parks and the Politics of External Threats (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1991), 5-21; Foresta, America's National Parks and Their Keepers, 225-28, 232-37; Runte, National Parks, 261-63.
5Opie, The Law of the Land, 161-99.
6Denise Stocks, Park Technician, "Water Quality Study Proposal SP 6540-4-0001," May 2, 1984, Pipestone, D18, Planning Program.
7Ibid.; Betty McSwain interview; "Resources Management Plan and Environmental Assessment, Pipestone National Monument," revised February 27, 1989, 6.
8Vincent Halvorson interview; Betty McSwain interview; Ellen K. Foppes to Hal K. Rothman, November 4, 1991; "Resources Management Plan," February 27, 1989.
9Among the many newspaper and magazine accounts of what is now called "the Third Battle of Manassas," is Robert A. Webb, "The Third Battle of Manassas," Washington Post Weekly Edition, March 28-April 3, 1988; see also Jim Myers, "War Buffs, Builders Draw Battlelines," USA Today, June 24, 1988; and "What to Preserve and Protect?" U.S. News and World Report, July 16, 1990. For an interesting perspective on the issue, see Bruce Craig, "Confessions of a Guerilla Preservationist," in Michael G. Schene ed., The National Park Service and Historic Preservation (Malabar, FL: Krieger Press, forthcoming).
10Pipestone National Monument, 1977 Annual Report, Pipestone National Monument, A2621-PD.
11Ise, Our National Park Policy, 232-38, 608-14.
22812Betty McSwain interview; Vincent Halvorson interview.
13Runte, National Parks, 259-61.
15"Resource Management Plan," February 27, 1989, 19-21; Becker, et al., "Vegetation Survey and Prairie Management Plan," 28-31, 119-20.
16Vincent Halvorson interview.
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