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Managing Multiple Uses on National Forests, 1905-1995 A 90-year Learning Experience and It Isn't Finished Yet |
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
The Concept of Managing for Multiple Uses Emerges
The Organic Act of 1897
References
Chapter 2. Managing Multiple Uses and Protecting Resources: 1905 to 1945
The General Character of National Forest Resource Management
Early National Forest Staffing
Decentralizing Decisionmaking
Professional Forester Recruitment Accelerates
Research and Cooperation With State and Private Landowners
Implementation and Coordination of Resource Uses and Management
Managing Grazing by Cattle and Sheep
Managing Wildlife Resources and Use
Managing Water Resources
The Weeks Act of 1911 and Eastern National Forests
Managing National Forests for Timber Production
Reforestation
Improvement of Forest Fire Control
Insect and Disease Management and Control
White Pine Blister Rust Control
Other Pest Management Activities
Managing Recreation Uses and Activities
Wilderness Preservation
Natural Areas for Research
Mining
Hardrock Minerals
Management of Special Uses
Homesteading
National Forest Use and Management at the End of World War II
References
Chapter 3. Managing Multiple Uses in the Face of Unprecedented National Demands: 1945 to 1970
National Forest Planning and Performance: 1945-1970
Diversifying Staff and Skills in Managing Growing Multiple Uses
The Management of Multiple Uses: 1945-1970
Population, Economic, and Demand Trends
Grazing Use and Management
Stockowners Sensitive to 1960 Multiple-Use Sustained-Yield Act
The National Grasslands
Managing Surface Resources on Mineral Leases and Claims
Mining Claims
Using and Managing Timber Resources
Sustained-Yield Units and Long-term Timber Supply Contracts
Timber Management Planning
1961 National Development Program for National Forests
Preparation of Timber Management Plans
The Role of Road Development in Timber Resource Management
Access To Respond to Natural Disasters
Reforestation and Stand Improvement
Planning for Multiple Uses Under the MUSY Act
Insect and Disease Management
Insect Suppression
Disease Control
Protection from Forest Fires
Fuel Management Activities
Initiation of Fuel Management
Managing Recreation Uses and Resources
National Recreation Areas
Designation of Wild and Scenic Rivers and National Trails
Wilderness Preservation and Management
Reservation of Research Natural Areas
Protecting and Managing Watershed Condition
Soil Surveys Initiated
Water Storage Development
Barometer Watershed Projects To Increase Streamflow
Wildlife and Fish Management
The 1945 to 1960 Period
Wildlife Habitat Management and Staffing: 1945-1959
Strengthening of Wildlife Management in the 1960's
1960's Trends in Wildlife and Fisheries Use
Emergence of National Policy for the Environment in 1970 The 1960's Open Major Issues for Timber and Multiple-Use Management
Timber Management and Fish Habitat
Clearcutting: Hardwoods and Wildlife on the Monongahela National Forest
Elk/Timber Management Conflicts
The Emergence of the Bitterroot Controversy
References
The National Setting
Administration and Congressional Efforts To Expand National Forest Timber Supplies
Housing Goals, Timber Demands, and Price Responses
The Administration's Initial Responses to Rising Timber Demands and Prices
Congressional Response and the Timber Supply Act of 1969
Emergence of the Forest and Rangeland Renewable Resources Planning Act in 1974
Administration Efforts To Increase Timber Supplies: 1970-1979
Report of the President's Advisory Panel
An Independent Effort for Consensus
The Performance of Timber Supplies and Housing Goals in the 1970's
The Clearcutting Issue Leads to New Guidelines for Managing Multiple Uses
Early National Forest System Response to Clearcutting Critique: 1970
In-Service Evaluation of the Clearcutting Issue on Selected National Forests
Chief Cliff Gives Emphasis to the Ecosystem Approach and Training
A Nationwide Field Evaluation of National Forest Timber Management
Congressional Hearings Elevate Clearcutting to National Issue: 1971
Church's Clearcutting Guidelines: 1973
Emergence of the National Forest Management Act of 1976
Wilderness Planning and Designation
Roadless Area Review and Evaluation (RARE)
Eastern Wilderness and Congressional Disavowal of the Pristine Doctrine
RARE II
Multiple-Use Planning Procedures Improved
Regional Planning Area Guides and Unit Plans for Multiple-Use Management
Unit plans
"Functional" Resource Plans Link to Unit Plans
Influence of RPA Legislation
Influence of the National Forest Management Act of 1976
The Emergence and Development of Public Participation
Lessons from the National Issues of the 1970's
References
Chapter 5. The Performance of Multiple-Use Management: 1970 to 1979
The Internal Forest Service Setting: The 1970's
National Forest Managers' Training in Ecosystem Management
Classifying National Forest Lands and Resources
Timber Management
Stratification of the Commercial Forest Land Base
The Shift to the Unit Planning System
Nondeclining-Flow Policy and Its Measure: Potential Yield
Silvicultural Practices
Timber Harvests, Logging Systems, and Landscape Management
Logging Equipment: Methods and Systems
Road Design and Construction
Landscape Management
Wilderness Management and Use
Outdoor Recreation and Use Management
Growth in Total Visitor Use
Staffing for Recreation Management
Capacity and Use at Developed Sites
National Forest Trails
Visitor Information Services and Centers
Recreation Special Use Permits
Offroad Vehicle Use and Management
Cultural Resource Management
National Recreation Areas and Wild and Scenic Rivers
Minerals Management
Surface Mining Activities and Environmental Protection
Environmental Analysis Related to Minerals
Leasable Minerals
Control of Forest Fires and Fuel Management
Better Trained and Equipped Firefighters
Emergence of Fire as a Management Tool in the West
Fire Management Areas
Fuel Management
A National Model for Planning National Fire Management Budgets
Preservation of Research Natural Areas
Biosphere Reserves
Forest Pest Management
Major Insect and Disease Problems
Insect Control
Disease Control
Herbicide Use
Range Management
Range Analyses, Planning, and Management
Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976
System-Wide Assessment of Range Condition
The Public Rangelands Improvement Act of 1978
The Use and Performance of National Forest Rangelands in the 1970's
Soil and Water Resource Management
National Forest Water Rights
Watershed Improvements
Managing Wildlife and Fish Habitats and Use
Species Richness Approach
Featured Species Approach
Managing Wildlife Habitats in Managed Forests: An Integrated System
Support for and Coordination With Other Resource Activities
A Case in Point: Coordinating Timber Management and Elk
South Fork Salmon River Strategy
Endangered Species Management
Habitat Improvement Activities
State Cooperation
Wildlife Management Institute Study
Wildlife and Fish Population Status and Trends
National Forest Land and Resource Management Performance in the 1970's
Implications for the 1980's and 1990's
References
Chapter 6. National Forest Management for Multiple Uses: 1980 to 1995
The General Setting
A New Approach to Forest Planning
Economic and Policy Highlights
The Role of Public Participation and Growing Confrontation
Growing Public Confrontation
The National Forest Planning Process and its Performance
The Public Issue and Management Concern
The Role of Planning Alternatives and Management Direction
Management Direction for Implementing Alternatives
Principal Guidelines for Planning Multiple Uses
The Interdisciplinary Process
The Plan Decision Process: Plan Approval, Appeals, and Litigation
The Preferred Alternative
Forest Plan Appeals
NEPA and NFMA Forest Planning Litigation
Project-Level Appeals and Litigation
National Action Plan To Improve NEPA Compliance
Revision of the Rules of National Forest Land and Resource Management Planning
Wilderness Designation, Use, and Management
Management of Wilderness
Wilderness Management: 1980-1986
Renewed Efforts To Upgrade Wilderness Management: 1987-1995
Research Natural Areas
Timber Resource Management
Timber Volume Sold
Potential for Timber Supply Disruption due to Appeals and Litigation Evaluated
The Northern Spotted Owl and Old-Growth Management Controversy
The Below-Cost Timber Sale Issue
Timber Harvests
Clearcutting
Road Construction
Road Analysis and Display System
Silvicultural Examinations and Practices
Reforestation
Timber Stand Improvement
Forest Growth, Mortality, and Potential Yield Trends
Pest Management and Forest Health
The 1992 Forest Health Strategic Plan
Western Forest Health Initiative
Exotic Pests and Log Imports
Vegetation and Animal Control
Fire and Fuel Management
Wildfires Worsen After 1984
Fuel Management
Management of Rangelands
Domestic Livestock Use
Range Management Activities
Noxious Weed Control
Role of Public Participation
Issuance of New Grazing Permits
Emergence of the "County Supremacy" Movement on Federal Lands
Mineral Exploration & Development
Oil and Gas Leases
Coal and Geothermal Leasing
Minerals Leased on Acquired National Forest Lands
Locatable Minerals
Mineral Materials
Soil, Water, and Air Resources
Coordinating Resource Management With Soil and Water Objectives
Soil and Water Inventories
Long-Term Soil Productivity Study Initiated
Shift Toward an Ecological Approach and Emphasis
Water Resource Surveys
Soil and Water Monitoring
Riparian and Wetlands Management
Water Rights
Soil and Water Resource Improvements
Air Quality Management
Weather Monitoring Program
Outdoor Recreation Use and Management
Recreation Use of National Forests
National Recreation Strategy
Universal Access to Recreation Opportunities
Scenic Byways and Tourism on National Forests
Urban National Forests
Interpretive Services
"Challenge Cost-Share" Program Expands Recreation Partnerships
Volunteer Services Contribute to Recreation Program
Heritage Management
Trails
Tread Lightly
Leave No Trace
Wild, Scenic, and Recreational Rivers
Special Recreation Areas
Law Enforcement
Marijuana Cultivation on National Forests
Wildlife and Fisheries Management
Management Practices: 1980-1986
Fisheries Management
Threatened and Endangered Species
Wildlife and Fishery Use: 1980-1986
Wildlife and Fishery Habitat Relationships: Modeling Efforts
Wildlife and Fishery Management and Use: 1987-1995
Fisheries Management
Every Species Counts
Protecting Endangered Species After Natural Disasters
Habitat Management for Endangered Species Reintroduction and Recovery
PACFISH Strategy for Endangered Salmon in the Pacific Northwest
Get Wild
The Growth of Partners in Habitat Management
1980 to 1995: A Period of Accelerating Transition and Transformation in Managing Multiple Uses on National Forest System Lands
References
Chapter 7. Policy Commitment to Ecosystem Approach to Managing Multiple Uses
Forest Service Ethics and Course to the Future
Breaking New Ground Once More
References
A 90-Year Learning Experience and It Isn't Finished Yet
The Ecosystem Connection
References
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. National Forest System lands, including the forest reserves, 1891-1995
Figure 2. Number of livestock permitted to graze on national forests, 1906-1992
Figure 3. National forest timber harvests, 1905-1945
Figure 4. Acres burned by wildfires on national forests, 1910-1994
Figure 5. U.S. urban and rural population, 1940-1990
Figure 6. National forest timber sold and harvested, 1950-1969
Figure 7. Outdoor recreation visitor use of national forests, 1925-1964
Figure 8. Outdoor recreation visitor use of national forests, 1965-1994
Figure 9. Selected trends in national forests big game populations, 1930-1992
Figure 10. Average new housing units constructed annually per 5-year period, 1950-1994
Figure 11. Wholesale price trend for softwood lumber, 1960-1988
Figure 12. Trend of new home mortgage interest rates, 1963-1994
Figure 13. Price increases for softwood lumber, 1970-1979
Figure 14. Average annual national forest harvest by decade for major U.S. regions, 1950-1994
Figure 15. National forest timber sold and harvested, 1970-1994
Figure 16. Total road mileage in the National Forest System, 1967-1995
Figure 17. National forest wilderness area and visitor use, 1965-1994
Figure 18. Developed outdoor recreation site capacity and use, 1970 and 1979
Figure 19. National forest area leased for mineral exploration and development, 1970-1979
Figure 20. Decline in pesticide treatments in the Eastern Region of the National Forest System, 1960-1980
Figure 21. Beef cattle numbers in the United States and its western regions, 1970-1976
Figure 22. Acres of soil, water, and geologic resources inventoried, selected years 1970-1979
Figure 23. Wildlife and fisheries user days (WFUD's) on national forests, 1966-1995
Figure 24. National forest area treated to provide wildlife food and cover benefits in 1970, 1974, and 1979
Figure 25. National forest timber growth, harvest, and mortality, 1952-1991
Figure 26. Oil and gas leases on national forests, 1983-1994
Figure 27. Coal leases and production on national forests, 1980-1994
Figure 28. The Pathway Hypothesis: Over time, the pathway of traditional national forest management leads to a fully holistic approach to resource management
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Number of Forest Service employees by occupation and skill
Table 2. Number of recreation special use permits issued to commercial concessionaries, 1979
Table 3. Completed mineral area operating plans by region, 1979
Table 4. Number of public input events by type of event
Table 5. Appeals of completed forest plans by number, status, and year
Table 6. Resolution of forest land and resource management plan appeals
Table 7. Summary of project appeal activity, 1986-1992
Table 8. Distribution of administrative appeals related to national forest management for 1991 and 1992
Table 9. Trend in clearcutting and total area harvested on national forests, 1984-1993
Table 10. National Forest System long-term sustained-yield capacity and allowable sale quantity by region, 1994
Table 11. Wildlife Challenge Cost-Share assistance
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FS-628/contents.htm Last Updated: 20-May-2009 |