Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Administrative History

¹Paul Simpson McElroy, The Story of the Gateway Arch (St. Louis: Nies Kaiser, n.d.), pp. 4-5. Few records of these early meetings have been found. One that does exist is that of the Historical Data Committee which met on January 31, 1934. McCune Gill headed the meeting, and those present represented St. Louis' most prominent historical authorities. Among those attending were Nettie Beauregard, archivist and curator for the Missouri Historical Society, and various Washington University and St. Louis University history professors. At this early date McCune Gill stated that it was evident "that this memorial must be truly national in scope" and that help would be needed from representatives, senators, and even the president. "Meeting of the Historical Data Committee," Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Association, January 31, 1934, JNEMA. Gathering of historical data proved to be crucial to the project's success. For an example of McCune Gill's work emphasizing St. Louis as the "focus" of "National Expansion," see: McCune Gill, The St. Louis Story, 3 vols. (St. Louis: Historical Record Association, 1952), 1:383-386.

²Franklin D. Roosevelt to Bernard F. Dickmann, 19 February 1934, Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Association Papers, Jefferson National Expansion Memorial National Historic Site Archives, St. Louis, Missouri (hereafter cited as JNEMA).

³St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 31 October 1965; Dickson Terry, "The Story of the Arch - A Monument to Thirty Years of Patience, Perseverance, and Determination," Cherry Diamond Magazine of the Missouri Athletic Club, 57, no. 9 (September 1964), p. 31. The other names on the charter were: William O. Gibbons, Claude Ricketts, Frank Rand, Edna Gellhorn, Max O'Rell Truitt, Gale Johnston, and Isaac Orr. Luther Ely Smith (1873-1951), St. Louis attorney and civic leader for more than fifty years, strove to build Jefferson National Expansion Memorial for eighteen years of his life. Born in Downer's Grove, Illinois, he graduated from Williston Academy, Easthampton, Massachusetts, in 1890, and received his A.B. degree from Amherst College in 1894 (Chief Justice of the United States Harlan F. Stone, President Calvin Coolidge and Ambassador to Mexico Dwight W. Morrow were friends and fellow classmates). Smith received his law degree from Washington University of St. Louis in 1897. He was awarded an honorary Doctor of Laws from Amherst in 1942, and from Washington University in 1950. Smith taught English at Smith Academy in St. Louis from 1894-1898 and lectured on contracts at the St. Louis University School of Law from 1908-1913. Off to Cuba in 1898, he served in the Spanish-American War and in 1917 volunteered in World War I, serving as a Captain of field artillery. Smith's involvement in civic affairs was long and fruitful and his interest varied. Some of his projects and organizations: chairman, Citizens City Plan Commission 1916-1922; Council of Civic Needs, 1929-1938; vice chairman, Civil Service Commission 1941-1945, chairman 1945-1950; participant in non-Partisan court plan 1940; organizer of Open-Air Playground Committee; leader in Central Parkway movement; president of City Club; member of St. Louis Audubon Society; member of St. Louis Civil Liberties Committee. Luther Ely Smith served as president of the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Association from 1934-1949, (excepting one year) and as chairman of the Board of Trustees from 1949 to his death. St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 2 April 1951; St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 3 April 1951.

4Pro Forma Decree of Incorporation of Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Association, 11 June 1934, JNEMA.

⁵St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 14 July 1888; St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 31 October 1965; John Bryan, Jefferson National Expansion Memorial - Its Origin, Development and Administration, n.d., typed manuscript, National Park Service papers located in Jefferson National Expansion Memorial National Historic Site Archives, St. Louis, Missouri (hereafter cited as JEFF).

⁶Bryan, p. 4, JEFF; St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 2 April 1951.

⁷M.H. Doyne, Plan For the Improvement of the Central River Front, January 1933, pp. 1-15, typed manuscript, JNEMA.

⁸The Association of Citizens for River-Front Improvement to Carl F.G. Meyer, 14 March 1935, JNEMA; Hudson R. Darst to Dickmann, 26 December 1933, JNEMA; St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 25 June 1933. For lists of the numerous riverfront development proposals, see: St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 7 July 1968; Daniel Cox Fahey, Jr. listed more plans: a 1903 plan by Louis Levy and Emmanuel Masqueray; a 1907 plan by Wilbur T. Trueblood, recommended by the Civic League of St. Louis; a 1918 waterfront terminal plan by Henry W. Kirchner; a 1926 riverfront plan and rapid transit terminal by E.R. Kinsey, president, Board of Public Service; a 1931 riverfront plan by F. Ray Leimkuehier; a 1933 plan by Norman Howard and George Mearer; and 1934 housing development on the riverfront by Walter J. Knight. Daniel Cox Fahey, Jr, Some Aspects of the Planning of the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial, 1937, typed report, JEFF. For detailed information on the 1933 Howard plan, the organization of the Riverfront Improvement Association and the activities of other St. Louis organizations toward improving the riverfront, see: Paul Laidley, The Waterfront Improvement and the Jefferson Memorial, 31 October 1938, file: Monuments and Markers, 1926-1946, Missouri Historical Society.

⁹Louis La Beaume to Jesse McDonald, 20 July 1934, JNEMA. See also "Meeting Minutes of Executive Committee, Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Association" for the years 1934-1935, JNEMA. Officials of the association were: Bernard F. Dickmann, honorary chairman; Charles Nagel, honorary vice chairman; Rolla Wells, honorary vice chairman; Luther Ely Smith, chairman; Morton May, Carl F.G. Meyer, Frank C. Rand, vice chairmen; John G. Lonsdale, treasurer; Tom Gilmartin, secretary. Members of the executive committee and chairmen of the special committees were Judge Jesse McDonald, Plan and Scope; William C. D'Arcy, Press and Publicity; Sidney Maestre, Finance; Gale F. Johnston, William J. Gibbons, Isaac Orr, Legislation; McCune Gill, Historical Data; Charles P. Williams, Legal; Colonel Albert T. Perkins, Transportation; Edna Gellhorn, Claude B. Ricketts, Max O'Rell Truitt, speakers; Mrs. E.M. Grossman, executive secretary.

¹⁰John Cochran to Dickmann, 21 December 1933, JNEMA.

¹¹Ibid., 13 January 1934, JNEMA.

¹²U.S. 73rd Congress, 2nd Session, House Joint Resolution 302 (1934); ibid, Senate R. Resolution 93 (1934).

¹³Luther Ely Smith to Mrs. Harry A. January, 22 March 1934, JNEMA.

¹⁴Cochran to Smith, 2 April 1934, JNEMA.

¹⁵Telegram, Cochran to Dickmann, 16 April 1934, JNEMA.

¹⁶U.S. Statutes at Large, XLVII, Pt. 1 (1934), pp. 967-968.

¹⁷Ibid.

¹⁸Smith to Cochran, 19 April 1934, JNEMA.

¹⁹Smith to J.R. Claiborne, 23 April 1934, JNEMA.

²⁰Telegram, Clarence Cannon to Smith, 7 May 1934, JNEMA; Claiborne to Smith, 15 May 1934, JNEMA.

²¹Telegram, Max O'Rell Truitt to Smith, 2 June 1934, JNEMA; telegram, Cochran to Smith, 8 June 1934, JNEMA; U.S. 73rd. Congress, Joint Resolution 48 Stat. 967 (1934); United States Territorial Expansion Memorial Commission members received no salary, but had all their lodging and travel expenses paid by the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Association.

²²J. Lionberger Davis to Roosevelt, 21 June 1934, JNEMA; Report of the Activities of the Commission, U.S. Territorial Expansion Memorial Commission, Alben W. Barkley, chairman, n.d., pp. 1-2, typed report, JNEMA; "Meeting of United States Territorial Expansion Memorial Commission," 19 December 1934, typed meeting minutes, JNEMA.

²³Telegram, Roosevelt to the United States Territorial Expansion Memorial Commission, 18 December 1934, JNEMA.

²⁴La Beaume to Smith, 10 January 1935, JNEMA.

²⁵"Meeting of United States Territorial Expansion Memorial Commission," 19 December 1934, typed meeting minutes, JNEMA; "Meeting of United States Territorial Expansion Memorial Commission," 1 February 1935, typed meeting minutes, JNEMA.

²⁶Ickes' first contact with the project came the summer before when he traveled through St. Louis. He was told of the proposed plans and was shown the levee. This marked the beginning of his interest in the project. Smith to Truitt, 2 June 1934, JNEMA.

²⁷A Sketch of the Progress of Thomas Jefferson Territorial Expansion Memorial at St. Louis, n.d., typed report, JNEMA. Luther Ely Smith and association members probably compiled this report. Russell Murphy to William T. Kemper, 7 February 1935, JNEMA.

²⁸Murphy to Kemper, 7 February 1935, JNEMA; A Sketch of Progress, JNEMA.

²⁹"Minutes of the Executive Committee Meeting of the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Association," 21 February 1935, typed meeting minutes, JNEMA; "Minutes of the Executive Committee Meeting of the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Association," 10 April 1935, typed meeting minutes, JNEMA; William C. D'Arcy to Harrison Jones, 18 March 1935, JNEMA.

³⁰"Missouri, Revised Statutes, 1939, 58th General Assembly, 15 April 1935, vol. 2, art. 7, sections 15373-15376, chap. 133, pp. 3894-3895; "Minutes and Proceedings of the Executive Committee of the U.S. Territorial Expansion Memorial Commission," 13 April 1935, typed meeting minutes, JNEMA. Report of the Activities of the Commission, p. 5, JNEMA. All the reports presented to this executive committee by association members are located in the JNEMA papers. Topics covered by the reports: Historical Importance, Plan and Scope, Man Hours Involved, Time Schedule, Tentative Programme for National Architectural Competition, Statistical Zoning Survey, Maps, Parking and Parking Problems, Municipal and State Cooperation, Editorial Articles, Resolutions, and Historical Background. Reports Approved by the Executive Committee of the United States Commission at its Meeting in St. Louis on April 13, 1935, United States Territorial Expansion Memorial Commission, typed manuscript, JNEMA.

³¹Truitt to Murphy, 30 March 1935, JNEMA; Harry S Truman to Smith, 10 April 1935, JNEMA.

³²Report of the Activities of the Commission, p. 5, JNEMA.

³³Ibid., pp. 5-6, "Minutes of United States Territorial Expansion Memorial Commission" 1 May 1935, typed meeting minutes, JNEMA; telegram, Smith to William Allen White, 14 June 1935, JNEMA.

³⁴City of St. Louis Ordinance 40592, approved July 1, 1935, JNEMA; telegram, Murphy to Barkley, 19 July 1935, JNEMA.

³⁵Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., The Age of Roosevelt - The Coming of the New Deal (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1958), Chapter 17, "The Fight For Public Works," pp. 282-296.

³⁶William E. Leuchtenburg, Franklin D. Roosevelt and The New Deal 1932-1940 (New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1963), Chapter 6, "One Third of a Nation," pp. 118-142.

³⁷Schlesinger, p. 294; Leuchtenburg, pp. 123-126.

³⁸Burdette G. Lewis to Smith, 22 May 1935, JNEMA; Ickes to White, 1 June 1935, JNEMA; Smith to Murphy, 19 June 1935, JNEMA.

³⁹Murphy to Smith, 30 June 1935, JNEMA.

⁴⁰Lawrence Westbrook to Amon G. Carter, 18 July 1935, JNEMA; Harry Hopkins to Carter, 24 July 1935, JNEMA.

⁴¹Smith to Truitt, 12 August 1935, JNEMA; A Sketch of the Progress ... , JNEMA.

⁴²Gill to Harry Blair, 29 May 1935, JNEMA; Blair to Murphy, 1 June 1935, JNEMA; Tom Smith to Dickmann and Smith, 10 August 1935, JNEMA.

⁴³John L. Nagle, Report on United States Territorial Expansion Memorial at St. Louis, Missouri, n.d., typed manuscript, p. 1, JEFF.

⁴⁴Ibid., pp. 2-5.

⁴⁵Smith to Truitt, 12 August 1935, JNEMA; Geaslin to Smith, 16 August 1935, JNEMA; E.H. Wayman to Benjamin H. Charles, 16 August 1935, JNEMA.

⁴⁶Geaslin to Smith, 23 August 1935, JNEMA.

⁴⁷Ralph W. Coale to Blair, 26 August 1935, JNEMA.

⁴⁸St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 3 September 1935.

⁴⁹St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 4 September 1935.

⁵⁰Pamphlets, flyers, endorsement letters, and speeches are all located in the JNEMA papers. Association members delivered short film trailers for showing at theaters before the election, and thirty theaters were listed as cooperating "100%" with the association. William C. D'Arcy's advertising company did much of this work. The St. Louis Post-Dispatch publicized two editorials (one by William Allen White) and two editorial cartoons favorable to the project. See the St. Louis Post-Dispatch for 2 September 1935; 6 September 1935; 8 September 1935.

⁵¹Committee, Citizens Organization, to Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Association, n.d., JNEMA; Alfred Edgar Smith to Murphy, 3 September 1935, JNEMA.

⁵²Committee Representing Industrial Properties South of Clark Ave. and North of Poplar Street to Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Association, 26 August 1935, JNEMA; flyer, Taxpayers Defense Association, 4 September 1935, JNEMA; St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 5 September 1935.

⁵³Bulletin, Gale Johnston to Members of the Speakers Committee, 29 August 1935, JNEMA.

⁵⁴St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 4 September 1935; St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 6 September 1935.

⁵⁵St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 7 September 1935; St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 10 September 1935.

⁵⁶St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 10 September 1935; St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 11 September 1935.

⁵⁷St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 11 September 1935; D'Arcy to Dickmann, 11 September 1935, JNEMA. Luther Ely Smith's letters to these officials are located in the JNEMA papers. St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 11 September 1935. The same editorial declared Luther Ely Smith's work like that of a "Hercules of the Homeric legend." The bond election was not headline news in St. Louis on September 10 because of the shooting of Louisiana "dictator" Senator Huey Long in New Orleans; St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 10 September 1935.

⁵⁸"Meeting Minutes of Executive Committee of U.S. Territorial Expansion Memorial Commission," 19 September 1935, typed meeting minutes, JNEMA; A Sketch of the Progress, JNEMA; St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 12 September 1935.

⁵⁹St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 18 September 1935.

⁶⁰St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 18 September 1935, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 20 September 1935.

⁶¹St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 26 September 1935.

⁶²A Sketch of the Progress, JNEMA; Murphy to Geaslin, 30 September 1935, JNEMA; St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 28 September 1935.

⁶³Charles M. Hay to Geaslin, 5 October 1935, JNEMA.

⁶⁴Ibid.

⁶⁵Telegram, Smith to Geaslin, 8 October 1935, JNEMA; Geaslin to Hay, 8 October 1935, JNEMA; Geaslin to Smith, 16 October 1935, JNEMA.

⁶⁶Vrooman et al., v. City of St. Louis et al., 24687 Supreme Court of Missouri, (1935); telegram, Smith to Truitt, 2 November 1935, JNEMA.

⁶⁷Flyer, "Executive Committee of River Front Defense Fund," n.d., JNEMA; Terry, p. 35. In the association's papers notes were found, written by someone who sat in on two of Paul Peters' opposition meetings. When Peters asked all those in favor of the project to leave, the writer stayed, although it is apparent from the notes' language that the author was a memorial sympathizer.

⁶⁸"Minutes of Board of Estimate and Apportionment Meeting," 4 November 1935 typed meeting minutes, JNEMA; Hay to Board of Estimate and Apportionment, City of St. Louis, 5 November, 1935, JNEMA.

⁶⁹A Sketch of the Progress, JNEMA.

⁷⁰Homer Cummings to the President (of the United States), 18 November 1935, JNEMA.

⁷¹Ibid.

⁷²A Sketch of the Progress, JNEMA; Smith to Kemper, 27 November 1935, JNEMA.

⁷³Cochran to Dickmann, 22 November 1935, JNEMA; telegram, Dickmann to Clark, 26 November 1935, JNEMA.

⁷⁴Smith to Edgar M. Eagan, 26 November 1935, JNEMA; Geaslin to Smith, 27 November 1935, JNEMA; Cochran to Smith, 29 November 1935, JNEMA; Murphy to Truitt, 5 December 1935, JNEMA.

⁷⁵Smith to White, 10 December 1935, JNEMA.

⁷⁶Smith to Truitt, 13 December 1935, JNEMA; St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 9 June 1968; Dickmann sat in the President's anteroom waiting for his 9:30 appointment when a man "wearing a big black hat" came in, headed straight for FDR's office. This was Homer Cummings, who came out of the office "after what seemed like hours" and told Dickmann that the President could not release the government money. Dickmann never did get in to see FDR. He returned to his hotel room and made the political phone call to Cummings.

⁷⁷Harold L. Ickes, The Secret Diary of Harold Ickes — The First Thousand Days 1933-1936 (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1953), p. 489. Dickmann credited Assistant Attorney General Harry Blair with thinking of the Historic Sites Act as a justification for the memorial. St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 9 June 1968.

⁷⁸U.S. Statutes at Large, XLIX, Pt. 1 (1969), pp. 666-668. Prior to the Historic Sites Act's passage, the President could protect historic areas by another means. On June 8, 1906, President Theodore Roosevelt signed the Antiquities Act, authorizing the President to declare by public proclamation, historic landmarks, structures, and other objects of interest to be national monuments. This act made no provision for survey work, and the Department of the Interior often had to rely on other sources for National Monument recommendations. In 1933 President Franklin Roosevelt recognized there was no definite, broad policy for maintaining historic sites and sources. With his support, the Historic Sites Act was conceived, drafted, introduced in Congress, heard in committee, amended, passed, and signed into law within twenty-two months. Besides giving the secretary of the interior authority to designate national historic sites, the act resulted in establishing the National Survey of Historic Sites and Buildings for evaluating historic areas and structures proposed for inclusion in the National Park System. Ronald F. Lee, Family Tree of the National Park System (Philadelphia: Eastern National Park and Monument Association, 1971), pp. 13-14, 47-50.

⁷⁹U.S., Executive Order 7253, 21 December 1935; see Clifford L. Lord (ed.), Presidential Executive Orders, (New York: Books, Inc., 1944), p. 616.

⁸⁰Ibid.

⁸¹Dickmann to D'Arcy, 23 December 1935, JNEMA; telegram, Murphy to Senator and Mrs. Barkley, 24 December 1935, JNEMA; Smith to Cochran, 31 December 1935, JNEMA.

¹Luther Ely Smith to Bon Geaslin, 31 December 1935 JNEMA; St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 30 December 1935. Coleman did appeal, but later withdrew his suit. St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 8 January 1936.

²Harry W. Blair to Smith, 28 December 1935, JNEMA; Geaslin to Smith, 2 January 1936, JNEMA; Memorandum, Arno B. Cammerer to the Secretary (of the Interior) 2 January 1936, JEFF.

³Telegram, E.M. Mathis to Smith, 30 January 1936, JNEMA; City of St. Louis Ordinance 40746, approved 1 February 1936, JNEMA. Harold L. Ickes to Dickmann, 15 February 1936, JNEMA; various lawsuits filed at this time attempted to halt the project. A suit filed by Harry Rothslaeger January 7 was thrown out of court on the 20th. Two more filed in February met the same fate. (Hole v. St. Louis; American Cone and Pretzel Company v. St. Louis). In the Hole v. St. Louis case an appeal was taken, but the case was dismissed when Mr. Hole failed to file a brief within the prescribed time. St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 8 January 1936, Smith to Charles P. Williams, 3 February 1936, JNEMA; Russell Murphy to Geaslin, 11 February 1936, JNEMA; Smith to Dickmann, 14 November 1936, JNEMA. In the district court where the city's motions to dismiss these two pending suits were argued, the judge treated the cases in a rather summary fashion. Smith met Mr. Robertson, attorney for the objectors, who commented, "I am going to take a change of venue to you — I think you would give me a fairer trial than Judge Davis is doing." Smith to Geaslin, 6 April 1936, JNEMA.

⁴Geaslin to Smith, 14 February 1936, JNEMA.

⁵Dickson Terry, "The Story of the Arch, A Monument to Thirty Years of Patience, Perseverance, and Determination" Cherry Diamond Magazine of the Missouri Athletic Club 57, no. 9 (September, 1964), p. 37; Lloyd Thurston to Smith, 8 February 1936, JNEMA.

⁶Geaslin to Smith, 14 February 1936, JNEMA.

⁷Smith to John L. Nagle, 13 March 1936, JNEMA.

⁸Nagle to Smith, 13 March, 1936 JNEMA.

⁹Geaslin to Smith, 27 March, 1936 JNEMA.

¹⁰Ibid.

¹¹St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 23 March 1936.

¹²Smith to Geaslin, 2 March 1936, JNEMA.

¹³William Allen White to Smith, 3 April 1936, JNEMA.

¹⁴Smith to Geaslin, 2 March 1936, JNEMA; Geaslin to Smith, 2 April 1936, JNEMA.

¹⁵Smith to Geaslin, 4 April 1936, JNEMA; Murphy to Max O'Rell Truitt, 6 April 1936, JNEMA, Smith to Geaslin, 13 April 1936, JNEMA.

¹⁶Nagle to Smith, 8 May 1936, JNEMA; St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 31 October 1965; John M. Robertson to the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Association, 9 May 1936, JNEMA; Smith to White, 23 May 1936, JNEMA; Nagle to Murphy, 27 May 1936, JNEMA. The private interests involved: Mercantile-Commerce Bank & Trust Co., Mississippi Valley Trust Company, First National Bank, Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, New York Trust Company, General American Company, Francis Brothers & Company, Edgar M. Queeny, Boatmen's Bank, Associated Retailers, and the city of St Louis.

¹⁷Smith to Geaslin, 13 April 1936, JNEMA; Truitt to Smith, 30 April 1936, JNEMA.

¹⁸Smith to White, 7 May 1936, JNEMA; White to Smith, 9 May 1936, JNEMA.

¹⁹Smith to White, 23 May 1936, JNEMA; Geaslin to Smith, 26 May 1936, JNEMA.

²⁰S.J. Bernheimer to Edgar H. Wayman, 12 June 1936, JNEMA.

²¹Geaslin to Smith, 26 May 1936, JNEMA; Nagle to Murphy, 29 May 1936, JNEMA. In June, Acting Secretary of the Interior Charles West formally asked the attorney general to institute such proceedings as necessary to acquire the memorial property, which he described by miles and bounds. Charles West to the Attorney General, 30 June 1936, JEFF.

²²"Minutes of the Executive Committee Meeting of the United States Territorial Expansion Memorial Commission" 19 June 1936, typed meeting minutes, JNEMA. A person with a strong interest in or views on the subject matter of an action may petition the court for permission to file a brief, ostensibly on behalf of a party but actually to suggest a rationale consistent with its own views.

²³Smith to William T. Kemper, 24 June 1936, JNEMA.

²⁴Memorandum, Nagle to the Director, National Park Service (hereafter cited as NPS), 23 June 1936, p. 1, JEFF. Incredibly, John Nagle followed the St. Louis contribution through its various governmental channels: through the Treasury Department to the Department of the Interior, then back to Treasury, then to the General Accounting Office, then to Treasury, and finally to the National Park Service. By visiting the comptroller general's office he verified on June 4 that a signed warrant was sent to the Department of the Treasury the day before. Nagle checked with this department, found that the warrant had reached there, that a symbol number was assigned, and that a memorandum giving the symbol number was being routed through the Treasury Department. Obtaining this number, Nagle returned to his office, added the number to requisitions for equipment, and placed them in channels leading to purchase. Ibid. p. 2.

²⁵Ibid. pp. 2-3.

²⁶Ibid. pp. 4-5. By June 22, 1937 the National Park Service office moved from the Buder Building to the Old Federal Building (Post Office) at Eighth and Olive Streets. John Bryan, JNEM - Its Origin, Development and Administration, p. 13, JEFF.

²⁷Geaslin to Smith, 13 July 1936, JNEMA; Smith to Geaslin, 29 July 1936, JNEMA.

²⁸Geaslin to Smith, 23 July 1936, JNEMA. An entry of appearance is a leave to appear in court as party to a suit, either in person or by an attorney, whether as plaintiff or defendant.

²⁹Arno Cammerer to Nagle, 26 June 1936, JEFF. The application of the plaintiffs for an injunction was denied on Wednesday, June 24, 1936 in the suit August Balter et al. v. Henry Morgenthau, Jr. as Secretary of the Treasury, et al. (in the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia). The suit was filed to enjoin the defendants from using any part of the funds made available for the memorial by Roosevelt's executive order. Findings of fact and conclusions were to be settled within a few days, and an order formally denying the application for an injunction was to be entered thereafter. Therefore, the Department of the Interior could find no reason to stop any actions appropriate to carrying out Roosevelt's order. Thus the advice to Nagle from Cammerer. Frank Chambers to Harold Ickes, 26 June 1936, NPS Central Classified File 1933-1949, file No. 0.35, Pt. 2, National Archives.

³⁰Nagle to the Director NPS, 4 August 1936, JEFF.

³¹Smith to Dickmann, 17 August 1936, JNEMA. Max O'Rell Truitt wrote Smith that when Senator Alben Barkley heard of the court's decision he became very upset. "He is more anxious than I had appreciated heretofore to see the work commenced on the Memorial. I think that the European trip and the visits he made to the cathedrals and shrines of a lost civilization have given him quite an inspiration and burning desire to see that our great project goes forward at least in this generation." Truitt to Smith, 24 August 1936, JNEMA; Max O'Rell Truitt was Senator Barkley's son-in-law.

³²Geaslin to Smith, 19 August 1936, JNEMA.

³³Smith to Geaslin, 20 August 1936, JNEMA.

³⁴Smith to Geaslin, 21 August 1936, JNEMA.

³⁵Geaslin to Smith, 25 August 1936, JNEMA. Carrying out administrative duties under the injunction was permissible, but some thought photographing the site was not. When the newspapers reported that the National Park Service had contracted a photographer to take pictures of buildings in the memorial area, John Nagle received a letter from the plaintiff's lawyer wanting to know what the photographs were for. The lawyer believed this action to be in violation of the injunction. David H. Robertson to Nagle, 22 August 1936, JNEMA. Robertson's claim held no legal merit, and Nagle received orders to continue the work. Memorandum, Arthur E. Demaray for the Director NPS, 19 September 1936, JNEMA.

³⁶Geaslin to Smith, 29 August 1936, JNEMA.

³⁷Ibid.

³⁸Telegram, Geaslin to Murphy, 25 September 1936, JNEMA.

³⁹Memorandum, Demaray for the Director NPS, 19 September 1936, JNEMA.

⁴⁰Nagle to the Director NPS, 25 September 1936, JEFF.

⁴¹St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 4 September 1936.

⁴²St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 8 September 1936.

⁴³Ibid.

⁴⁴Ibid.

⁴⁵St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 9 September 1936, 10 September 1936, 11 September 1936.

⁴⁶St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 9 September 1936. The paper cried that the "honesty of the ballot in St. Louis" was at stake.

⁴⁷St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 2 September 1936; 8 September 1936, 12 September 1936.

⁴⁸St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 14 September 1936, 17 September 1936, 18 September 1936.

⁴⁹St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 10 September 1936.

⁵⁰Smith to Geaslin, 25 September 1936, JNEMA.

⁵¹Ibid. One opposing businessman wrote association member L. Lionberger Davis, telling him to inform President Roosevelt of the "temper" of the St. Louis citizens regarding the fraud. Roosevelt should withdraw the executive order, the businessman thought. "I fear that the friends of the James Farley element in the Democratic Party are the ones who are misleading him [FDR] in this whole St. Louis proposition." See G.S. Robins to Davis, 2 October 1936, JNEMA.

⁵²Geaslin to Smith, 24 October 1936, JNEMA.

⁵³Smith to Geaslin, 23 November 1936, JNEMA; Geaslin to Smith, 23 November 1936, JNEMA.

⁵⁴Telegram, Gleason to Smith, 28 December, 1936, JNEMA; St. Louis-Globe Democrat, 29 December 1936.

⁵⁵Smith to Charles T. Russell, 3 December 1936, JNEMA; Smith to Russell, 7 December 1936, JNEMA.

⁵⁶Peters to Smith, 26 November 1936, JNEMA.

⁵⁷Peters to Smith, 9 December 1936, JNEMA.

⁵⁸Smith to Geaslin, 27 November 1936, JNEMA; Peters to Smith, 18 December 1936, JNEMA.

⁵⁹Smith to Geaslin, 10 December 1936, JNEMA. Title abstracts used for the project came from association member McCune Gill's Title Insurance Corporation of St. Louis.

⁶⁰Carl P. Russell, A Museum of the American Fur Trade, Proposed Feature of the Jefferson Memorial, St. Louis, Missouri, 1 September 1936, typed report, JEFF.

⁶¹Charles E. Peterson, A Museum of American Architecture - A Proposed Institution of Research and Public Education Under Study by the National Park Service, United States Department of the Interior (Reprint from The Octagon, A Journal of the American Institute of Architects, November 1936), JEFF.

⁶²Ibid.

⁶³Nagle to Murphy, 5 November 1936, JNEMA. In 1930 Henry Chouteau, a descendant of Auguste Chouteau, recommended preserving the courthouse as a historic landmark. He formally demanded that the mayor of St. Louis turn over the property to him as a representative of Chouteau's heirs. Henry Chouteau did not believe that the city's use of the structure as a home for the justice of the peace offices met with the approval of St. Louis' citizenry. In 1932 the Chouteau and John B.C. Lucas heirs sued for possession of the property on the grounds that the building's abandonment by the city courts constituted a violation of Auguste Chouteau's and John Lucas' stipulation that the building be used "forever" as a courthouse. The heirs lost the suit, with the city retaining title to the property. In 1937 Henry Chouteau stated he would not intervene if the city deeded the building to the Federal Government. St. Louis Star-Times, 30 June 1930; St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 8 January 1937.

⁶⁴Memorandum, Peterson to Nagle, 25 November 1936, JEFF.

⁶⁵Memorandum, Daniel Cox Fahey, Jr. to Nagle, 28 December 1936, JEFF.

⁶⁶Thomas E. Tallmadge to Nagle, 28 December 1936, JEFF.

⁶⁷Ibid.

⁶⁸Ibid. For a more complete history of National Park Service preservation efforts in St. Louis, see: Charles B. Hosmer, Jr., Preservation Comes of Age: From Williamsburg to the National Trust, 1926-1949, Vols. I and II Charlottesville, Virginia: University Press of Virginia, 1981.

⁶⁹Smith to Judge Jesse McDonald, 26 January 1937, JNEMA.

⁷⁰Smith to McDonald, 27 January 1937, JNEMA.

⁷¹Smith to Thomas C. Hennings, Jr., 11 February 1937, Luther Ely Smith Papers, Missouri Historical Society; Acting Deputy Commissioner of Internal Revenue to Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Association, 9 March 1937, JNEMA.

⁷²Geaslin to Smith, 2 April 1937, JNEMA; Smith to Bennett Champ Clark, 19 April 1937, JNEMA.

⁷³Memorandum, Cammerer to Ickes, 12 February 1937, JEFF.

⁷⁴Balter, el al. v. Ickes et al. In the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia, No. 6827, decided 8 March 1937, p. 3; JNEMA.

⁷⁵Ibid.

⁷⁶Ibid., pp. 4-5. By leave of the court, Bon Geaslin, Edgar Wayman and Clifford Greve all filed briefs as amici curiae, supporting certain contentions of the appellees. Greve filed the petition on behalf of one hundred and twenty five property owners. "Minutes of the Executive Committee of the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Association," 10 March 1937, typed meeting minutes, JNEMA. Bon Geaslin knew where to place the responsibility for the favorable court decision: "In my judgment, the result of the litigation can be attributed directly to the time when you [Luther Ely Smith] and I went to the Attorney General's office, and persuaded the attorneys handing (sic) the case to abandon their intention in filing a motion to dismiss, and convicing (sic) them of the necessity of filing a return to the rule to show cause, by which method the facts would be before the court, rather than an admission of the allegations in the bill of complaint." Geaslin to Smith, 13 March, 1937, JNEMA.

77Certiorari is a writ issued by a superior court calling up records of an inferior court in order to provide speedy justice, or so that errors and irregularities may be corrected. The latter was true in this instance.

⁷⁸Smith to Geaslin, 22 March 1937, JNEMA.

⁷⁹Memorandum, Cammerer to Ickes, 17 March 1937, JEFF.

⁸⁰Nagle to the Director NPS, 29 March 1937, JEFF.

⁸¹Smith to Geaslin, 22 March 1937, JNEMA.

⁸²Smith to Geaslin, 16 April 1937, JNEMA.

⁸³A mandate is a formal order from a superior court to an inferior one. In most cases, the order contains a U.S. Appellate Court decision when final judgment is not entered and is sent to the court below.

⁸⁴Geaslin to Smith, 14 April 1937, JNEMA; Geaslin to Smith, 28 April 1937, JNEMA; Smith to Geaslin, 4 May, 1937, JNEMA.

⁸⁵Smith to Geaslin, 5 May 1937, JNEMA; Smith to Geaslin, 6 May 1937, JNEMA.

⁸⁶Smith to William C. D'Arcy, 10 March 1937, JNEMA; Smith to D'Arcy, 1 June 1937, JNEMA.

⁸⁷Acting Deputy Commissioner, Internal Revenue to Geaslin, 4 May 1937; JNEMA; Smith to Geaslin, 6 May 1937, JNEMA; Geaslin to Smith, 19 May 1937, JNEMA.

⁸⁸U.S. Congress, House of Representatives, Congressional Record, 75th Congress, 1st session, 1937, 81, pt. 91:5867.

⁸⁹Ibid, pp. 5867-68.

⁹⁰Ibid., pp. 5869-70.

⁹¹Smith to Lloyd Thurston, 17 May 1937, JNEMA.

⁹²U.S. Congress, House of Representatives, Congressional Record, 75th Congress, 1st session, 1937, 81, pt. 108: pp. 7099-7100.

⁹³Ibid., pp. 7100-02. William D'Arcy was unruffled in his reaction to this public attack. "It hurts to be called a shyster — but reflecting on who did the shouting I simply smile." He believed the noise in Congress to be worse than the noise of a circus, and that what people see and hear in Congress made them shake their heads in shame and wonderment. D'Arcy further predicted that the project's opposition would soon recognize they had no more chance of winning their point than a bit of snow did becoming an icicle in hell. D'Arcy to Smith, 10 July 1937, JNEMA.

⁹⁴Paul O. Peters to William Allen White, 4 June 1937, JNEMA.

⁹⁵Smith to White, 16 June 1937, JNEMA.

⁹⁶Ibid.; Geaslin to Smith, 8 July 1937, JNEMA.

⁹⁷John Cochran to Dickmann, 4 August 1937, JNEMA.

⁹⁸A list of the various railroads owning stock in and using the terminal service of the Terminal Railroad Association of St. Louis was as follows: The Alton Railroad Company; Chicago & Eastern Illinois Railroad Company; Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad Company; The Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railway Company; Missouri-Kansas-Texas Railroad Company; Missouri Pacific Railroad Company; The New York Central Railroad Company; The New York, Chicago, and St. Louis Railroad Company; the Pennsylvania Railroad Company; St. Louis Merchants Bridge Terminal Company; the Pennsylvania Railroad Company; St. Louis Merchants Bridge Terminal Railway Company; St. Louis Southwestern Railway Company; and the Wabash Railroad Company.

⁹⁹Nagle to the Director NPS, 31 March 1937, JEFF; Nagle to Frank C. Wright, 19 April 1937, JEFF. John Nagle also made a personal contact with a railroad official, meeting on February 9, 1937 with Ralph Budd, president of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad. Budd could not definitely advise Nagle regarding the railroad removal, but he volunteered to send an engineer to conduct preliminary studies. All the dealings were kept confidential. Cammerer to Nagle, 23 February 1937, JEFF.

¹⁰⁰Nagle to Wright, 16 July 1937, JEFF.

¹⁰¹Thomas T. Railey to Nagle, 26 August 1937, JEFF; Nagle to Railey, 14 September 1937, JEFF; Demaray to Nagle, 20 October 1937, JEFF; Nagle to the Director NPS, 22 October 1937, JEFF.

¹⁰²Telegram, Smith to D'Arcy, 25 June 1937, JNEMA; D'Arcy to Smith, 10 July 1937, JNEMA.

¹⁰³Balter, et al. v. Nagle, et al. in the District Court of the United States For the Eastern Judicial District of Missouri, Eastern Division, No. 12241, decided 12 July 1937, JNEMA.

¹⁰⁴U.S. Public Law 292 (49 Stat. 666) 74th Congress, 21 August 1935, JNEMA.

¹⁰⁵Nagle to the Director NPS, 15 June 1937, JNEMA.

¹⁰⁶Memorandum, Peterson to Nagle, 19 June 1937, JNEMA; Memorandum, Peterson to Nagle, 25 June 1937, JEFF.

¹⁰⁷Cammerer to Dr. Hermon C. Bumpus, 12 July 1937, JNEMA.

¹⁰⁸St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 17 July 1937; Nagle to Bumpus, 20 July 1937, JNEMA.

¹⁰⁹Thomas Pitkin, Suggestions for the Participation of the Branch of Historic Sites and Buildings in the Development of the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial, Saint Louis, Missouri, 7 August 1937, pp. 3-5, and 7, typed report, JEFF.

¹¹⁰Stuart Cuthbertson, Proposed Temporary Historical Museum, General Development Plan, Jefferson National Expansion Memorial, St. Louis, Missouri, National Park Service, August 1937, p. 1, typed report, JEFF.

¹¹¹R.N. Elliott to the Secretary of the Interior, 7 August 1937, JNEMA.

¹¹²Ibid.

¹¹³Hermon C. Bumpus, Herbert E. Bolton, Archibald M. McCrea to the Director NPS, 2 September 1937, JNEMA.

¹¹⁴Geaslin to Smith, 20 August 1937, JNEMA.

¹¹⁵Nagle to Director NPS, 25 August 1937, JEFF. The courthouse was structurally sound, but needed repair and restoration work. The National Park Service could not repair the building until it acquired ownership. Since most of the city courts abandoned the building in 1930, fire and water damage had taken its toll on the roof, walls and rotunda murals. For descriptions of the building's physical condition, see: St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 4 November 1936; St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 8 January 1937.

¹¹⁶Geaslin to Smith, 11 September 1937, JNEMA. Executive Officer Daniel Cox Fahey, Jr. suggested to Nagle that the National Park Service should take the Old Courthouse immediately. If the memorial project did not materialize, the building could always be returned to the city with the restoration costs being deducted from the city's contributed funds. Memorandum, Fahey to Nagle, 10 July 1937, JEFF.

¹¹⁷Nagle to Director NPS, 30 November 1937, JEFF; Memorandum, Pitkin, Peterson, Fahey to Nagle, 30 November 1937, JEFF. John Nagle pursued many proposals during 1937 for the Old Courthouse's permanent use. He considered using some rooms for an exhibition of paintings, including portraits, views of historical events, and western development. He even considered having a temporary loan exhibition open when the building was rededicated. Nagle to Smith, 22 September 1937, JEFF.

¹¹⁸Dickmann to Smith, 25 August 1937, JNEMA; Smith to Geaslin, 26 August 1937, JNEMA.

¹¹⁹Ibid.

¹²⁰Letters protesting the Federal Government's land policy are located in the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Association's files.

¹²¹Nagle to the Director NPS, 3 November 1937, JNEMA.

¹²²Ibid.

¹²³Cammerer to the Secretary (of the Interior), 19 August 1937, JEFF; Nagle to the Director NPS, 15 November 1937, JEFF.

¹²⁴Memorandum, Demaray for the Secretary (of the Interior), 29 November 1937, JEFF.

¹²⁵Memorandum, McFarland to the Attorney General, 20 November 1937, JEFF.

¹²⁶Memorandum, Demaray for the Secretary (of the Interior), 29 November 1937, JEFF; Charles West to the Attorney General, 11 December 1937, JEFF.

¹²⁷Henry Miller to Frank C. Wright, 9 November 1937, JEFF.

¹²⁸Nagle to Wright, 16 November 1937, JEFF.

¹²⁹Memorandum, John Bryan to Nagle, 23 August 1937, JEFF. Order revoking Permit No. 8600, April 14, 1937, granted by the Board of Public Service of the City of St. Louis on July 13, 1937, to the Terminal Railroad Association of St. Louis, JEFF. Daniel Cox Fahey, Jr. to Wright, 26 November 1937, JEFF; Fahey to Wright, 26 November 1937, JEFF.

¹³⁰"Extract from Draft of Minutes of Executive Session, Advisory Board, National Park Service," 28-29 October 1937, typed meeting minutes, JNEMA.

¹³¹Ibid.

¹³²Ibid., Bumpus to Ickes, 26 November 1937, JNEMA; Nagle to the Director NPS, 30 November 1937, JNEMA.

¹³³Demaray to Nagle, 6 December 1937, JNEMA; Nagle to the Director NPS, 9 December 1937, JNEMA.

¹³⁴Cammerer to Bumpus, 17 December 1937, JNEMA.

¹³⁵Nagle to the Director NPS, 9 December 1937, JNEMA; memorandum, Cammerer to the Secretary (of the Interior), 17 December 1937, JNEMA. In a letter to Luther Ely Smith, John Nagle described the historical research being carried out by his staff. Most of the research concerned buildings and the sites where buildings once stood within the riverfront area. Preliminary reports existed for the four most historic buildings in the area — the Old Courthouse, the Old Cathedral, the National-Scotts Hotel, and the Old Rock House. Minor buildings and sites were researched. Staff members compiled a map of the riverfront area using St. Louis histories as sources. Researchers looked for the exact location of the first road headed west from St. Louis; John Bryan researched the Robidoux family; and staff members collected all the information they could find in county court records and St. Louis newspapers between the years 1828 and 1862 on the Old Courthouse's construction. The latter information would be used in the building's restoration. Dr. Thomas Pitkin worked on the history of the Dred Scott case. Nagle to Smith, 27 December 1937, JNEMA.

¹³⁶Nagle to Demaray, 22 December 1937, JEFF; Demaray to Nagle, 27 December 1937, JEFF.

¹³⁷Complete lists of condemnation suits and the actions taken on them through January 1938 are filed in the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Association's legal files; Smith to D'Arcy, 11 December 1937, JNEMA.

¹³⁸Report of the Museum Committee Meeting, January 28-29 at St. Louis, 1 February 1938, typed report, JNEMA. An immediate project for the museum force was diorama production. Pitkin listed ten topics for depiction, which would utilize the $100,000 fund. Pitkin wanted these dioramas to form the core of a temporary museum. Pitkin to Ned Burns, 15 December 1938, JEFF.

¹³⁹Bumpus to Nagle, 19 February 1938, JNEMA; Nagle to Bumpus, 3 March 1938, JNEMA.

¹⁴⁰Nagle to Bumpus, 3 March 1938, JNEMA.

¹⁴¹Ibid.

¹⁴²Nagle to Demaray, 3 March 1938, JNEMA; Demaray to Bumpus, 3 March 1938, unsent draft, JNEMA. Memorial development was held up in 1938 when the Advisory Board decided that the Old Courthouse was not worthy of inclusion within the memorial. More historical research on the building had to be submitted by supporters before the Department of the Interior accepted the deed in 1940.

¹⁴³Demaray to Nagle, 4 March 1938, JNEMA.

¹⁴⁴Nagle to Bumpus, 12 March 1938, JNEMA.

¹⁴⁵Frederic L. Kirgus to Secretary of the Interior, 21 March 1938, JNEMA.

¹⁴⁶Memorandum, Cammerer to Secretary of the Interior, 1 March 1938, JNEMA; Cammerer to Dickmann, 19 March 1938, JEFF. To give an example of how dilapidated the building was, a National Park Service architect looking over the roof found huge holes that allowed further destruction by inclement weather. Since the city still owned the structure, Daniel Cox Fahey, Jr., and the architect had to approach the Board of Public Service to get the holes repaired at city's expense. Memorandum, G. Vietor Davis to Nagle, 13 January 1938, JEFF. National Park Service architects pursued much historical research on the building before the Federal Government accepted the deed. By March 1938, Charles Peterson had done research for over a year and a half. Original contracts dating from the 1850s were found, one of them being for the interior painting. Besides mural decorations, there once existed in the building imitation paneling painted on walls with marbleizing and artificial graining. In Peterson's opinion, "This promised to be a real headache before everything is done." Peterson to Thomas C. Vint, 8 March 1938, JEFF.

¹⁴⁷Cammerer to Dickmann, 7 April 1938, JEFF.

¹⁴⁸Radiogram, Cammerer to Nagle, 24 February, 1938, JNEMA; Ickes to Attorney General, 16 March 1938, JNEMA. Representative William Lambertson had long alleged that the memorial was a real estate scheme. In September 1938 the National Park Service took steps to avoid actions giving substance to these charges. Mayor Bernard Dickmann was president of a real estate firm, with his brother the vice president. It was suggested several times to Nagle that the Dickmann firm would be glad to help the Park Service in any way with real estate work. John Nagle avoided the offers. "For obvious reasons, and because the Post-Dispatch or some other St. Louis newspaper had previously voiced the charge, (which I believe to be unwarranted) that certain City officials had bought or taken options on most of the real estate in the Memorial area for the purpose of a later resale to the Government at a profit, I did not think it wise for the Service to have dealings with a real estate company so closely connected with the City administration." Nagle to Demaray, 2 September 1938, JEFF.

¹⁴⁹Smith to W. Scott Hancock, 28 March 1938, JNEMA. The Barnidge condemnation case came to trial on June 27, 1938. D.E. Lee, special assistant to the assistant director, National Park Service, attended the trial. He discovered that the Barnidge family would appeal the constitutional questions involved irrespective of the jury award. Proper exceptions had been raised to take the case to the United States Circuit Court of Appeals. Lee was impressed by the wealth of material that the Real Estate Branch in St. Louis had prepared and by the complete preparation by the National Park Service witnesses. One problem arose because the Park Service officials believed that the Department of Justice special counsel who handled all the legal work incidental to the condemnation cases was of lesser quality and not aggressive enough during the trials. This posed a delicate situation, since the Park Service would not be warranted in charging that the man was incompetent, but they did consider asking the Department of Justice for a change of counsel. It became evident during the trials that independent realtors made the best witnesses for the Government, as regular Government consultants were subject to attack on the ground of bias. Many cases consisted of opinion evidence given by expert real estate people, resulting in a wide variance of values, since the property owners employed well-qualified experts to testify to high values. Lee thought it necessary for the National Park Service staff to be "on the alert" to have full information on each parcel. Memorandum, D.E. Lee to the Director NPS, 2 July 1938, JEFF.

¹⁵⁰Memorandum, Demaray to Secretary of the Interior, 11 May 1938, JNEMA.

¹⁵¹John R. Kirk to Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Association, 14 March 1938, JNEMA.

¹⁵²Smith to John W. Cross, 17 March 1938, JNEMA; Smith to Cross, 15 March 1938, JNEMA; Cross to Smith, 25 March 1938, JNEMA.

¹⁵³St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 14 April 1938, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 22 May 1938.

¹⁵⁴St. Louis Star-Times, 6 June 1938.

¹⁵⁵Smith to White, 8 September 1938, JNEMA; Smith to D'Arcy, 1 November 1938, JNEMA; Smith to Dickmann, 7 November 1938, JNEMA.

¹⁵⁶St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 9 August 1938; Memorandum, Peterson to Nagle, 7 December, 1938, JEFF.

¹⁵⁷Memorandum, Pitkin to Nagle, 19 November, 1938, JEFF.

¹⁵⁸Thomas M. Pitkin, Robert D. Starrett, A Supplementary Report on Exhibit Planning in National Expansion, April 1939, typed report, JEFF. In a memorandum to John Nagle, Dr. Pitkin expressed his conception of the basic purpose in creating the memorial: "The visitor to the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial should leave with a vivid impression of the sweep of the American people across a continent, taking possession of it and stamping upon it the impress of their character. He should be made to realize the magnitude of this achievement and to be made aware of his own responsibility in seeing that the promise of national greatness implicit in it does not fail." Memorandum, Pitkin to Nagle, 13 April 1939, JEFF. Museum plans called for fifty-eight cases of museum material. Charles Peterson knew this would fill the main hall of a memorial building, but what about other related museum buildings? More than one major monumental building would be needed to occupy such a large site. There currently was nothing to put in these buildings other than museum material to conform with the Historic Sites Act. More importantly, said Peterson, "This project was conceived with the notion that seven and a half million dollars for the site would be justified by improvements costing twenty-two and a half millions." Peterson believed the one-museum idea too small in scale to be suitable. The National Park Service had undertaken what was predetermined for them as the most extensive historical monument ever built. The precedent of building museums cramped the Service's outlook. Peterson's final thought: "If this project is successful — and I don't see how we can prepare plans with any other expectation — the museum program is going to be large. If all the program is packed into one structure it will be elephantine and the whole area will be embarrassed by its size." Memorandum, Peterson to Nagle, 16 May 1939, JEFF. Other historical research pursued in 1939 concentrated on examination of the site's justification under the Historic Sites Act. Dr. Thomas Pitkin and Dr. Alvin Stauffer considered each of Roosevelt's justifications in the Executive Order of December 21, 1935. They agreed with the statement of St. Louis' historical importance, but they held doubts about the accuracy of some of the other claims. The Old French Cathedral was not the earliest home of religion on the western bank of the Mississippi; St. Louis was not the first civil government west of the Mississippi; Lewis and Clark did not make primary preparations for their exploration trip in the city; and Dred Scott's landmark court decision came in Washington, D.C., not St. Louis. Nevertheless, they agreed that St. Louis played a significant role in westward expansion, and that the memorial site constituted the original heart of the city. Thomas Pitkin and Alvin Stauffer, Historical Problems Raised by the Executive Order Authorizing the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial, St. Louis, April 1939, typed report, pp. 1-12, JNEMA.

¹⁵⁹Telegram, Fahey to Nagle, 27 January, 1939, JEFF; McCune Gill to Nagle, 1 February, 1939, JNEMA; Barnidge v. U.S., 101 F 2nd 295, JNEMA.

¹⁶⁰Nagle to Smith, 30 January 1939, JNEMA. William D'Arcy wrote to Smith following the decision, concerning the association's future course of action. He suggested re-establishing connections at the capitol, fixing up any "leaks" that may be in the "wires," and renewing the enthusiasm of friends of the memorial. He wanted to initiate a new public relations campaign to create a positive public opinion, and to articulate more clearly the memorial scheme. Obviously, association members worried about their effectiveness and image in promoting the memorial. D'Arcy to Smith, 27 January 1939, JNEMA. A report on the progression of condemnation at the time of the Barnidge v. U.S. decision declared the assessed valuation of the 40 city blocks at $5,300,000. Condemnation suits had now been entered on all 40 blocks, with the Court Commissioners returning their awards on 31 of them. The awards ran 35 percent above the assessed valuation and 17 percent above the National Park Service appraisal. Memorandum, Nagle for the Director NPS, 27 January 1939, JEFF.

¹⁶¹Memorandum, Department of the Interior for the Press, 10 February 1939, JNEMA.

¹⁶²Ibid.

¹⁶³Ibid. Wide differences of opinion existed between the National Park Service and the Department of Justice at this time on the proper procedure to follow. To give an example of the wide spectrum of thought, on January 27 the attorney general wrote the secretary of the interior giving reasons why the National Park Service should not file declarations of taking. He believed all efforts should go into extending the time limit for availability of the funds. He knew that in a number of cases in which land was being acquired for the project, the awards had been in excess of actual value. Being advised that the court might require the deposits accompanying declarations of taking to be the equivalent of the amount of the awards, he wanted to avoid introducing this new problem, which could extend litigation. Additionally, disbursing deposits under the declarations of taking would put defendants into a position where litigation would be in their best interest, and not the Government's. Attorney General to Ickes, 27 January 1939, JEFF. John Nagle, on the other hand, believed the National Park Service should move ahead with the declarations. It was not at all certain that Congress would pass legislation extending the fund time limit, and if the Justice Department's judgment proved wrong, the consequences could be dire. Nagle believed the National Park Service should adopt every aggressive measure to acquire the land in view of the short time remaining before the lapse of funds. The recent court decision assured the commencement of land acquisition, but Nagle wanted this to happen as soon as possible to avoid losing any funds into the treasury. Memorandum, Nagle for the Director, 1 February 1939, JEFF. Nevertheless, the director took the attorney general's advice, and took steps to try and secure a reappropriation of the Federal funds. Memorandum, Demaray to Nagle, 21 February 1939, JEFF.

¹⁶⁴Smith to Dr. Charles Merriam, 10 February 1939, JNEMA.

¹⁶⁵Smith to Ickes, 14 February 1939, JNEMA; Blair to Smith, 16 February 1939, JNEMA.

¹⁶⁶Smith to Blair, 17 February 1939, JNEMA.

¹⁶⁷Ibid.; Smith to Geaslin, 18 February 1939, JNEMA.

¹⁶⁸Smith to Blair, 20 February 1939, JNEMA; Smith to Blair, 22 February 1939, JNEMA.

¹⁶⁹Memorandum, Demaray to Nagle, 4 March 1939, JEFF.

¹⁷⁰Blair to Smith, 3 March 1939, JNEMA; Blair to Smith, 10 March 1939, JNEMA; Smith to Charles R. Denny, Jr., 6 March 1939, JNEMA; Denny to Smith, 13 March 1939, JNEMA.

¹⁷¹U.S. Congress, House of Representatives, Congressional Record, 76th Congress, 1st session, 1939, part 3:2727-28.

¹⁷²U.S. Congress, House of Representatives, Congressional Record, 76th Congress, 1st session, 1939, part 3:2891-92. In a letter to Harry Blair, Luther Ely Smith stressed that Representative Lambertson's Kansas district included Atchison, home of the original place of business (clover and seed) of the Mangelsdorf family. The Mangelsdorfs owned property located in the area designated for the memorial, and had made appeals to the National Park Service to stop the project at Clark Avenue, thereby excluding their property. Smith to Blair, 11 March 1939, JNEMA.

¹⁷³Smith to Geaslin, 20 March 1939, JNEMA.

¹⁷⁴Smith to Geaslin, 18 March 1939, JNEMA; Smith to Geaslin, 20 March 1939, JNEMA; Blair to Smith, 29 March 1939, JNEMA.

¹⁷⁵Memorandum, G.A. Moskey for the Director NPS, 31 March 1939, JEFF.

¹⁷⁶Telegram, Clark to Smith, 7 April 1939, JNEMA; telegram, Clark to Smith, 18 April 1939, JNEMA; Blair to Smith, 19 April 1939, JNEMA; telegram, Clark to Smith, 20 April 1939, JNEMA.

¹⁷⁷For representative letters written supporting and opposing the Clark amendment, see: Smith to Amon Carter, 21 April 1939, JNEMA; telegram, Smith to William Allen White, 21 April 1939, JNEMA; Kent Keller to Smith, 21 April 1939, JNEMA; Smith to Harry Truman, 22 April 1939, JNEMA; Officers and Employees of the A.C.L. Haase Company to C. Jasper Bell, 20 April 1939, C. Jasper Bell Papers, file no. 4079, Western Historical Manuscript Collection, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, (hereafter cited as WHMC); W.H. Gage to Bell, 18 April 1939, C. Jasper Bell Papers, WHMC, file no. 4079; W.A. Smiley to Bell, 19 April 1939. C. Jasper Bell Papers, file no. 4079, WHMC.

¹⁷⁸Cochran to Smith, 24 April 1939, JNEMA; Fred H. Brown to Cochran, 25 April 1939, JNEMA.

¹⁷⁹Ralph Gilbert to Smith, 27 April 1939, JNEMA. Judge Gilbert was a former member of Congress and a member of the George Rogers Clark Commission.

¹⁸⁰Smith to Truitt, 5 May 1939, JNEMA; Truitt to Smith, 6 May 1939, JNEMA.

¹⁸¹Blair to Smith, 6 May 1939, JNEMA. William D'Arcy asked Smith at this time if it would be proper to establish a committee in St. Louis to see that the real estate was acquired quickly by insuring that nothing would come into the picture which would mar the program's reputation. He considered this because of current gossip about "deals" and "certain personalities." A committee of this kind would stand above "all contaminated interests." D'Arcy to Smith, 8 May 1939, JNEMA.

¹⁸²Memorandum, Nagle for the Files, 10 May 1939, JEFF. Acting National Park Service Director A.E. Demaray informed Secretary Ickes that for legal reasons it was desirable to file all forty declarations at the same time. The Department of Justice informally requested that Ickes or the Acting Secretary sign these. John Nagle was securing options (offers to sell) in the meantime. If the Department of Justice approved an option for a particular parcel before a declaration of taking for that block was signed, the estimated compensation was the approved option price. Otherwise, stipulations were entered in the proceedings after the declarations were filed; the stipulated price for the parcel covered by the option in such cases being the option price. In the cases where acquisition was in the judgment stage, vouchers were submitted to Ickes for his signature. Checks were obtained and paid into court, and title to the first of the memorial property was handed over to the United States. Memorandum, A.D. Demaray for the Secretary (of the Interior), 12 May 1939, JEFF.

¹⁸³Blair to Smith, 24 May 1939, JNEMA; Memorandum, Nagle for the Director 23 May 1939, JEFF.

¹⁸⁴Blair to Smith, 24 May 1939, JNEMA; Blair to Smith, 25 May 1939, JNEMA.

¹⁸⁵Smith to Blair, 2 June 1939, JNEMA.

¹⁸⁶Smith to Blair, 8 June 1939, JNEMA.

¹⁸⁷Smith to Blair, 14 June 1939, JNEMA.

¹⁸⁸Blair to Smith, 1 July 1939, JNEMA; Wayman to Clark, 4 May 1939, JNEMA; Wayman to Clark, 4 May 1939, JNEMA; Smith to Wayman, 26 July, 1939, JNEMA.

¹⁸⁹Acting Secretary of the Interior to Comptroller General of the United States, 3 August 1939, JNEMA.

¹⁹⁰Fred H. Brown to Louis Nolte, 13 September, 1939, JNEMA; Brown to Meyers, 28 September, 1939, JNEMA; Meyers to the Department of the Interior, 6 October 1939, JNEMA; Cammerer to Meyers, 12 October 1939, JNEMA.

¹⁹¹Memorandum, D.E. Lee to Director, National Park Service, 31 October 1939, JNEMA. Discussion started at this time regarding disbanding the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Association. Members themselves started this discussion, but Daniel Cox Fahey, Jr., urged Luther Ely Smith not to let it happen. He encouraged the association to provide continued assistance to the National Park Service. Fahey to Smith, 25 October, 1939, JNEMA.

¹⁹²John Nagle, Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Progress to Date, 1 November 1939, typed report, pp. 2-3, JNEMA. Specifications for the first demolition in the memorial area were issued November 29, with amendments being added on December 12, 1939.

¹⁹³St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 10 October 1939.

¹⁹⁴Cammerer to Blanton, 8 November 1939, JEFF; memorandum, Nagle for the Director NPS, 24 November 1939, JEFF.

¹⁹⁵Nagle to F.E. Lawrence, Jr., 18 October 1939, JNEMA. In the November 29 specifications written for the demolition work, John Nagle listed all materials and objects that were to remain the property of the United States. Particular specimens were to be stored by the contractor. In addition, all markers designating historic sites would be removed and stored. There followed a complete list, block by block, of architectural specimens for salvaging. John Nagle, Specifications for Demolition Work in the Memorial Area, St. Louis, Missouri, 29 November 1939, typed report, JNEMA.

¹⁹⁶Report of the Public Buildings Committee to Members of the Council on Civic Needs, 6 November 1939, typed letter, JNEMA.

¹⁹⁷Memorandum, Bumpus to Acting Secretary (of the Interior), 19 November 1939, JNEMA.

¹⁹⁸Memorandum, Nagle to the Director National Park Service, 14 November 1939, JNEMA.

¹⁹⁹Memorandum, Nagle to Director NPS, 8 September 1939, JNEMA.

²⁰⁰Memorandum, Bumpus to Acting Secretary (of the Interior), 10 November 1939, JNEMA.

²⁰¹Memorandum, Nagle to the Director NPS, 14 November 1939, JNEMA; Smith to Geaslin, 2 December 1939, JNEMA.

²⁰²St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 16 November 1939; St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 6 December 1939.

²⁰³Memorandum, Cammerer to Secretary (of the Interior), 4 December 1939, JEFF; Geaslin to Smith, 14 December 1939, JNEMA.

²⁰⁴Smith to Geaslin, 21 December 1939, JNEMA.

²⁰⁵Nagle to Wright, 31 January 1939, JEFF; Nagle to Wright, 8 February 1939, JEFF.

²⁰⁶Fahey to Wright, 17 March 1939, JEFF.

²⁰⁷Blair to Smith, 17 April 1939, JNEMA.

²⁰⁸Memorandum, Fahey to Nagle, 5 April 1939, JEFF; Memorandum, Nagle for the Files, 24 April 1939, JEFF. Those in attendance: Mayor Dickmann, Edgar Wayman, and Baxter Brown for the city; for the TRRA, P.J. Watson, Jr., president, C.S. Millard, director, E.M. Durham, Jr., director; for the National Park Service, Frank Wright, John Nagle; Watson to Nagle, 24 April 1939, JEFF.

²⁰⁹Ralph Budd to Wright, 10 May 1939, JEFF; Wright to Budd, 17 May 1939, JEFF; memorandum, C.E. Howard to Nagle, 31 May, 1939, JEFF.

²¹⁰Memorandum, Nagle for the Files, 26 June 1939, JEFF; Wright to Nagle, 11 July 1939, JEFF; Memorandum, J.B. Rasbach to Nagle, 12 July 1939, JEFF.

²¹¹Memorandum, Fahey to Nagle, 10 August 1939, JEFF.

²¹²Nagle to Wright, 28 August 1939, JEFF.

²¹³Memorandum, Fahey to Nagle, 28 December 1939, JEFF.

¹E.K. Burlew to Frank C. Wright, 16 January 1940, JEFF; Smith to Geaslin, 18 January 1940, JNEMA.

²St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 3 February 1940; St. Louis Star-Times, 3 February 1940; St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 3 February 1940, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 5 February 1940.

³George Spearl to Ickes, 6 February 1940 JNEMA; Lee to Nagle, 3 February 1940, JNEMA.

⁴Memorandum, Nagle to director NPS, 8 February 1940, JNEMA.

⁵Smith to William L. Mason, 8 February 1940, JNEMA.

⁶Ibid.

⁷James M. Douglas to Ickes, 10 February 1940, JEFF.

⁸Gill to Smith, 12 February 1940, JNEMA. This last-minute research on the Old Courthouse's historical significance seemed minute compared to the research done by Charles Peterson and his staff over the four years before the Federal Government accepted the building. They discovered that the structure was built under the supervision of the St. Louis County Court between 1839 and 1862, with the architects being appointed by the judges. See Peterson to H. Sam Priest, 20 June 1940, JEFF.

⁹Smith to D'Arcy, 13 February 1940, JNEMA.

¹⁰St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 14 February 1940.

¹¹St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 16 February 1940; Smith to Geaslin, 19 February 1940, JNEMA. John Nagle mentioned President Roosevelt's inclusion of the building in the executive order in the preliminary investigative National Park Service reports.

¹²Ickes to President (of the United States), 4 March 1940, JNEMA; Gill to Nagle, 9 March 1940, JEFF; Stella M. Drumm and Charles van Ravenswaay, The Old Courthouse (St. Louis, Missouri Historical Society, 1940).

¹³Roosevelt to Secretary of the Interior, 29 April 1940, JEFF.

¹⁴St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 1 May 1940. The function of the Advisory Board remained just that — advisory, not administrative, because the Interior Department possessed full administrative and supervisory responsibilities over the memorial. The acting secretary of the interior reminded Dr. Hermon Bumpus of this fact in 1938, and it remained true in 1940 when the Federal Government accepted the Old Courthouse over the Board's objections. Acting Secretary of the Interior to Bumpus, 7 September 1938, JNEMA. During 1939 and 1940 the memorial's architectural staff kept busy while waiting for the decision on the Old Courthouse. Historic American Building Survey and Works Progress Administration projects proceeded during these years. One chore undertaken was the translation and transcription of Spanish and French records from court documents. Linguists were hired from WPA rolls to do the work, which still can be seen in JEFF files. John Bryan, Jefferson National Expansion Memorial — Its Origin, Development and Administration, n.d., p. 17, typed report, JEFF.

¹⁵W.C. Mendenhall to Dickmann, 7 June 1940, JEFF; Mendenhall to Attorney General, 9 July 1940, JEFF.

¹⁶Memorandum, E.F. Batchelor for the Files, 18 June 1940, JEFF; memorandum, Peterson to Nagle, 25 June 1940, JEFF.

¹⁷Memorandum, G.A. Moskey to Superintendent JNEM, 2 August 1940, JEFF.

¹⁸Blanton to Moskey, 12 August 1940, JEFF. Tenants in the Old Courthouse included: the St. Louis Art League, St. Louis Museum of Science and Industry, WPA Toy Project No. 5608, and the Board of Religious Organizations Toy Guild. Besides the tentative plan to house the Missouri Historical Society displays, other St. Louis interests wanted space in the building. In December 1939 the Board of Trustees of the Academy of Science of St. Louis sought room for a Museum of Science. William C.E. Becker to Dickmann, 11 December 1939, JEFF. In July 1940 the St. Louis Art League was interested in space for an art gallery. John B. Denvir, Jr. to Nagle, 23 July 1940, JEFF.

¹⁹Smith to Dickmann, 29 August 1940, JNEMA; St. Louis Daily Record, 8 November 1940; memorandum, A.E. Demaray to Acting Superintendent JNEM, 26 November 1940, JEFF. Progress on the exhibits and dioramas for the temporary museum (eventually placed in the Old Courthouse) went slowly, for the work had started in 1938. Even then, confusion existed over the varied responsibilities of the Park Service Museum Division and the Branch of Historic Sites and Buildings. Daniel Cox Fahey, Jr., thought the production of exhibits was slow because the responsibility lay with the museum division. He felt the branch should handle the fundamental historical content while the museum division handled the details of the exhibit preparation. Memorandum, Fahey to Nagle, 1 November 1938, JEFF. By 1940 work was completed on three dioramas, constructed in the museum division's laboratory in Ford's Theatre, Washington, D.C. These dioramas were installed in the museum during the year; the museum opened to the public in January 1943. See: St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 28 August 1940; Monthly Report(s) of the Museum Branch, Jefferson National Expansion Memorial, February 19-September 1940, typed reports, JEFF; John Bryan, JNEM — Its Origin, pp. 18-19, JEFF.

²⁰John Bryan, JNEM - Its Origin . . ., p. 18, JEFF.

²¹Smith to Dickmann, 18 June 1940, JNEMA; memorandum, Demaray to Regional Director Region 11, 8 November 1940, JEFF; memorandum, Fahey for the Files, 12 December 1940, JEFF.

²²Memorandum, A.E. Demaray to Acting Superintendent JNEM, 18 December 1940, JNEMA.

²³Ibid.

²⁴Memorandum, Demaray to Regional Director, Region 11, 8 November 1940, JEFF; memorandum, Regional Director to Director NPS, 28 November 1940, JEFF.

²⁵Smith to Nagle, 10 September 1940, JNEMA.

²⁶Nagle to Smith, 17 September 1940, JNEMA.

²⁷I.T. Frary to Nagle, 30 July 1940, JEFF. Frary suggested having a steamboat moored permanently for musical and theatrical productions.

²⁸Ibid.; memorandum, Thomas C. Vint to Superintendent JNEM, 25 July 1940, JEFF; memorandum, E.F. Batchelor to Starrett, 6 November 1940, JEFF. Batchelor made several interesting observations concerning museology and the memorial: "The ground work for establishing a Museum within the boundaries of the Memorial area is predicated upon the collector's ability to discover and collect artifacts and reliable information of the nature of the person or thing to be perpetuated. In our case it seems that the difficulties in this respect are more intense — because of the lack of quality rather than quantity of the material preserved ... It seems to me that a Museum to be a profound success must be based upon broad principles rather than an accumulation of antiquated remnants of past inhabitants. To confine the scope of a Museum to local artifacts can certainly not do justice to the Historic Sites Act, or the Executive Order .... Emphasis should not be placed upon any one feature of past culture .... The question that confronts me is, can all these events and their contemporary actors be portrayed in such sequence ... so as to present a true picture of National Expansion and what form should the portrayals take? I realize that a history making event may be superimposed upon another important event, so likewise one character upon another, thereby reflecting variable values for the curator to unscramble. However, from a layman's point of view, the whole picture should be presented so that I may read as I run."

²⁹St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 10 July, 1940.

³⁰Meyers to Cammerer, 12 July 1940, JNEMA: Hillory A. Tolson to Meyers, 23 July 1940, JNEMA; Meyers to Nagle, 2 August 1940, JNEMA.

³¹Memorandum, Nagle to Director NPS, 5 August 1940, JNEMA; Nagle to Meyers, 6 August 1940, JNEMA.

³²Memorandum, G.A. Moskey to Chief of Operations, 12 August 1940, JNEMA; Daniel Cox Fahey, Jr. to Smith, 19 August 1940, JNEMA.

³³Memorandum, Hillory Tolson to Superintendent JNEM, 5 October 1940, JNEMA.

³⁴Nagle to Dickmann, 15 October 1940, JNEMA.

³⁵E.H. Wayman to Nagle, 18 October 1940, JNEMA.

³⁶Memorandum, Nagle to Director NPS, 22 October 1940, JNEMA.

³⁷Memorandum, Nagle for the Confidential Files, 15 January 1940, JEFF.

³⁸Memorandum, Fahey to Nagle, 22 January 1940, JEFF.

³⁹Memorandum, Nagle for the Confidential Files, 16 February 1940, JEFF.

⁴⁰Philip J. Watson, Jr. to Nagle, 18 January 1940, JEFF; memorandum, Cammerer to Secretary (of the Interior), 13 March 1940, JEFF.

⁴¹Radiogram, Rasbach to Fahey, 9 April 1940, JEFF; memorandum, Dickmann to Wright, 12 April 1940, JEFF.

⁴²St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 12 April 1940.

⁴³Ickes to Watson, 14 June 1940, JEFF; Ickes to Dickmann, 14 June 1940, JEFF.

⁴⁴Watson to Directors, Terminal Railroad Association of St. Louis, 17 June 1940, JEFF.

⁴⁵Memorandum, Nagle for the Files, 5 July 1940, JEFF.

⁴⁶Nagle to Wright, 6 July 1940, JEFF.

⁴⁷Nagle to Dickmann, 22 July 1940, JEFF. Nagle praised Mayor Dickmann highly, stating that the Service valued Dickmann's grasp of National Park Service objectives, and that his cooperation made the work much lighter. "I therefore hope for your continued efficient and helpful efforts in the furtherance of the solution of this problem."

⁴⁸Press Statement by Arthur C. Meyers, Acting Secretary, Board of Estimate & Apportionment, 25 July 1940, typed statement, JEFF.

⁴⁹Radiogram, Nagle to Director NPS, 27 September 1940, JEFF.

⁵⁰A.R. Ross to Nagle, 3 October 1940, JEFF; Doyne to Fahey, 18 October 1940, JEFF; memorandum, Fahey for the Files, 18 November 1940, JEFF.

⁵¹Memorandum, Fahey for the Files, 29 November 1940, JEFF.

⁵²Memorandum, Demaray to Julian Spotts, 13 December 1940, JEFF. Max Doyne's report covered important aspects of the railroad problem. He investigated the practicality of diverting passenger trains currently using the Merchants Bridge and the elevated trestle to a route on the river's east side and over the Municipal Bridge. Diverting these trains required constructing two additional freight tracks in East St. Louis, Illinois. Additional interlocking would be needed in East St. Louis to take care of the increased traffic. Frank Wright believed these new tracks and interlocking should be paid for by the "Memorial project," with Max Doyne preparing cost estimates. Wright to Julian Spotts, 13 December 1940, JEFF. Luther Ely Smith had several thoughts about these developments. He knew the elevated tracks would have to be removed, but thought the surface tracks posed a more serious problem. He worried about the proposed tunnel causing future construction problems when buildings were added to the site. He also did not want the tunnel to interfere with the association's underground garage and parking plans. Smith to William Allen White, 20 December 1940, JNEMA.

⁵³John Bryan, JNEM - Its Origins ... p. 18, JEFF; memorandum, Demaray to Regional Director, Region II, 8 November 1940, JEFF; John Ise, Our National Park Policy - A Critical History (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press 1961), pp. 355, 443. Drury served in the top post until 1951.

⁵⁴John Bryan, An Historical and Architectural Sketch of the National Scott's Hotel, October 1937, typed report, JEFF. McCune Gill to Spotts, 19 December 1940, JEFF; Memorandum, Spotts for Director NPS, 27 March 1941, JEFF; Spotts to Smith, 24 June 1941, JNEMA. Spotts sent letters stating a position which advocated restoration of the hotel by an outside group or agency to the various individuals and organizations sponsoring the structure's preservation. Those interested ranged from the mayor and Luther Ely Smith to the Chamber of Commerce and the State Historical Society of Missouri. Memorandum, Spotts for Director NPS, 24 May 1941, JEFF. Nevertheless, the costs of restoration were considered too great and the building was demolished in January-February 1949. Memorandum, J.B. Rasbach to Director NPS, 11 March 1949, JEFF.

⁵⁵Memorandum, Peterson to Nagle, 9 August 1940, JEFF; St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 23 February 1938; Memorandum, Nagle for Director, NPS, 3 August 1940, JEFF.

⁵⁶Drury to Ernst C. Krohn, 21 February 1941, JEFF. For a sampling of opposition to the building's razing see St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 15 January, 18 January, 20 January, 21 January, 22 January, and 23 January 1941; St Louis Globe-Democrat, 19 January 1941. National Park Service historian John Bryan recorded his version of how Director Drury made the decision. Ned Burns, chief of the National Park Service Museum Branch, wanted to save the building for museum space, since the tentative plans to move the regional headquarters into the Old Courthouse would occupy much of that building's available space. Bryan, Charles Peterson and Judge James M. Douglas (president of the Missouri Historical Society) all wanted to save the building. However, Director Drury agreed with the highway engineers and Harland Bartholomew (director of the City Plan Commission) that Third Street should be the connecting road link between the city's two main thoroughfares, Gravois and Natural Bridge. (Bartholomew also wanted to move the Old Cathedral, but church officials successfully opposed this suggestion). Thus the move to make Third Street (rather than Broadway) the major downtown highway artery doomed the Old Customs House. See John Bryan, JNEM — Its Origin ... pp. 16-17, JEFF.

⁵⁷Memorandum, Spotts for Director NPS, 19 October 1942, JEFF; John Bryan, JNEM - Its Origin ... pp. 16-17, JEFF. Bryan, possessing high interest in preserving the salvaged material, worried that patriotism would carry off his treasured gleanings. The only precaution he could take consisted of keeping the public out of the Denchar Building.

⁵⁸Charles Peterson, Map of the Site of the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Showing the Location of Various Historic Sites and Buildings, 17 May 1937, typed report, p. 3, JEFF; memorandum, Peterson to Nagle, 4 September 1940, JEFF; memorandum, Nagle to Ned Burns, 27 September 1940 JEFF; John Bryan, JNEM - Its Origin ... p. 18, JEFF. Memorial files contain many photographs and specifications of this restoration project.

⁵⁹Memorandum, Nagle to Ned Burns, 27 September 1940, JEFF.

⁶⁰National Park Service, Data for Architects' Inspection Trip to the Old St. Louis Courthouse, 16 October 1941, typed newsletter, JEFF. Memorandum, Spotts for Director NPS, 4 March 1941, JEFF.

⁶¹Telegram, Harry S Truman to National Park Service, 9 June 1941, JEFF; memorandum, Spotts to Regional Director, Region Two, 14 January 1942, JEFF.

⁶²Memorandum, Spotts for Director NPS, 9 January 1942, JEFF; William Judson Gray to Spotts, 30 June 1942, JEFF.

⁶³D'Arcy to Smith, 27 October 1942, JNEMA.

⁶⁴John Bryan, JNEM - Its Origin ... p. 18, JEFF.

⁶⁵History and Accomplishments of the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial, 15 September 1942, typed report, p. 3, JEFF; Smith to Frank Wright, 18 February 1941, JNEMA.

⁶⁶Telegram, Smith to Wright, 21 February 1941, JNEMA.

⁶⁷Smith to Wright, 24 February 1941, JNEMA.

⁶⁸Memorandum, D.E. Lee for Director NPS, 21 March 1941, JNEMA.

⁶⁹Telegram, Drury to E.H. Wayman, 1 April 1941, JNEMA.

⁷⁰City of St. Louis Ordinance 42059, approved 4 March, 1941, JNEMA.

⁷¹Smith to Wright, 16 April 1941, JNEMA.

⁷²Smith to Drury, 7 January 1941, JNEMA.

⁷³Drury to Harland Bartholomew, 14 April 1941, JNEMA.

⁷⁴St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 23 April 1941.

⁷⁵U.S. Congress, House of Representatives, Congressional Record, 77th Congress, 1st session, 87, pt. 110: 5236-5237. Debate did not end there, for another amendment was entered the next day providing for no funds from the appropriation act being expended for any project sponsored by any department, agency, or independent establishment of the Federal Government unless justification for the sponsor's contribution was specifically included in the individual appropriation. This, of course, aimed at cutting off WPA funds specifically from Jefferson National Expansion Memorial. Missouri Representative Clarence Cannon opposed the amendment, stating that it directly sabotaged the WPA's principal objective. All WPA work being done for the Army and the Navy as well as other agencies would have to be abandoned. The amendment failed to pass. U.S. Congress, House of Representatives, Congressional Record, 77th Congress, 1st session, 87, part III:5249-50.

⁷⁶History and Accomplishment ... p. 2, JEFF.

⁷⁷Report of the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial For the Fiscal Year 1943 n.d. p. 1, typed report, JEFF; Report of the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial For the Fiscal Year 1945, 7 August 1945, p. 1, typed report, JEFF.

⁷⁸Report ... Fiscal Year 1943, p. 4, JEFF; Report of the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial For the Fiscal Year 1944, 28 August 1944, pp. 2-3, typed report, JEFF; Report ... Fiscal 1945, p. 2, JEFF.

⁷⁹Report... Fiscal Year 1943, pp. 2-3, JEFF; Report... Fiscal Year 1944, p. 2, JEFF; Report ... Fiscal Year 1945, pp. 3-4, JEFF; Sunday afternoon talks at the Old Courthouse fell into five subject areas: Know Your National Parks, The Story of National Expansion, Historic Highways, History Through Objects, and Episodes of the Fur Trade. The war effort affected the memorial in many ways, most notably in the postponement of development plans. National Park Service officials and Luther Ely Smith received several suggestions about how to best utilize the site during the war. One association member asked Smith if sections of the razed riverfront area could be used for thrift gardens, with the city providing the fertilizer. Carl Meyer to Smith, 2 February 1943, JNEMA. The Salvation Army wanted the ground floor of the Old Courthouse to be rehabilitated and turned into a U.S.O. headquarters. The Park Service could not rehabilitate any further portions of the building due to priorities, and the request was turned down. Smith to Spotts, 15 July 1943, JNEMA; Spotts to Smith, 16 July 1943, JNEMA.

⁸⁰Memorandum, Peterson to Spotts, 4 January 1941, JEFF.

⁸¹Doyne to Spotts, 17 February 1941, JEFF; A.R. Ross, F.E. Bates, Report on Removal of Surface and Elevated Tracks from Jefferson National Expansion Memorial, 25 February 1941, typed report, JEFF.

⁸²M.H. Doyne, First Preliminary Report on Rerouting Passenger Trains Through East St. Louis, Illinois, to St. Louis Municipal Bridge, 13 February 1941, typed report, JEFF.

⁸³M.H. Doyne, Suggestions For Allocating Cost of Removal of Railroad Traffic and Facilities Now in Front of the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial at St. Louis, Mo., 30 April 1941, typed report, p. 15, JEFF.

⁸⁴Spotts to Wright, 28 May 1941, JEFF.

⁸⁵Ickes to John B. Sullivan, 25 July 1941, JEFF; Ickes to William Dee Becker, 30 July 1941, JEFF.

⁸⁶P.J. Watson, Jr. to Doyne, 19 July 1941, JEFF; Carleton S. Hadley, Memorandum on the "Doyne Plan" as to the St. Louis Riverfront Tracks and the Legal Obstacles to the "Rerouting" Portion thereof, 19 July 1941, typed memorandum, JEFF.

⁸⁷Memorandum, J.B. Rasbach for Director NPS, 26 September 1941, JEFF.

⁸⁸St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 8 October 1941.

⁸⁹Executive Committee, Terminal Railroad Association of St. Louis to Becker, 22 January 1942, JEFF.

⁹⁰Becker to Joseph B. Eastman, 24 January 1942, JNEMA.

⁹¹Max Doyne, comments on letter of January 22, 1942 from Terminal Railroad Association to Mayor William Dee Becker, 9 February 1942, typed sheets, JEFF.

⁹²Becker to members, Executive Committee, Terminal Railroad Association of St. Louis, 18 February 1942, JEFF.

⁹³Statement on Behalf of Executive Committee of Terminal Railroad Association of St. Louis, representing the St. Louis Railroads, to Mayor Becker at Meeting in City Hall, St. Louis, Missouri, on February 18, 1942, typed sheets, JEFF.

⁹⁴St. Louis Star-Times, 21 February 1942; St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 20 February 1942; St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 19 February 1942.

⁹⁵St. Louis Star-Times, 11 March 1942; St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 11 March 1942; St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 11 March 1942.

⁹⁶Memorandum, Drury for Secretary (of the Interior), 3 March 1942, JEFF.

⁹⁷Eastman to Becker, 4 March 1942, JNEMA.

⁹⁸Becker to Eastman, 21 March 1942, JNEMA: William Dee Becker, Statement of City's Position on Terminal Railroad Association Refusal to Remove Elevated Tracks and Reroute Passenger Trains., n.d., typed statement, JEFF.

⁹⁹St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 15 April 1942; St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 15 April 1942.

¹⁰⁰Terminal Railroad Association of St. Louis and St. Louis Merchants Bridge Terminal Railway Company to Board of Public Service, 12 May 1942, JEFF; P.J. Watson, Jr. to Becker, 12 May 1942, JEFF.

¹⁰¹Becker to Eastman, 11 May 1942, JEFF; The City of St. Louis v. Terminal Railroad Association of St. Louis et al., Complaint before the Interstate Commerce Commission, 25 June 1942, JEFF; The City of East St. Louis v. Terminal Railroad Association of St. Louis, Complaint before the Interstate Commerce Commission, 27 June 1942, JEFF; The City of East St. Louis, Petition of the City of East St. Louis, Illinois For Leave to Intervene Before the Interstate Commerce Commission, July 1942, JEFF; The City of East St. Louis v. Terminal Railroad Association of St. Louis, Complaint before the Illinois Commerce Commission, 10 July 1942, JEFF.

¹⁰²Memorandum, Spotts for Director NPS, 11 July 1942, JEFF; memorandum, Demaray for Secretary (of the Interior), 24 July 1942, JEFF.

¹⁰³Ickes to Eastman, 31 July 1942, JEFF: Drury to Doyne, 6 August 1942, JEFF. Contrary to the Park Service's action, the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Association decided to file a petition for intervention in the case. Petition for Leave to Intervene of the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Association, A Corporation, before the Interstate Commerce Commission, 27 August 1942, JEFF.

¹⁰⁴Memorandum, Drury to Under Secretary (Department of Interior), 28 August 1942, JEFF; The City of St. Louis v. Terminal Railroad Association of St. Louis, et al., ICC Docket 28851, 17 September - 1 October 1942, vols. 1-17, Stenographer's Minutes, taped testimony, JEFF; The City of St. Louis v. Terminal Railroad Association of St Louis et al., ICC Docket 28851, 22 September 1942, Stenographer's Minutes, Testimony of J.C. Spotts, typed testimony, JEFF; St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 4 April 1943.

¹⁰⁵Memorandum of the Coordinating Committee, Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Association, 26 November 1943, JNEMA; St. Louis Star-Times, 23 October 1943; "Meeting Minutes of the Coordinating Committee of Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Association," 8 March 1944, typed minutes, JNEMA; memorandum of Meeting of Coordinating Committee of Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Association, 21 April 1944, JEFF; Coordinating Committee to Watson, 1 May 1944, JNEMA.

¹⁰⁶Memorandum of Meeting of Coordinating Committee, 18 May 1944, JNEMA; Memorandum of Meeting of Coordinating Committee, 25 May 1944, JNEMA; Memorandum of Meeting of Coordinating Committee, 14 July 1944, JNEMA.

¹⁰⁷Milton M. Kinsey to Louis La Beaume, 22 July 1944, JEFF.

¹⁰⁸Memorandum, Spotts for Director, NPS, 7 August 1944, JEFF.

¹⁰⁹E.W. Bayse to William Judson Gray, 2 January 1943, JNEMA. President Roosevelt approved paving Third Street in 1938 as a WPA project, providing for a concrete base with a granite block surface. In the fall of 1942 the manager of the St. Louis WPA revised the paving design, resulting in saving $150,000 of Government funds. The new design required the elimination of steel, a strategic material during the war. Delays in getting clearances and installing sewers prohibited the project's completion before the close of the WPA program. Smith to Robert E. Hannegan, 23 July 1943, JNEMA.

¹¹⁰D'Arcy to Max O'Rell Truitt, 15 January 1943, JNEMA; Drury to Smith, 18 January 1943, JNEMA; Alben Barkley to D'Arcy, 19 January 1943, JNEMA; Smith to D'Arcy, 3 February 1943, JNEMA; Spotts to Becker, 28 July 1944, JNEMA.

¹¹¹Amon Carter to Lindsay Warren, 28 January 1943, JNEMA; Warren to Carter, n.d., JNEMA.

¹¹²Drury to A.B. Lambert, 10 May 1944, JNEMA; Drury to Smith, 21 June 1944, JNEMA.

¹¹³James L. Ford to A.P. Kaufman, 5 July 1944, JNEMA; Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Association to Kaufman, 12 July 1944, JNEMA; Kinsey to Louis La Beaume, 22 July 1944.

¹¹⁴Ickes to Smith, 1 August 1944, JNEMA.

¹¹⁵Drury to Smith, 8 August 1944, JNEMA; Smith to Frank C. Wright, 23 August 1944, JNEMA; Smith to Max O'Rell Truitt, 15 September 1944, JNEMA.

¹¹⁶James L. Ford to Smith, 26 July 1944, JNEMA; Smith to City Plan Commission, 27 January 1944, JNEMA; Louis La Beaume to Smith, 17 January 1945, JNEMA; Smith to Spotts, 6 December 1945, JNEMA; St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 8 April 1945. As an example of other suggested uses for the memorial area the Engineers' Club of St. Louis passed a resolution favoring construction of a municipal stadium and recreation center as tribute to World War II heroes; Resolution of the Engineers' Club of St. Louis, 5 April 1945, JNEMA.

¹¹⁷Charles W. Porter III, The Purpose and Theme of the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Project, St. Louis, Missouri, Together with Comments on the Proper Scope of the National Park Service's National Historic Site Project at that Place, 27 November 1944, pp. 1-2, typed report, JEFF.

¹¹⁸Ibid. pp. 10-12, 14.

¹¹⁹Memorandum, Drury for Superintendent, Jefferson National Expansion Memorial, 25 January 1945, JEFF; Julian Spotts, Concepts of the Memorial Together with Comments on Dr. Porter's Report of November 27, 1944, n.d., p. 6, typed report, JEFF.

¹²⁰William W. Steel to Louis La Beaume, 9 July 1936, JEFF.

¹²¹Memorandum, Spotts for Director, NPS, 9 February 1945, JEFF.

¹Smith to Drury, 19 October 1946, JNEMA.

²Smith to Joseph D. Nunan, Jr., 28 November 1944 JNEMA; George Schomman to Smith, 30 December 1944, JNEMA; Smith to Commissioner of Internal Revenue, 6 February 1945, JNEMA; Joseph D. Neman, Jr. [sic] to Smith, 10 March 1945, JNEMA.

³Drury to Smith, 24 January 1946, JNEMA.

⁴Aloys P. Kaufman to Smith, 16 October 1946, JNEMA.

⁵Kaufman to Spotts, 22 June 1946, JNEMA; Smith to Hillory Tolson, 9 July 1946, JEFF; Memorandum, Peterson for Superintendent Spotts, 23 May 1946, JEFF.

⁶Smith to Kaufman, 16 January 1946, JNEMA; "Meeting Minutes of the Coordinating Committee," Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Association, 27 December 1946, typed minutes, JNEMA.

⁷Memorandum, Demaray for Director NPS, 3 July 1947, JEFF.

⁸Milton M. Kinsey to Smith, 3 October 1947, JNEMA; George Howe to Smith, 8 January 1948, JNEMA.

⁹Spotts to Warner Fuller, 4 September 1946, JEFF; P.J. Watson, Jr. to Spotts, 18 September 1946, JEFF; Spotts to Watson, 19 September 1946, JEFF.

¹⁰Ingram F. Boyd to Smith, 6 December 1944, JNEMA; Boyd was Smith's son-in-law.

¹¹Smith to Max O'Rell Truitt, 17 October 1944, JNEMA. Smith tried to obtain the financial backing of the Astor family by appealing to their sense of family fur trade history. In Smith's opinion, if Vincent Astor contributed $200,000 he would be helping to create something more far-reaching than John D. Rockefeller's Williamsburg. Astor did not contribute. Smith to Charles S. Whitman, 20 October 1944, Luther Ely Smith Papers, file: W miscellaneous, Missouri Historical Society (hereafter cited as MHS); Smith to Whitman, 31 October 1944, Luther Ely Smith Papers, file: W miscellaneous, MHS.

¹²St. Louis Star-Times, 26 March 1945; Sidney R. Baer to W.L. Hemingway, 14 May 1945, JNEMA; A.P. Kaufman to Smith, 19 June 1945, JNEMA.

¹³A.P. Kaufman to Smith, 19 June 1945, JNEMA.

¹⁴James L. Ford to Kaufman, 21 June 1945, JNEMA; Smith to Gale F. Johnston, 13 May 1946, JNEMA; I.F. Boyd, Jr. to Ford, 22 May 1946 Luther Ely Smith Papers, file: Jefferson Memorial River Front Competition, MHS.

¹⁵Ford to Boyd, 23 May 1946, Luther Ely Smith Papers, Jefferson Memorial River Front Competition file, MHS.

¹⁶Boyd to Joseph Sunnen, 29 May 1946, Luther Ely Smith Papers, file: Jefferson Memorial River Front Competition, MHS; Charles Caspari, Jr. to Harry Matthews [sic], 6 June 1946, Luther Ely Smith Papers; Jefferson Memorial River Front Competition file, MHS; Mathews to Caspari, 10 June 1946, Luther Ely Smith Papers, Jefferson Memorial River Front Competition file, MHS.

¹⁷Ford to Smith, 28 June 1946, JNEMA; a list of the underwriters: Ingram Boyd - $4,000, Hugh H.C. Weed - $4,000, Fred Gerber - $4,000, Carl F.G. Meyer - $4,000, Eugene & Marguerite Pettus - $4,000, XYZ (anonymous) - $4,000, Smith - $17,000. Smith to W.L. Hemingway, 22 June 1946, JNEMA.

¹⁸Boyd to Frank Mayfield, 6 December 1946, Luther Ely Smith Papers, file: Jefferson Memorial River Front Competition, MHS; St. Louis Star-Times, 10 January 1947; "Minutes of the Executive Committee of the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Association," 13 February 1947, typed minutes, Luther Ely Smith Papers, Jefferson Memorial River Front Competition file, MHS. Some of the larger contributions: Associated Retailers of St. Louis - $57,000, May Department Stores Co. - $10,000, Boyd-Richardson Co. - $4,000, Clearing House Association - $15,000, twenty-one downtown buildings - $28,540, St. Louis Public Service Co. - $7,500, Union Electric Co. - $5,000, International Shoe Co. - $5,000, Anheuser-Busch, Inc. - $5,000, Edgar Queeney - 45,000, Harry B. Matthews - $5,000.

¹⁹[Louis La Beaume] to President Roosevelt [10 June 1943], unsent draft, JNEMA; Report, Smith to Jefferson National Expansion Memorial, 4 November 1944, JNEMA; St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 29 January 1945. In accordance with the current political philosophy of a "Good Neighbor Policy," Smith proposed opening the competition to qualified architects of all Western Hemisphere countries. He also wanted to open it to all qualified architects in the armed forces, although he realized that they would be working "under conditions of extreme difficulty." See "Minutes of Informal Luncheon Meeting of the Executive Committee of the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Association," 16 September 1943, JNEMA.

²⁰Ickes to Smith, 3 May 1945, JEFF; D'Arcy to Smith, 9 May 1945, JNEMA; D'Arcy to Smith, 6 August 1945, JNEMA. William D'Arcy's view of those who offered alternative plans for the riverfront: "As long as there is a vacancy on the riverfront ... and the public does not know in more concrete terms just what we are going to do with it, there will be suggestions from time to time as to how they think it should be used. Man is still free to let his mind wander and his tongue wag and whether he is a statesman or a hobo he likes to put his ideas forward even though he may be talking up the side of a mountain." D'Arcy to Smith, 22 June 1945, JNEMA.

²¹Louis La Beaume to William C. D'Arcy, 10 October 1945, JNEMA.

²²Memorandum, Spotts to Director NPS, 8 February 1946, JEFF.

²³Drury to Smith, 26 February 1946, JNEMA. Drury warned against letting the architectural aspects of the memorial dominate the plan, which might result in delegating the historical aspects to a subordinate position. "The right conception would, in the course of providing the interpretive facilities, create the memorial."

²⁴Smith to Drury, 12 March 1946, JNEMA; Memorandum, Spotts to Director NPS, 13 March 1946, JEFF; Drury to Smith, 1 April 1946, JEFF; Drury to Smith, 14 May 1946, JNEMA; Drury to Smith, 7 June 1946, JNEMA.

²⁵Memorandum, Hillory Tolson to Superintendent, 17 June 1946, JEFF; Tolson to Smith, 26 June 1946, JNEMA; Drury to Smith, 13 July 1946, JNEMA; Outline Draft [of competition], 10 July 1946, JEFF.

²⁶George Howe to Smith, 29 August 1946, Luther Ely Smith Papers, Riverfront JNEM file, MHS.

²⁷Ibid.

²⁸George Howe, Interim Progress Report on the Preparation of the Program for the National Competition to Select an Architect and a Tentative Design for the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Competition January 19th to February 10th, 1947, 11 February 1947, typed report, pp. 1-3, JNEMA; "Minutes of the Meeting of the Executive Committee of the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Association," 28 February 1947, typed minutes, Luther Ely Smith Papers, Jefferson Memorial River Front Competition file, MHS.

²⁹Smith to D'Arcy, 1 February 1947, JNEMA; I.F. Boyd, Jr. to Chester C. Davis, 11 March 1947, Luther Ely Smith Papers, file: Jefferson Memorial River Front Competition, MHS; I.F. Boyd, Jr. to Morton J. May, 13 March 1947, Luther Ely Smith Papers, Jefferson Memorial River Front Competition file, MHS; News Release from the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Association, 7 September 1947, JNEMA.

³⁰Hillory Tolson to Smith, 20 March 1947, JNEMA; the representatives: Director Newton Drury, Regional Director Lawrence Merriam, Chief of Development Thomas Vint, Acting Chief Historian Herbert Kahler, Chief Naturalist Carl Russell, Assistant Director Tolson.

³¹Drury to Smith, 14 April 1947, JNEMA; Julius A. Krug to Smith, 17 April 1947, JEFF.

³²Krug to Smith, 8 May 1947, JEFF.

³³Chester C. Davis to Howe, 29 July 1947, JNEMA.

³⁴"Minutes of the Meeting of the U.S. Territorial Expansion Commission," 28 May 1947, typed minutes, p. 3, JEFF; St. Louis Star-Times, 7 June 1947.

³⁵Architectural Competition for the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Program St. Louis, Missouri 1947, p. 4, JNEMA.

³⁶Ibid; pp. 4-5.

³⁷Ibid; pp. 14-15.

³⁸Ibid; pp. 5, 8-9.

³⁹St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 4 September 1947.

⁴⁰Charles Nagel, Jr., A Sketch Report of the Jury Proceedings, Jefferson National Expansion Memorial, 23-26 September 1947, JNEMA; Louis La Beaume, Jefferson National Memorial Competition - First Stage, n.d., JNEMA; Proceedings of the Jury of Award for the Architectural Competition Jefferson National Expansion Memorial, n.d., JNEMA; "Minutes of the Executive Committee Meeting Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Association," 26 September 1947, typed minutes, JNEMA. George Howe opened the discussion as to the possibility of releasing the names of the five winners and designs for publication. He believed this would stimulate public interest through the press. Several of the jury members thought anonymity could not be maintained while others warned against changing the program at the last minute. After consulting legal advice Howe stated that the program could be modified if everyone agreed. Louis La Beaume did not, and stated he would resign if the program's terms were modified. By the third day of deliberation, pressure regarding anonymity was removed and the conditions of the program prevailed. La Beaume, Jefferson . . ., JNEMA; n.a., Proceedings. . ., JNEMA. The jury members and their positions at the time of the competition: S. Herbert Hare, Fellow of the American Society of Landscape Architects, Kansas City, Mo., Member of the American Institute of Planners; Fiske Kimball, Fellow of the American Institute of Architects, (AIA) Philadelphia, Pa., Director of the Philadelphia Museum of Art; Louis La Beaume, Fellow of the AIA, St. Louis, Mo., Associate of the National Academy of Design; Charles Nagel, Jr., Member of the AIA, Brooklyn, N.Y., Director of the Brooklyn Museum; Richard J. Neutra, Member of the AIA, Los Angeles, CA, Chairman of the California State Planning Board; Roland A. Wank, Member of the AIA, New York, N.Y., Consulting Chief Architect for the Tennessee Valley Authority; William W. Wurster, Member of AIA, Cambridge, Mass., Dean of the School of Architecture and Planning of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

⁴¹Comments of S. Herbert Hare on Designs Selected by the Jury for the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Association Competition, n.d., JNEMA; [Roland Wank] untitled descriptions of chosen entries, n.d., JNEMA; LaBeaume Jefferson . . ., JNEMA; Nagel, A Sketch. . . JNEMA.

⁴²Charles Nagel, Report of the Jury of Award to the Professional Adviser on the First Stage of the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Competition, n.d., JNEMA; St. Louis Post Dispatch, 27 September 1947.

⁴³George Howe, Second Stage Addenda to the Program, Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Competition, n.d., pp. 1-3, JNEMA.

⁴⁴Memorandum, Spotts to Director NPS, 20 October 1947, JNEMA; Memorandum, Drury to Secretary (of the Interior), 17 November 1947, JNEMA; Chapman to Edward D. Dail, 18 November, 1947, JNEMA.

⁴⁵[George Howe] to Eero Saarinen, 29 January 1948, JNEMA. So many government officials attended the dinner that the wives of the five competitors were not invited because of lack of space. (This, of course, with the exception of Eero Saarinen's wife Lily Swann Saarinen, a noted sculptor who was part of the five-person winning team; she attended the banquet). Only two governors of states within the Louisiana Purchase (Wyoming, Arkansas) attended besides Missouri Governor Phil Donnelly. Donnelly to Smith, 6 February 1948, Phil M. Donnelly Papers, file No. 1169, WHMC.

⁴⁶Memorandum, George Howe to the Five Participants in the Second Stage of the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Competition, 15 January 1948, JNEMA.

⁴⁷Lawrence Hill to George Howe, 25 October 1947, JNEMA; memorandum, Spotts for Director NPS, 9 February 1948, JEFF.

⁴⁸Charles Nagel, Jr. "Minutes of Meetings of Jury of Award in the 2nd Stage of the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Competition," 17-18 February 1948, JNEMA. Eero Saarinen's design team: J. Henderson Barr, associate designer; Dan Kiley, landscape architect; Alexander Hayden Girard, painter; and Lily Swann Saarinen, sculptress. The other prize winners: Second Prize - Gordon A. Phillips, William Eng, architects; both of Champaign, Ill.; Third Prize - William N. Breger, Woodstock, N.Y., Caleb Hornbostel, New York City, George S. Lewis, New York City, architects; Runner-up - Harris Armstrong, Kirkwood, Mo., architect. Runner-up - T. Marshall Rainey, Cleveland, Ohio, architect. The runner-up awards were made simply in alphabetical order. The association kept many of the entry drawings for publicity purposes, returning only those whose designers asked for them. Still existent entries are in the JEFF archives.

⁴⁹Carl F.G. Meyer III, Report of the February 18th, 1948, Award Dinner Conducted by the JNEMA, n.d., JNEMA; Smith to Mr. & Mrs. Carl F.G. Meyer, 27 February 1948, JNEMA; Statler Hotel. Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Association Riverfront Prize Award Dinner, n.d., chronology of dinner proceedings, JNEMA.

⁵⁰Allan Temko, Eero Saarinen (New York: George Braziller, 1962), p. 18; telegram, Howe to Eliel Saarinen, 26 September 1947, JNEMA; Howe to Eero Saarinen, 29 September 1947, JNEMA. George Howe placed the blame for the mistake on his secretary, who allegedly took Eliel's name from the Saarinen letterhead. Eero Saarinen, born August 20, 1910, in Kirkkonummi, Finland, immigrated to the United States in 1923 with his family. His father Eliel was a leading architect, and after studies in Paris and the Yale School of Architecture, Eero joined his father's Architectural firm at Bloomfield Hills, Michigan. He served with the Office of Strategic Services in Washington, D.C. during World War II. He was married twice, to Lily Swann Saarinen in 1939 and to Aline B. Louchheim in 1953. Besides the Gateway Arch, Saarinen's other major contributions to the field of architecture include the General Motors Technical Center, Warren, MI; the auditorium and chapel at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; the Transworld Flight Center at Idlewild, later John F. Kennedy International Airport, NY; and the Dulles International Airport Terminal Building in Chantilly, VA. Saarinen was awarded several honorary degrees and was a fellow of both the American Institute of Architects and the American Academy of Arts and Letters. The AIA posthumously awarded him its Gold Medal. Saarinen never saw the Arch completed, for he died after brain surgery on September 1, 1961, just when foundations were being poured. See Saarinen on His Work, ed. Aline B. Saarinen (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1962), pp. 104-5.

⁵¹Temko, Eero Saarinen pp. 18-19; Saarinen, Saarinen p. 18; St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 7 March 1948.

⁵²Saarinen, Saarinen p. 18; Eero Saarinen, A Tour Through the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial, (extract from an address given at the Associated Retailers of St. Louis meeting, 29 April 1948), pp. 1-4, JNEMA; Saarinen's first major speech unveiling the fine details of the design was given to this group of St. Louis retailers.

⁵³Smith to Saarinen, 25 February 1948, JNEMA.

⁵⁴Saarinen to Smith, 1 March 1948, JNEMA; Saarinen to Smith 28 May 1948, JNEMA.

⁵⁵Saarinen to Smith, 28 May 1948, JNEMA.

⁵⁶The New York Times, 29 February 1948; St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 26 February 1948.

⁵⁷Gilmore D. Clarke to William Wurster, 24 February 1948, JNEMA.

⁵⁸St. Louis Star-Times, 26 February 1948; New York Herald Tribune, 26 February 1948; St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 26 February 1948.

⁵⁹William Wurster "Log of the week of 22 February - 28 February in regard to the prizewinning award for the Architectural Competition for the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial," 28 February 1948, p. 2, JNEMA; Statement by the Jury of Award on the Winning Designs in the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Competition, n.d., JNEMA; New York Herald Tribune, 27 February 1948.

⁶⁰Saarinen to Edward Dail, 26 February 1948, JNEMA; Howard F. Baer to William H. Semsrott, 5 March 1948, JNEMA; Memorandum, Spotts to Director NPS, 26 February 1948, JEFF; Memorandum, Drury to Superintendent, JNEM, 18 March 1948, JNEMA.

⁶¹"Report of U.S. Territorial Expansion Memorial Commission Breakfast Meeting," 25 May 1948, typed meeting minutes, JEFF.

⁶²William E. Warne to Alben Barkley, 4 June 1948, JNEMA. Even though congressional financing would prove difficult to obtain, the association contributed $15,000 to the National Park Service for Saarinen's use in preparing preliminary designs and reports. Price, Waterhouse & Company audited the association's handling of the competition fund from 1945 to 1948. The audit showed the group kept well within their budget and conducted excellent record keeping. Price, Waterhouse donated their services as their contribution to the project. Price, Waterhouse & Co., Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Association Competition Fund Report and Statement of Income and Expenditure for the Period from May 4 1945 to May 14 1948 inclusive, n.d., JNEMA.

⁶³Chester C. Davis to Smith, 12 April 1948, JNEMA; St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 27 April 1948; Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Association to Edward Dail, 20 April 1948, JNEMA.

⁶⁴La Beaume to Saarinen, Saarinen & Associates, 25 March 1948, JNEMA; J. Henderson Barr to La Beaume, 6 April 1948, JNEMA; Saarinen to Dail, 6 April 1948, JNEMA; Charles Nagle to Smith, 21 April, n.d., JNEMA.

⁶⁵Saarinen to Dail, 6 April 1948, JNEMA; Dail to Saarinen, 8 April 1948, JNEMA.

⁶⁶Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Association to City Plan Commission, 24 August, 1948, JNEMA; Saarinen to Smith, 31 August 1948, JNEMA; St. Louis Real Estate Board to City Planning [sic] Commission, 14 September 1948, JNEMA; George Kempland to Smith, 21 September 1948, JNEMA; preliminary memorandum, Saarinen to Charles Nagel, Jr. and William Wurster, 19 October 1948, JNEMA. Saarinen proposed that apartments and hotels be built along Third Street, and that a shopping arcade be developed from Washington to Poplar Streets. He also recommended widening Clark, Elm, Pine, Olive, and Locust Streets. Eero Saarinen & William Wurster, Report on the Development of Land Surrounding the Jefferson National Memorial Park, St. Louis, Missouri, 14 December 1948, JEFF.

⁶⁷Memorandum, Hillory Tolson to Regional Director, 9 July 1948, JNEMA; Saarinen to Spotts, 14 August 1948, JNEMA; memorandum, Lawrence C. Merriam to Superintendent JNEM, 23 August 1948, JNEMA; memorandum, Demaray to Superintendent JNEM, 13 September 1948, JNEMA; memorandum, J.B. Rasbach for the Director NPS, 8 October 1948, JEFF; Spotts to Smith, 20 October 1948, JNEMA.

⁶⁸Memorandum, Howard Baker to Regional Director, 27 October 1948, JNEMA; Smith to Spotts, 2 November 1948, JNEMA.

⁶⁹Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Association, "Meeting Minutes of the Executive Committee," 29 November 1948, typed meeting minutes, JNEMA.

⁷⁰Ingram F. Boyd, Jr. to Members of the Executive Committee, 18 February 1948, JEFF.

¹Memorandum, Spotts to Director NPS, 12 January 1949, JEFF; memorandum, J.B. Rasbach to Director NPS, 15 February 1949, JEFF.

²Memorandum, Spotts to Director NPS, 1 March 1949, JNEMA.

³Ibid.; memorandum, Drury to Superintendent JNEM, 4 March 1949, JNEMA.

⁴Richmond C. Coburn to Smith, 21 April 1949, JNEMA; Spotts to Saarinen, 22 April 1949, JNEMA; Spotts to Clifford Shoemaker, 31 May 1949, JNEMA.

⁵"Minutes of Executive Committee Meeting" Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Association, 29 June 1949, typed meeting minutes, JNEMA; memorandum, Spotts to Director NPS, 8 July 1949, JNEMA; memorandum for the files, comments made at meeting of July 7 1949, in Mayor Darst's office, typed comments, JNEMA.

⁶Eero Saarinen, Report on Modifications to the McDevitt Levee Tunnel Plan as requested by architects in meeting July 8 1949, 14 July 1949, JNEMA; memorandum, Spotts to Director NPS, 8 July, JNEMA.

⁷William Crowdus to Smith, 8 July 1949, JNEMA; Chester Davis to Smith, 11 July 1949, JNEMA.

⁸Memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 12 July 1949, JEFF; Eero Saarinen, Levee Plan Limits Freedom to Cope with Unknown Factors in Design of Memorial, 15 July 1949, JNEMA.

⁹Joseph Darst to Julius Krug, 22 July 1949, JNEMA; The Jefferson Memorial: A Compendium of Relative Facts to Date, n.d., typed report, JNEMA.

¹⁰Krug to Darst, 11 August 1949, JNEMA.

¹¹Crowdus to Saarinen, 15 August 1949, JNEMA; memorandum (confidential), Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 21 September 1949, JNEMA; memorandum, Spotts to Director NPS, 28 September 1949, JNEMA. In stressing the need for parking, Mayor Darst estimated that space would be needed for 3,500 autos daily. Spotts doubted that 10,000 visitors would ever attend the memorial on any given day except for special occasions. Such a large visitation would seriously damage the area from overuse. In 1978 the memorial's highest attendance stood at 3,500,000 for a calendar year.

¹²"Minutes of Executive Committee Meeting," Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Association, 30 October 1949, meeting minutes, JNEMA.

¹³Saarinen to Smith, 24 October 1949.

¹⁴Memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 26 October 1949, JNEMA; St. Louis Star-Times, 26 October 1949, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 26 October 1949.

¹⁵William Wurster to William Crowdus, 1 November 1949, JNEMA.

¹⁶Memorandum, Director NPS to Secretary of the Interior, 2 November 1949, JNEMA.

¹⁷Saarinen to Spotts, 5 November 1949, JNEMA.

¹⁸St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 9 November 1949; telegram, Clinton Anderson to Smith, 7 November 1949, JNEMA.

¹⁹St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 14 November 1949; Darst to Smith, 23 November 1949, JNEMA.

²⁰Memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 30 November 1949, JNEMA. Saarinen and Severud estimated that the Arch, complete with foundations and elevators, would cost $6,500,000.

²¹Memorandum of Understanding, 6 December 1949, JNEMA. Those signing the document: Mayor Joseph Darst, P.J. Neff, chief executive officer for the trustees, Missouri Pacific Railroad; Armstrong Chinn, president, Terminal Railroad Association of St. Louis; Luther Ely Smith for the commission, William Crowdus for the association, Eero Saarinen and National Park Service Director Newton Drury.

²²Memorandum, Associate Director NPS to Secretary of the Interior, 8 December 1949, JNEMA; Memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 13 January 1950, JEFF.

²³Memorandum, Superintendent, JNEM to Regional Director, Region Two, 8 December 1949, JNEMA.

²⁴Ibid.

²⁵Spotts to Saarinen, 22 December 1949, JNEMA; Saarinen to Spotts, 14 December 1949, JNEMA.

²⁶Spotts to Saarinen, 22 December 1949, JNEMA.

²⁷See St. Louis Post-Dispatch, St. Louis Globe-Democrat and the St. Louis Star-Times, October-November-December, 1949 (especially the Star-Times, 28-30 November, 1-2 December, 1949). Association members sought citizen support by placing an ad entitled "Wake Up St. Louis" in all three newspapers on November 8. Many letters of support came in. Attacks on the Arch came from some businessmen who feared a "white elephant." St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 28 October 1949. The president of the Cardinal baseball organization proposed placing a stadium on the site, which provoked even more controversy. St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 4 November 1949.

²⁸St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 9 December 1949.

²⁹Smith to Chapman, 10 December 1949, JNEMA.

³⁰St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 14 November 1949. For more information on the deteriorated state of the parks in the late 1940s and early 1950s, see John Ise, Our National Park Policy (Baltimore: John Hopkins Press 1961), Chapters XXI and XXV.

³¹Memorandum, Spotts to Director NPS, 18 February 1949, JNEMA; Smith to Drury, 24 February 1949, JNEMA; "Minutes of Executive Committee Meeting," Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Association, 6 May 1949, typed meeting minutes, JNEMA; memorandum, Spotts to Director NPS, 11 May 1949, JEFF.

³²Spotts to Saarinen, 22 December 1949, JNEMA. St. Louis Counselor Crowe, Terminal counsel Richard Coburn, and association members agreed on the draft. The commission's executive committee approved the draft on December 19. Smith to John Sullivan, 29 December 1949, JNEMA; Smith to Wayne Morse, 30 December 1949, JNEMA.

³³Smith to Oscar Chapman, 11 February 1950, JNEMA; Bill, S. 2784, U.S. Senate, 81st Congress, 2nd session, 5 January 1950, JNEMA; Smith to Horace Albright, 21 February 1950, JNEMA.

³⁴Smith to Clinton Anderson, 17 February 1950, JNEMA; Smith to Ken Regan, 6 March 1950, JNEMA; see Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Association legislative files.

³⁵Secretary of the Interior to Carl Hayden, 3 May, 1950, JNEMA; William Warne to Mary Norton, 10 May 1950, JNEMA; telegram, Smith to Chapman, 6 March 1950, JNEMA.

³⁶Smith to Morse, 2 May 1950, JNEMA.

³⁷Record of Reports to the Committee on House Administration, House of Representatives and Hearing Before the Library Subcommittee, 10 May 1950, typed report, JNEMA.

³⁸Sullivan to Crowdus, 16 May 1950, JNEMA; Bill, H.R. 8591, House of Representatives, 81st Congress, 2nd session, 22 May 1950.

³⁹Joseph Darst to Forrest Smith, 2 February 1950, Forrest Smith Papers, file No. 858, WHMC.

⁴⁰Program, Thirty-Fifth Division, Thirtieth Reunion, 9, 10, 11 June 1950, JNEMA; St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 11 June 1950. The reunion attracted such notables as the French ambassador to the United States, various state governors, cabinet members, congressmen and army brass. Both Mayor Joseph Darst and Missouri Governor Forrest Smith walked in the parade with Truman, but newspaper accounts said that Darst was wilting and Smith was limping by the time they reached the Old Courthouse. The walk did not seem to affect "spry" Truman. In his speech, Truman accused the Soviet Union of preparing for war, had harsh words for American isolationists, and compared the importance of foreign policy in Jefferson's day with that of 1950.

⁴¹Telegram, Joseph Darst to Mary Norton, 27 June 1950, JNEMA.

⁴²Report (to accompany H.R. 8591), House of Representatives, 81st Congress, 2nd session, no. 2433, 29 June 1950; telegram, William Semsrott to Smith, 29 June 1950, JNEMA.

⁴³Smith to Clinton Anderson, 1 July 1950, JNEMA; Bill, S. 3867, U.S. Senate, 81st Congress, 2nd session, 6 July 1950, JNEMA; Anderson to Semsrott, 25 July 1950, JNEMA.

⁴⁴Crowdus to Alben Barkley, 27 July 1950, JNEMA.

⁴⁵Smith to Barkley, 2 August 1950, JNEMA; Anderson to Drury, 3 August 1950, JNEMA.

⁴⁶Drury to Anderson, 9 August 1950, JNEMA.

⁴⁷Anderson to Semsrott, 14 September 1950, JNEMA.

⁴⁸Memorandum, Smith and Semsrott to Ronald J. Foulis, 15 September 1950, JNEMA; Sullivan to Crowdus, 20 September 1950, JNEMA.

⁴⁹Semsrott to Anderson, 2 October 1950, JNEMA; Crowdus to Regan, 5 October 1950, JNEMA.

⁵⁰Mrs. Perry S. Forthmann to Foulis, 21 October 1950, JNEMA; Smith to Howard I. Young, 24 November 1950, JNEMA; report by William Semsrott, 1 December 1950, JNEMA; Regan to James Douglas, 4 December 1950, JNEMA.

⁵¹Stanley Rector to Douglas, 7 December 1950, JNEMA; Crowdus to members of the Board of Trustees, Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Association, 14 December 1950, JNEMA; Sullivan to Crowdus, 20 September 1950, JNEMA.

⁵²Spotts to Saarinen, 16 January 1950, JNEMA.

⁵³Memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 25 January 1950, JNEMA.

⁵⁴Armstrong Chinn to Frank J. McDevitt, 1 February 1950, JNEMA; Spotts to Saarinen, 3 February 1950, JNEMA; Saarinen to Spotts, 14 February 1950, JNEMA.

⁵⁵Darst to Spotts, 7 March 1950, JEFF; "Minutes of Conference, Mayor's Office," 14 March 1950, typed meeting minutes, JEFF; James Crowe to C.O. Griffis, 14 April 1950, JEFF; Armstrong Chinn to Forrest G. Ferris, Jr., 26 April 1950, JEFF.

⁵⁶Forrest G. Ferris, Jr. to Smith, 31 May 1950, JNEMA; Complaint Before the Public Service Commission of the State of Missouri, City of St. Louis, Missouri and Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Association v. Terminal Railroad Association of St. Louis, St. Louis Merchants Bridge Terminal Railway Company, Missouri Pacific Railroad Company 24 May 1950, JEFF.

⁵⁷State of Missouri Public Service Commission City of St. Louis v. Terminal Railroad, transcript, 14 June 1950, p. 51, JEFF.

⁵⁸Ibid., p. 54.

⁵⁹Ibid., p. 57.

⁶⁰State of Missouri Public Service Commission, City of St. Louis v. Terminal Railroad, transcript, oral argument, 8 September 1950, pp. 23, 33-34, JEFF. Louis La Beaume, a former jury member for the architectural competition, also testified before the commission. He advocated placing a concrete embankment carrying the tracks across the front of the memorial. In his judgment the proposal would not destroy Saarinen's plans but would serve useful purposes. Cheaper than a tunnel, the embankment would allow the train passengers to see the memorial. The defendant's counsel, Ernest Hubbell, praised the plan while city counselor Forrest G. Ferris, Jr. condemned it; pp. 21-22, 42-44.

⁶¹Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Association to Clinton Anderson, 18 August 1952, JNEMA; Saarinen to Spotts, 13 August 1952, JNEMA.

⁶²Memorandum, Lawrence Merriam to Director NPS, 24 February 1950, JNEMA; memorandum, Conrad Wirth to Regional Director, 16 March 1950, JNEMA; memorandum, Regional Director to Superintendent JNEM, 31 March 1950, JNEMA.

⁶³Smith to Wayne Morse, 3 January 1951, JNEMA; Bill, S. 230, U.S. Senate, 82nd Congress, 1st session, 8 January 1951, JNEMA; Bill, H.R. 2937, U.S. House of Representatives, 82nd Congress, 1st Session, 27 February 1951, JNEMA. The introduction of the House bill was delayed due to the death of Representative John B. Sullivan in January 1951. House Speaker Sam Rayburn appointed Representative Frank Karsten to the United States Territorial Expansion Memorial Commission to fill Sullivan's vacancy. Smith to Alben Barkley, 6 February 1951, JNEMA.

⁶⁴Ronald Foulis to William Semsrott, 19 January 1951, JNEMA; In Re Jefferson National Expansion Memorial S. 3867 and H.R. 8591, 81st Congress, typed report, n.d., JNEMA.

⁶⁵Anderson to Smith, 10 January 1951, JNEMA.

⁶⁶Foulis to Thomas C. Hennings, Jr., 22 January 1951, JNEMA; Foulis to Frank Karsten, 8 February 1951, JNEMA; Hennings to Foulis, 8 February 1951, JNEMA.

⁶⁷Report by W.H. Semsrott on Status of Riverfront Legislation in Washington, 19 February 1951, JNEMA.

⁶⁸Karsten to Foulis, 5 March 1951, JNEMA.

⁶⁹Stanley Rector to William Semsrott, 23 April 1951, JNEMA.

⁷⁰St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 2 April 1951; William Crowdus to Luther Ely Smith, Jr., 4 April 1951, Luther Ely Smith Papers, file: death, Smith, L.E., MHS; Drury to Smith, 20 March 1951, Luther Ely Smith Papers, file: Personal Files N, MHS.

⁷¹Hennings to Crowdus, 8 May 1951, JNEMA.

⁷²Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Association to Clinton Anderson, 7 June 1951, JNEMA; Karsten to Crowdus, 9 June 1951, JNEMA.

⁷³Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Association to Clinton Anderson, 7 June 1951, JNEMA, Crowdus to Regan, 7 June 1951, JNEMA.

⁷⁴Mrs. Perry S. Forthmann to Saarinen, 17 July 1951, JNEMA.

⁷⁵Report of Mr. William H. Semsrott, 30 August 1951, JNEMA.

⁷⁶Memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 13 April 1951, JEFF; memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 23 February 1951; JNEMA; St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 15 February 1951; St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 30 March 1951.

⁷⁷Saarinen to Spotts, 26 January 1951, JNEMA; memorandum, Spotts to Regional Director NPS, 6 February 1951, JNEMA; memorandum, Regional Director to Director NPS, 21 February 1951, JNEMA.

⁷⁸Memorandum, Spotts, to Regional Director, NPS, 2 July 1951, JNEMA.

⁷⁹Forthmann to Saarinen, 26 January 1951, JNEMA.

¹Bill, H.R. 2215, U.S. House of Representatives, 83rd Congress, 1st session, 29 January 1953; Bill, H.R. 2216, U.S. House of Representatives, 83rd Congress, 1st session, 29 January 1953; Bill, H.R. 2217, U.S. House of Representatives, 83d Congress, 1st session, 29 January 1953; Bill, H.R. 2218, U.S. House of Representatives, 83rd Congress, 1st session, 29 January 1953; Bill, H.R. 2219, U.S. House of Representatives, 83rd Congress, 1st session, 29 January 1953; Bill, S. 970, U.S. Senate, 83rd. Congress, 1st session, 18 February 1953; copies in JNEMA Papers.

²Ibid.; Ronald Foulis to Thomas C. Hennings, Jr., 19 February 1953, Thomas C. Hennings, Jr. Papers, file No. 4913, WHMC.

³Memorandum, Preparations for hearing on authorization bills, 6 May 1953, JNEMA.

⁴Hearing Before Subcommittee on the Library, Committee on Rules and Administration, United States Senate, S. 970, 18 May 1951, JNEMA.

⁵Hearing Before Subcommittee on the Library, Committee on House Administration, United States House of Representatives, H.R. 2216, 19 May 1953, JNEMA.

⁶St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 10 June 1953.

⁷Orme Lewis to William E. Jenner, 10 July 1953, Thomas C. Hennings, Jr. Papers, file No. 4916, WHMC; St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 16 July 1953.

⁸Press Release from the Office of U.S. Senator Thomas C. Hennings, Jr., 16 July 1953; Thomas C. Hennings, Jr. Papers, file No. 4917, WHMC; St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 17 July 1953; telegram, William Crowdus to Joseph M. Dodge, 11 July 1953, JNEMA; telegram, Raymond Tucker to Roland Hughes, 15 July 1953, JNEMA.

⁹Memorandum, Rules Committee (Senate) to Thomas C. Hennings, Jr., 17 July 1953, Thomas C. Hennings, Jr. Papers, file No. 4917, WHMC; Rowland Hughes to Thomas Curtis, 20 July 1953, Thomas C. Hennings, Jr. Papers, file No. 4916, WHMC.

¹⁰St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 28 July 1953; Bill, H.R. 6549, U.S. Senate, 83d Congress, 1st session, 1 August 1953, JNEMA.

¹¹St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 13 August 1953; Thomas C. Hennings, Jr. to Crowdus, 2 November 1953, Thomas C. Hennings, Jr. Papers, file No. 4917, WHMC; Harry S Truman to Theodore Green, 4 November 1953, Thomas C. Hennings, Jr. Papers, file No. 4917, WHMC. Association members discovered the reasoning behind Senator Green's opposition. He did not care anything about St. Louis, he was opposed to the Arch, and even added, "who cares about Jefferson?" Memo, Rase to Crowdus and Semsrott, 29 September 1953, JNEMA.

¹²Crowdus to Thomas C. Hennings, Jr., 29 January 1954, Thomas C. Hennings, Jr. Papers, file No. 4918, WHMC; News Release from the Office of U.S. Senator Thomas C. Hennings, Jr., 9 March 1954, JNEMA; St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 11 March 1954.

¹³U.S. Congress, Senate, Congressional Record, 83rd Congress, 2nd session, 1954, 100, pt. 62: 4293-4294; U.S. Congress, Senate, Congressional Record, 83rd Congress, 2nd session, 1954, 100, pt 81: 5619; U.S. Congress, House of Representatives, Congressional Record, 83rd Congress 2nd session 1954, 100, pt. 85: 5938; St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 5 April 1954; St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 4 May 1954; St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 11 May 1954; St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 18 May 1954. Representative Leonor Sullivan later explained that as a member of the three-man subcommittee handling the legislation in the Senate, Senator Theodore Francis Green of Rhode Island was in a position to make sure that the Arch was not included in the bill. "Usually, when legislation appears to be of rather localized concern, those who want the legislation have very limited bargaining power, and have to settle for what they can get, knowing that in any showdown in either house, a majority of the Members are inclined to accept the supposedly objective views of the Committee having the legislative jurisdiction when there is a conflict between the Committee and the sponsors of the legislation. So those of us who were fighting for the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial authorization bill had no choice but to accept the abbreviated version of the legislation which Senator Green and his colleagues were willing to let out of Committee." Sullivan believed it to be important to get a bill enacted that would at least get the project started. Address by the Honorable Leonor K. Sullivan (D.-Mo.) at the Annual Meeting of Trustees of Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Association, 12 July 1974, JEFF.

¹⁴St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 24 November 1954; Memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 2 February 1955, JEFF; memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 7 December 1954, JEFF. Two years later the city still agonized over the possibility of constructing a parking garage during the railroad relocation. The Bi-State Development Agency proposed excavating for the garage and using the fill as needed for the memorial. St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 8 June 1956; St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 11 June 1956.

¹⁵Memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 14 August 1951, JEFF; St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 1 April 1955.

¹⁶St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 16 August 1955; memorandum, Acting Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 12 October 1955, JEFF.

¹⁷For detailed information on the Old Courthouse restoration see John Bryan's administrative history, JNEM Its Origin ...; and the St. Louis Globe Democrat, 7 December 1956.

¹⁸Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Association, Request of the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Association, a non-profit corporation, for financial assistance in the amount of $10,125,000 from the Ford Foundation to Complete the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial, typed manuscript, 1955, pp. 1-17, JNEMA; Joseph McDaniel, Jr. to William Crowdus, 24 June 1955, JNEMA; Lindsley F. Kimball to William Semsrott, 22 July 1955, JNEMA.

¹⁹Memorandum from Mrs. Perry Rase, 9 September 1955, JNEMA; Leonor K. Sullivan to Crowdus, 6 January 1956, JNEMA; St. Louis Post Dispatch, 1 February 1956; Percy Rappaport to Frank Karsten, 1 February 1956, Frank Karsten Papers, file No. 2569, WHMC.

²⁰St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 19 February 1956; St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 22 February 1956; St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 1 March 1956; Stuart Symington to Crowdus, 2 March 1956, JNEMA.

²¹St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 6 March 1956; St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 22 March 1956; Testimony by Senator Hennings before the Senate Appropriations Committee in behalf of Jefferson National Expansion Memorial, 22 March 1956, Thomas C. Hennings, Jr. Papers, file No. 4921, WHMC.

²²St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 11 April 1956; St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 17 April 1956; telegram, Richard Brown to Hennings, 11 May 1956, Thomas C. Hennings, Jr., Papers, file No. 4922, WHMC; St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 12 May 1956.

²³St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 16 May 1956; St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 17 May 1956; St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 19 May 1956.

²⁴St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 4 June 1956.

²⁵Clinton Anderson to Crowdus, 25 June 1956, JNEMA.

²⁶Sullivan to Crowdus, 18 July 1956, JNEMA.

²⁷St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 8 August 1956; Fred A. Seaton to Karsten, 11 September 1956, Frank Karsten Papers, file No. 2571, WHMC.

²⁸Memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 12 March 1956, JNEMA.

²⁹Memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 19 May 1956, JNEMA.

³⁰Alfred Benesch and Associates Report on Reconstruction of Railroad Facilities in Connection with Jefferson National Memorial Park in St. Louis, Missouri, 3 May 1957, JNEMA; St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 7 May 1957; St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 8 May 1957; St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 8 May 1957.

³¹St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 13 May 1957.

³²St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 25 April 1957; Conrad Wirth to Hennings, 6 May 1957, Thomas C. Hennings, Jr. Papers, file No. 4924, WHMC; Alfred Benesch and Associates, Interim Report Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Park in St. Louis, Missouri, 20 December 1956, JNEMA. The three plans dropped included rehabilitating an old tunnel and rerouting traffic across the MacArthur Bridge. They were dropped because of excessive expense and severe effects on railroad operations. Benesch, Report on Reconstruction, p. 3.

³³Sullivan to Wirth, 10 May 1957, JEFF.

³⁴Benesch, Report on Reconstruction . . ., appendix 4 & 6, JNEMA.

³⁵St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 18 May 1957.

³⁶Ibid., St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 24 May 1957.

³⁷Hennings to Morton D. May, 7 August 1957, Thomas C. Hennings, Jr. Papers, file No. 4925, WHMC; St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 2 October 1957; Statement by Eero Saarinen, St. Louis, Missouri, 2 October 1957, JNEMA; George McCue, "The Arch: An Appreciation" AIA Journal (November, 1978), pp. 60-61.

³⁸St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 5 October 1957; memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 14 November 1957, JEFF.

³⁹St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 15 November 1957; St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 29 November 1957; St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 17 December 1957; memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 17 December 1957, JEFF. At this time Conrad Wirth negotiated a contract with Eero Saarinen for architectural, landscape architectural, and engineering services for preparing plans and supervising construction of the memorial according to his winning design. Saarinen submitted a proposal for the contract based upon labor cost plus a percentage for architect's fee, overhead, and incidentals, with specified items beyond the usual project expenses to be reimbursed. Since the May 17, 1954 act prohibited Government expenditure for planning the Gateway Arch, Wirth believed that the contract would suffice as an interim contract for the preliminary development. It could later be supplemented or renegotiated when additional structures (the Arch) were finally authorized. Wirth to Saarinen, 15 November 1957, JEFF.

⁴⁰Memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 15 January 1958, JEFF; St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 20 February 1958; St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 22 February 1958, St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 1 March 1958.

⁴¹St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 11 March 1958.

⁴²St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 13 March 1958; St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 22 March 1958; memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 10 April 1958, JEFF; St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 13 May 1958; Track Relocation Agreement, The City of St. Louis, National Park Service, Terminal Railroad Association of St. Louis, Missouri Pacific Railroad Company, 2 June 1958, JNEMA.

⁴³Hillory Tolson to Sullivan, 10 June 1958, Thomas C. Hennings, Jr. Papers, file No. 4928, WHMC; St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 16 June 1958; St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 25 September 1958.

⁴⁴St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 29 July 1958; memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 7 July 1958, JEFF.

⁴⁵St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 5 December 1958; St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 6 December 1958; memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Regional Director, Region Two, 20 May 1958, JEFF.

⁴⁶Clinton P. Anderson to Frederick A. Seaton, 30 April 1958, Thomas C. Hennings, Jr. Papers, file No. 4926, WHMC; St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 12 May 1958; Hatfield Chilson to Anderson, 23 May 1958, Thomas C. Hennings, Jr. Papers, file No. 4927, WHMC.

⁴⁷Aloys Kaufmann to Stuart Symington, 2 July 1958, Thomas C. Hennings, Jr. Papers, file No. 4929, WHMC.

⁴⁸St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 5 August 1958.

⁴⁹St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 12 August 1958; St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 17 August 1958; St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 23 August 1958; St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 7 September 1958; St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 5 December 1958. Representative Leonor Sullivan's thoughts on the action: "I won't say that the 1958 amendment was slipped through Congress when no one was looking, but it is probably fair to say in retrospect that it was done rather quietly. It was on August 22, 1958; (late in the afternoon) the House had just completed action on a bill to regulate the importation of wild ruminants and swine, in order to prevent the introduction of livestock diseases, after having earlier disposed of a measure to change the garnishment laws of the District of Columbia, and another to provide retired former policemen and firemen in the District of Columbia with an increase in their pensions. The Chairman of the Committee on House Administration then called up for consideration by unanimous consent a series of bills and resolutions which were presented as routine and non-controversial and were passed without debate. One, accepted from the State of Colorado, a statue of Dr. Florence Rena Sabin for placement in the Rotunda of the Capitol; another repealed an obsolete law dealing with the employment of messengers by the House Committee on Ways and Means; next, came one favoring Congressional recognition of baseball's Hall of Fame; two bills authorizing the printing of additional copies of some committee reports; and then there was a measure which carried the vague title "Amending Act of May 17, 1954 (68 Stat. 98)." No one paid much attention to it either and it also passed without debate. For some strange reason ... several Members of the House who might have expected to ask some questions about the bill to amend the Act of May 17, 1954, particularly if they noted that it provided for an additional $12,000,000 in expenditures, were not on the House Floor at the time." Address by the Honorable Leonor K. Sullivan (D.-Mo.) at the Annual Meeting of Trustees of Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Association, 12 July 1974, JEFF.

⁵⁰Memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 18 November 1957, JEFF.

⁵¹Memorandum, Acting Regional Director, Region Two to Director NPS, 8 August 1958, JEFF; memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director, NPS, 8 December 1958, Frank Karsten Papers, file No. 2580, WHMC; St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 1 January 1959.

¹Interview, George B. Hartzog, Jr., 19 November 1979. Hartzog, a South Carolinian, worked as a lawyer for the Department of the Interior before joining the National Park Service as assistant superintendent at Great Smoky Mountains National Park. He came to St. Louis in 1959.

²Eero Saarinen and Associates, Report on Conferences Held at St. Louis, Missouri in Reference to Progress Of Work on the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Project No. 5802, 28 February 1959, JEFF.

³St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 31 August 1958.

⁴South Side Journal, 5 August, 1959; St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 20 September, 1959. The St. Louis newspapers led the campaign to save the Old Rock House. See: St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 25 May 1959, and St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 1 June 1959.

⁵St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 1 February 1959.

⁶Memorandum, Chief Research Historian to Superintendent JNEM, 10 September 1964, JEFF.

⁷Ibid.

⁸Ibid.

⁹St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 4 September 1958; St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 25 December 1959. The dirt came from excavations for a nearby expressway. The Missouri Highway Commission paid the expense of hauling and spreading the fill.

¹⁰St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 26 June 1959; St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 26 June 1959.

¹¹Eero Saarinen to A.F. Schwartz, 22 October 1958; Frank M. Karsten Papers, file No. 2599, WHMC.

¹²St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 3 July 1959; Nell Marie Geders to Board of Aldermen, 24 April 1959, JEFF.

¹³Memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Chief EODC, 2 October 1959, JEFF; Conrad Wirth to Raymond Tucker, 20 October 1959, JEFF; St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 22 October 1959.

¹⁴Roger Ernst to Stuart Symington, 11 February 1959, Thomas C. Hennings, Jr. Papers, file No. 4930, WHMC.

¹⁵St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 17 May 1959; St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 5 June 1959; telegram, Thomas C. Hennings, Jr., Stuart Symington to William Crowdus, 5 June 1959, Thomas C. Hennings, Jr. Papers, file No. 4932, WHMC.

¹⁶Interview, George B. Hartzog, Jr., 19 November 1979; Master Plan, Jefferson National Expansion Memorial, March 1959, JEFF; Guidelines for the Master Plan, Jefferson National Expansion Memorial, 10 March 1959, JEFF.

¹⁷Master Plan ... JEFF; Guidelines ... JEFF.

¹⁸Ibid.

¹⁹For more information on Mission 66 see John Ise, Our National Park Policy (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1961), pp. 546-50.

²⁰St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 10 March, 1959; memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director, NPS, 13 April 1959, JEFF.

²¹Hartzog to J.W. Thompson, 17 April 1959, JEFF; St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 22 April 1959; Pre-Advertising Notice of Construction Contract at Jefferson National Expansion Memorial, National Park Service, 29 April 1959, JEFF; Before the Public Service Commission of the State of Missouri, City of St. Louis v Terminal Railroad Association of St. Louis, et al. 6 May 1959, JEFF.

²²Hartzog to Thomas C. Hennings, Jr., 8 June 1959, Thomas C. Hennings, Jr. Papers, file No. 4932, WHMC; St Louis Globe-Democrat, 9 June 1959.

²³News release from National Park Service, 12 June 1959, JNEMA; St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 26 June 1959.

²⁴St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 17 July 1959; Walter Morehead, Narrative Report for the Month of August 1959, JEFF; newsletter, Morton May to Membership of Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Association, 19 November 1959, JNEMA; interview, George B. Hartzog, Jr., 19 November 1979.

²⁵Summary of Remaining Items For Development Program and Estimates of Cost, National Park Service, 5 January 1960, Thomas C. Hennings, Jr. Papers, file No. 4934, WHMC.

²⁶Memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 11 April 1960, JEFF; memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 12 May 1960, JEFF.

²⁷St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 25 May 1960.

²⁸Memorandum, Regional Director, Region Two to Director NPS, 15 April 1959, JEFF; memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 8 June 1960, JEFF; Merrill J. Mattes, Preliminary Museum Prospectus, Jefferson National Expansion Memorial, April 1959, JEFF; William C. Everhart, Report of Museum Tour, 6-11 June 1960, JEFF.

²⁹Memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 3 August 1959, JEFF; memorandum, Acting Regional Director to Superintendent JNEM, 4 March 1960, JEFF; memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 7 September 1960, JEFF. The assistant secretary of the interior approved the Old Cathedral cooperative agreement on February 23, 1961. Memorandum, Acting Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 10 May 1961, JEFF.

³⁰Memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 8 June 1960, JEFF; memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 12 September 1960, JEFF.

³¹Staffing Study, Jefferson National Expansion Memorial, 18-22 April 1960, JEFF.

³²Memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Regional Director, Region Two, 29 January 1960, JEFF.

³³Ibid.

³⁴Statement of Justification of Project Fund Requirements, Jefferson National Expansion Memorial, Fiscal 1960 through 1963, JEFF.

³⁵Memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 12 July 1960, JEFF; memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 12 September 1960, JEFF.

³⁶Memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 9 November 1960, JEFF.

³⁷Memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 13 January 1961, JEFF. The museum unit names were: Miner's Frontier, Title to the West, Explorers of a Wilderness, Cattleman's Frontier, The Overland Experience, Trapper's and Trader's Frontier, Indian's Frontier, Soldier's Frontier, Face of the West, Impact of the West, Sodbuster's Frontier, Settlers to the Far West. For more information on the museum exhibit topics and on-going National Park Service research, see John Jenkins, "Gateway to the West," The American West, 1, 1, Winter, 1964, pp. 52-58.

³⁸Memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Chief EODC, 12 July 1960, JEFF.

³⁹Ibid.; Hartzog to Tucker, 22 July 1960, JEFF.

⁴⁰Memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Chief EODC, 22 July 1960, JEFF.

⁴¹Ibid.

⁴²Memorandum, Chief EODC to Superintendent JNEM, 1 August 1960, JEFF.

⁴³Memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Chief EODC, 3 August 1960, JEFF; memorandum, Regional Director to Superintendent JNEM, 12 August 1960, JEFF.

⁴⁴Memorandum, Director NPS to Superintendent JNEM, 22 August 1960, JEFF.

⁴⁵Memorandum, Regional Director to Regional Chief of Operations, 9 September 1960, JEFF.

⁴⁶Memorandum, Regional Director, Region Two to Director NPS, 16 September 1960, JEFF.

⁴⁷Saarinen to Wirth, 23 December 1958, JEFF; memorandum, Supervisory Park Engineer to Superintendent JNEM, 23 September 1960, JEFF.

⁴⁸Memorandum, Supervisory Park Engineer to Superintendent JNEM, 23 September 1960, JEFF; memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 9 December 1960, JEFF.

⁴⁹Memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 9 December 1960, JEFF; memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Chief EODC, 18 January 1960, JEFF. The railroad relocation involved the largest building and utilities contract ever awarded by the Park Service. The change order, approximately $2,500,000, was larger than the original contract in addition to being the largest change order ever issued. Staffing Study ... JEFF.

⁵⁰Memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Chief EODC, 18 January 1960, JEFF.

⁵¹Hartzog to Robert Blackburn, 13 October 1960, JEFF; memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Files, 1 November 1960, JEFF; memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 9 December 1960, JEFF.

⁵²Thomas Hennings, Jr., Stuart Symington, Frank Karsten, Thomas Curtis, Leonor Sullivan to Maurice Stans, 12 January 1960, Thomas C. Hennings, Jr., Papers, file No. 4934, WHMC; St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 19 January 1960.

⁵³St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 26 January 1960; Rolla News, Rolla, Missouri, 26 January 1960; Newsletter to Membership, Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Association, 11 February 1960, JNEMA.

⁵⁴St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 12 February 1960; Maurice Stans to Thomas C. Hennings, Jr., 17 February 1960, Thomas C. Hennings, Jr. Papers, file No. 4935, WHMC.

⁵⁵St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 19 February 1960.

⁵⁶St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 1 March 1960.

⁵⁷St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 29 March 1960; telegram, Thomas C. Hennings, Jr., to Raymond Tucker, 29 March 1960, Thomas C. Hennings, Jr. Papers, file No. 4936, WHMC; St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 6 May 1960; Hennings to Harry F. Byrd, 27 May 1960, Thomas C. Hennings, Jr. Papers, file No. 4937, WHMC.

⁵⁸St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 27 May 1960.

⁵⁹St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 24 June 1960.

⁶⁰ St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 2 July 1960; St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 19 July 1960; Raymond Tucker to Wirth, 23 November 1960, JEFF.

⁶¹St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 16 December 1960.

⁶²St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 16 January 1961; St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 15 April 1961; St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 19 April 1961; St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 1 May 1961; St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 8 June 1961; St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 5 August 1961; St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 28 September 1961.

⁶³Memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 9 December 1960, JEFF; memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 10 February 1961, JEFF; memorandum, Acting Superintendent to Director NPS, 13 June 1961, JEFF; interview, George B. Hartzog, Jr., 19 November 1979.

⁶⁴St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 13 February 1961; memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 10 February 1961, JEFF; memorandum, Acting Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 13 March 1961, JEFF.

⁶⁵Memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Chief EODC, 30 January 1961, JEFF; memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Chief EODC, 2 February 1961, JEFF.

⁶⁶Memorandum, Superintendent, JNEM to Chief EODC, 2 February 1961, JEFF; newsletter, Morton May to Membership, Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Association, 18 May 1961, JNEMA.

⁶⁷Saarinen to Wirth, 22 May 1961, JEFF; Tucker to Wirth, 10 June 1961, JEFF.

⁶⁸Memorandum, Director NPS to Chief EODC, 15 June 1961, JEFF.

⁶⁹Memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Regional Director, Region Two, 20 June 1961, JEFF.

⁷⁰Memorandum, Bill Everhart to John Jenkins, 2 July 1961, JEFF.

⁷¹Memorandum, Chief EODC to Superintendent JNEM, 18 October 1961, JEFF.

⁷²Memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 11 December 1961, JEFF.

⁷³Hartzog to Tucker, 9 December 1961, JEFF.

⁷⁴Telegram, Hartzog to Frank Karsten, 20 December 1961, Frank Karsten Papers, file No. 2591, WHMC.

⁷⁵Memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 10 February 1961, JEFF.

⁷⁶Memorandum, Acting Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 13 March 1961, JEFF; memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 12 April 1961, JEFF. Staff members on the review committee were: Merrill Mattes, Ralph Lewis, Herb Kahler.

⁷⁷Memorandum, Acting Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 10 May 1961, JEFF.

⁷⁸Memorandum, Bill Everhart to John Jenkins, 2 July 1961, JEFF; Hartzog to Jenkins, 5 July 1961, JEFF.

⁷⁹Memorandum, Acting Superintendent JNEM to Director, NPS, 11 September 1961, JEFF; memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 8 November 1961, JEFF; memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 11 December 1961, JEFF.

⁸⁰Memorandum, Assistant Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 12 January 1962, JEFF.

⁸¹Eero Saarinen, Saarinen on His Work, ed. Aline B. Saarinen (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1962), p. 104; interview, George B. Hartzog, Jr., 19 November 1979. Saarinen's contract with the National Park Service, dated 8 January 1959, was assumed five years after his death by the successor firm of Kevin Roche, John Dinkeloo and Associates. All services provided by the contract were finished to the Park Service's satisfaction in July 1969. The last invoice was for $7,500. Memorandum, Chief Staff Architect and Contracting Officer to Regional Finance Officer, Northeast Region, 10 July 1969, JEFF.

⁸⁶Memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 8 February 1962, JEFF; News Release, National Park Service, 14 February 1962, Frank Karsten Papers, file No. 2592, WHMC.

⁸³News Release ... WHMC; St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 3-4 March, 1962.

⁸⁸Memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 15 March 1962, JEFF; Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Project, National Park Service, United States Department of Interior, 3 April 1962, JEFF; Jefferson National Expansion Memorial, National Park Service, United States Department of Interior [1964], JEFF.

⁸⁵Jefferson ... Project JEFF; memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 5 April, 1962; Annual Report of Morton D. May, Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Association, 13 June 1962, JNEMA.

⁸⁶Annual Report ... JNEMA; Wirth to Karsten, 8 May 1962, Frank Karsten Papers, file No. 2592, WHMC; memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 7 June 1962, JEFF.

⁸⁷St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 17 March 1962; St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 20 March 1962; Jefferson National Expansion Memorial. . . JEFF.

⁸⁸St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 12 July 1962.

⁸⁹Memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 10 August 1962.

⁹⁰Memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 5 March 1962, JEFF; memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 10 May 1962, JEFF; memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 10 August 1962, JEFF.

⁹¹Memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 10 May 1962, JEFF; memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 9 July 1962, JEFF.

⁹²Memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 10 September 1962, JEFF; memorandum, Superintendent JNEM for Director NPS, 12 October 1962, JEFF; memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 9 November 1962, JEFF; memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 11 December 1962, JEFF.

⁹³Memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 9 July 1962, JEFF; Thematic Synopsis Museum of Westward Expansion, Jefferson National Expansion Memorial, National Park Service, United States Department of the Interior, June 1962, JEFF.

⁹⁴Memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 9 July 1962, JEFF; memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 10 September 1962, JEFF; memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 13 December 1962, JEFF.

⁹⁵Hartzog to H. Raymond Gregg, 16 October 1962, JEFF.

⁹⁶Hartzog to H. Raymond Gregg, 16 October 1962, JEFF.

⁹⁷Memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Regional Director, Midwest Region, 1 November 1962, JEFF.

⁹⁸Ibid.

⁹⁹Ibid. Earlier in the year George Hartzog considered various plans to reduce costs on the Arch construction through redesign. One consideration was to construct the Arch as a welded steel frame and hang the stainless steel skin on the frame. This would require a redesign of the conveyance system also, so the estimated savings amounted to less than $1,000,000. Hartzog considered reducing the Arch's height from 630 to 590 feet, which would save $500,000. Thirdly, he considered bolting the structure rather than welding it. The cost of redesign alone was $100,000 with re-bidding costs running the same. Fortunately, Hartzog did not have to resort to any of these moves. Memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 26 January 1962, JEFF.

¹⁰⁰Telegram, Regional Programs Coordinator to Superintendent JNEM, 2 November 1962, JEFF; memorandum, Acting Regional Director, Midwest Region to Director NPS, 7 November 1962, JEFF.

¹⁰¹Memorandum, Regional Director to Regional Program Coordinator, 21 November 1962, JEFF.

¹⁰²Memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 1 February 1963, JEFF; memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 14 February 1963, JEFF.

¹⁰³Estimates of Eero Saarinen and Associates for Completion of the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial, 15 February 1963, JEFF.

¹⁰⁴St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 12 September 1963.

¹⁰⁵Ibid.; Edward Greensfelder to Wirth, 4 September 1963, JEFF.

¹⁰⁶Memorandum, Chief EODC to Superintendent JNEM, 19 June 1962, JEFF.

¹⁰⁷Memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Regional Director, Midwest Region, 1 February 1963, JEFF.

¹⁰⁸Memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 12 March 1963, JEFF; memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Regional Director, 17 May 1963, JEFF; memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Regional Director, Midwest Region, 6 September 1963, JEFF.

¹⁰⁹Memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 11 February 1963, JEFF; memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 11 September 1963, JEFF; memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 12 November 1963, JEFF.

¹¹⁰Memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 11 February 1963, JEFF; memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 10 May 1963, JEFF.

¹¹¹Memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 10 May 1963, JEFF; memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 12 June 1963, JEFF.

¹¹²Memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 10 July 1963, JEFF; memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 12 August 1963, JEFF.

¹¹³Ibid.; memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 11 September 1963, JEFF.

¹¹⁴Memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 11 September 1963, JEFF; Status of Development of Jefferson National Expansion Memorial, 1 September 1963, JEFF.

¹¹⁵Status ... JEFF.

¹¹⁶Ibid.; memorandum, Acting Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 11 October 1963, JEFF.

¹¹⁷Memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 12 November 1963, JEFF.

¹¹⁸Ibid.; memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 10 December 1963, JEFF; Memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 10 January 1964, JEFF.

¹¹⁹Memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 10 January 1964, JEFF.

¹²⁰Memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 11 February 1963, JEFF; memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 12 March 1963, JEFF; memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 9 April 1963, JEFF.

¹²¹Memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 10 May 1963, JEFF; memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 12 June 1963, JEFF; Status ... JEFF.

¹²²Memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 10 December 1963, JEFF.

¹²³Memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 12 February 1964, JEFF.

¹²⁴Ibid.; Memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 18 March 1964, JEFF; Gregg to Dickmann, 31 March 1964, Bernard F. Dickmann Papers, file No. 8 (3403) WHMC.

¹²⁵Memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 18 March 1964, JEFF; memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 14 April 1964, JEFF; memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 12 May 1964, JEFF.

¹²⁶St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 24 April 1964.

¹²⁷St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 16 May 1964.

¹²⁸Ibid.; memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 14 July 1964, JEFF. In July CORE members drew even more attention to their allegations of racial discrimination. Two members, Richard Daly and Percy Green, staged a "climb-in" on the Arch's north leg for several hours before they were arrested. St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 15 July 1964.

¹²⁹Memorandum, Acting Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 14 January 1965, JEFF.

¹³⁰Memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 14 July 1964, JEFF; memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 10 August 1964, JEFF; memorandum, Assistant Director, Design and Construction to Assistant Secretary, Public Land Management, 19 June 1964, JEFF; memorandum, Assistant Director, Design and Construction to Assistant Secretary, Public Land Management, 29 June 1964, JEFF; Conversation Between Ted Rennison, JNEM, and George Lucko, MWRO, Concerning Construction of the Arch, October 1970, (oral history interview) p. 13, JEFF.

¹³¹Memorandum, Assistant Director, Design and Construction to Assistant Secretary Public Land Management, 2 July 1964, JEFF. The St. Louis Post-Dispatch reported there was no question of the Arch's structural stability and that only its soundness and safety was being reviewed. According to the paper, the review dealt with the question of concrete shrinkage resulting from the earlier problems with the south leg's tensioning rods. The Park Service wanted to be sure that the concrete shrinkage was the same in both legs so their length would remain identical. St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 3 July 1964.

¹³²Memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 9 October 1964, JEFF; memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 13 November 1964, JEFF; memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 13 December 1964, JEFF; memorandum, Acting Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 14 January 1965, JEFF; Conversation Between ... p. 13, JEFF.

¹³³Annual Report of Rolla W. Streett, President, Jefferson National Expansion Memorial, 4 June 1964, JNEMA; memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 12 May 1964, JEFF; memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 14 September 1964, JEFF; memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 9 October 1964, JEFF; memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 15 December 1964, JEFF.

¹³⁴Memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 14 July 1964, JEFF; memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 13 November 1964, JEFF; memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 13 December 1964, JEFF.

¹³⁵Minutes of the Meeting of the United States Territorial Expansion Memorial Commission in St. Louis (draft), 24 November 1964, JEFF. National Park Service Director George Hartzog detailed the donations made to the memorial other than those made by the city and the Terminal Railroad Association: 1958-1961 - fill dirt contributed by general contractors (1,002,100 cubic yards = $2,304,830); 1959 - top soil contributed by the State of Missouri (2,000 cubic yards = $10,000); 1961 - Missouri Pacific Railroad for development ($3,150); 1963 - Laclede Gas Company for orientation film ($25,000); 1964 - Union Electric Company for development ($5,000); 1964 - Seedlings Garden Club for landscaping ($50,000); 1965 - city of Clayton, Missouri for acquisition and renovation of covered wagon ($1,600). Additionally, the Rabbinical Association of St. Louis indicated to Hartzog that it would contribute $25,000 for a fountain in the visitor center. The American Iron and Steel Institute and Laclede Gas Company together donated $100,000 for the film "Monument to the Dream." Much of the utility work was also donated. Union Electric extended a steam line ($75,000), the Metropolitan Sewer District performed sewer work ($22,000), and the City Water Division donated work on water mains ($25,000).

¹³⁶Hartzog to Luther Ely Smith, Jr., (December 1964), JEFF; memorandum, Acting Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 13 January 1965, JEFF.

¹³⁷St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 19 March 1965; St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 19 March 1965; St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 9 April 1965. Those testifying, in addition to the congressional delegation, were George Hartzog, Jr., LeRoy Brown, Raymond Tucker, William Crowdus, Morton May, Ronald Foulis and Charles Nagle. Annual Report of the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Association, 15 June 1965, JEFF.

¹³⁸St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 11 April 1965.

¹³⁹St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 18 June 1965; St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 9 September 1965; St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 2 October 1965. Some unusual comments were made about the project prior to the House vote. Pennsylvania's Joseph Vigorito stated, "I've seen the Eiffel Tower and I've seen this steel monstrosity in St. Louis. I was appalled. Why don't we just take an old battleship and give it to them to stand on end out there?" St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 2 October 1965.

¹⁴⁰Memorandum, Acting Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 8 February 1965, JEFF.

¹⁴¹Ibid., St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 19 March 1965, JEFF; memorandum, Acting Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 14 April 1965, JEFF.

¹⁴²Memorandum, Acting Superintendent JNEM to Director, 14 April 1965, JEFF; St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 28 April 1965.

¹⁴³Memorandum, Acting Superintendent to Director NPS, 12 May 1965, JEFF.

¹⁴⁴Memorandum, Acting Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 11 June 1965, JEFF.

¹⁴⁵News Release, National Park Service, 22 June 1965, Frank M. Karsten Papers, file No. J 2596, WHMC, St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 29 July 1965.

¹⁴⁶Memorandum, Acting Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 12 July 1965, JEFF; St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 30 June 1965.

¹⁴⁷St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 14 July 1965; St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 11 August 1965.

¹⁴⁸St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 25 August 1965.

¹⁴⁹Memorandum, Acting Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 12 July 1965, JEFF; St. Louis Post Dispatch, 2 August 1965. LeRoy Brown joined the National Park Service in 1942 and held programming and administration posts in Washington, D.C., Chicago, and Omaha. He came to St. Louis in June 1963 as assistant Superintendent of the memorial.

¹⁵⁰Memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 11 August 1965, JEFF.

¹⁵¹St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 25 August 1965; St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 7 November 1965.

¹⁵²St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 7 November 1965.

¹⁵³St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 21 November 1965.

¹⁵⁴Memorandum, Acting Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 13 September 1965, JEFF; St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 17 September 1965.

¹⁵⁵St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 21 September 1965.

¹⁵⁶St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 3 October 1965.

¹⁵⁷Brown to R.K. MacDonald, 24 September 1965, JEFF.

¹⁵⁸Ibid.

¹⁵⁹St. Louis Bicentennial Corporation, Decisions Reached at Meeting of Board of Directors, October 5, 1965 with Mayor Cervantes and the Dedication and Parade Committees, 8 October 1965, JEFF; memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 12 October 1965, JEFF.

¹⁶⁰St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 5 October 1965; St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 17 October 1965.

¹⁶¹St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 25 October 1965; memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 13 November 1965, JEFF.

¹⁶²St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 26 October 1965; memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 13 November 1965, JEFF.

¹⁶³St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 29 October 1965.

¹⁶⁴Ibid.; memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 13 November 1965, JEFF. For information on the technical engineering aspects of the arch's construction, see: J.E.N. Jensen "A Steel Arch ... Symbol of the Spirit of the Pioneers," Civil Engineering, October 1965, pp. 64-69.

¹⁶⁵Memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 5 October 1965, JEFF.

¹⁶⁶Ibid.

¹⁶⁷Memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Regional Director, Midwest Region, 14 January 1964, JEFF; memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 13 November 1965, JEFF; Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Association to W.A. Johnston, November 1965, JEFF.

¹⁶⁸Memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 10 December 1965, JEFF; St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 14 November 1965; St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 17 November 1965.

¹⁶⁹Memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 10 December 1965, JEFF; memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 12 January 1966, JEFF.

¹⁷⁰Memorandum, Acting Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 9 March 1965, JEFF; memorandum, Acting Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 12 May 1965, JEFF; memorandum, Acting Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 11 June 1965, JEFF.

¹⁷¹Memorandum, Acting Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 11 June 1965, JEFF; memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 12 October 1965, JEFF; memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 12 January 1966, JEFF.

¹⁷²St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 7 September 1965.

¹⁷³St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 15 July 1965.

¹⁷⁴St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 24 January 1966.

¹⁷⁵St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 28 January 1966; St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 17 February 1966.

¹⁷⁶Memorandum, Acting Director NPS to Secretary of the Interior, 17 February 1966.

¹⁷⁷St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 24 March 1966.

¹⁷⁸St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 18 October 1966; St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 14 November 1966.

¹⁷⁹Thomas B. Curtis, Stuart Symington to Charles Schultze, 16 November 1966, Frank M. Karsten Papers, file No. 2598, WHMC; St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 22 November 1966; St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 21 December 1966.

¹⁸⁰St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 11 January 1966.

¹⁸¹St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 20 January 1966.

¹⁸²St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 22 January 1966.

¹⁸³St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 5 February 1966. The unions involved were: Pipefitters Local 562, Sheet Metal Workers Local 36, International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers Local 1, Laborers Union Local 42, and Plumbers Local 35.

¹⁸⁴A secondary boycott is organized by one group against a party to force an action by a third party. The unions were trying to force Hoel-Steffen to stop doing business with E. Smith Plumbing.

¹⁸⁵St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 8 February 1966. The fifth union, Plumbers Local 35, was not named in this action.

¹⁸⁶St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 9 February 1966; St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 10 February 1966; St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 12 February 1966.

¹⁸⁷Memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 11 March 1966, JEFF.

¹⁸⁸St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 9 March 1966.

¹⁸⁹St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 15 March 1966.

¹⁹⁰Memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 11 March 1966, JEFF; memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 8 April 1966, JEFF.

¹⁹¹Memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS 8 April 1966; St Louis Post-Dispatch, 8 April 1966.

¹⁹²Memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 8 April 1966, JEFF; memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 10 May 1966, JEFF.

¹⁹³Memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 8 April 1966, JEFF.

¹⁹⁴Memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 8 August 1966, JEFF. Memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 12 October 1966, JEFF.

¹⁹⁵Memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director, 10 June 1966, JEFF; memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director, 21 July 1966, JEFF.

¹⁹⁶St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 23 June 1966.

¹⁹⁷Memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 21 July 1966, JEFF; memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 8 August 1966, JEFF.

¹⁹⁸Ibid.

¹⁹⁹Memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 12 October 1966, JEFF; memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 8 September 1966, JEFF.

²⁰⁰Memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 9 November 1966, JEFF.

²⁰¹Ibid.

²⁰²Memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 12 December 1966, JEFF.

²⁰³Memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 12 January 1967, JEFF.

²⁰⁴Ibid.; memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 12 December 1966, JEFF; LeRoy Brown to George Gray, 11 July 1974, JEFF.

²⁰⁵Memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 11 February 1966, JEFF; memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 8 April 1966, JEFF; memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director, 21 July 1966, JEFF; memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 12 October 1966, JEFF.

²⁰⁶St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 12 December 1966.

²⁰⁷St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 24 January 1967.

²⁰⁸St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 27 April 1967.

²⁰⁹St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 17 May 1967; St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 18 May 1967.

²¹⁰St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 8 June 1967.

²¹¹William Crowdus to Friends and Members of the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Association, 19 January 1967, JEFF; South Side Journal, 1 March 1967; St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 20 February 1967; St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 6 March 1967; St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 3 March 1967; Mrs. Aloys P. Kaufmann, Mrs. Fred Porterfield to Mr. and Mrs. Dickmann, 21 February, 1967, Bernard F. Dickmann Papers, file No. 13, WHMC; Ronald Foulis to Frank M. Karsten, 20 January 1967, Frank M. Karsten Papers, file No. 2599, WHMC.

²¹²St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 27 February 1967.

²¹³St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 2 March 1967; St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 2 March 1967.

²¹⁴St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 2 March 1967.

²¹⁵St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 8 March 1967; Leonor Sullivan to Charles Schultze, 4 December 1967, JEFF; St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 6 December 1967.

²¹⁶St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 18 July 1967.

²¹⁷St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 17 January 1967.

²¹⁸St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 20 January 1967.

²¹⁹George B. Hartzog, Jr., to William Crowdus, 30 January 1967, JEFF.

²²⁰Ibid.; "Minutes of the Meeting of the United States Territorial Expansion Memorial Commission," 3 February 1967, Frank M. Karsten Papers, file No. 2600, WHMC.

²²¹Press Release from Mayor Alfonso Cervantes, 21 March 1967, JEFF.

²²²Alfonso Cervantes to Kenneth Hyatt, 19 May 1967, JEFF; interview, LeRoy Brown, 17 March 1980.

St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 11 July 1967.

²²⁴St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 29 September 1967; memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 6 December 1967, JEFF.

²²⁵St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 6 December 1967; William Crowdus to Clinton Anderson, 28 December 17, JNEMA.

²²⁶St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 31 January 1967; memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 14 February 1967.

²²⁷Memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 14 February 1967, JEFF; memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 13 March 1967, JEFF.

²²⁸LeRoy Brown, Conference Summary, 13 March 1967, JEFF.

²²⁹Ibid.

²³⁰Memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 14 February 1967, JEFF; memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 13 March 1967, JEFF.

²³¹Memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 13 March 1967, JEFF; Hartzog to Cervantes, 20 February 1967, JEFF; W. Marvin Watson to Cervantes, 28 February 1967, JEFF.

²³²St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 9 March 1968; St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 15 March 1968.

²³³Memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 13 April 1967, JEFF.

²³⁴Ibid.

²³⁵Ibid.

²³⁶St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 21 April 1967.

²³⁷Ibid.; memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 11 May 1967, JEFF.

²³⁸Memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 11 May 1967, JEFF.

²³⁹Memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 12 June 1967, JEFF.

²⁴⁰Ibid.; St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 10 June 1967; memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 11 May 1967, JEFF.

²⁴¹St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 21 June 1967.

²⁴²Memorandum, Acting Superintendent JNEM to Director NPS, 14 July 1967, JEFF; St Louis Globe-Democrat, 27 June 1967; St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 28 June 1967.

²⁴³Memorandum, W.T. Corbett to Associate Solicitor, 17 July 1967, JEFF.

²⁴⁴St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 24 July 1967.

²⁴⁵St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 12 March 1968; St. Louis Globe-Democrat; 13 March 1968; St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 17 March 1968. The 17 March Post-Dispatch article gives detailed explanations of the transportation system's functions and safety features.

²⁴⁶St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 15 January 1968.

²⁴⁷St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 15 January 1968; interview, Richard Bowser, 20 November 1979.

²⁴⁸Ibid.

²⁴⁹St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 16 January 1968; MacDonald Construction Company's largest single appeal dealt with the alleged damage to the Arch's stainless steel sections. Other appeals involved alleged defective workmanship on the concrete steps near the Arch legs, the National Park Service ten-day stop order, and problems concerning the capsule doors on the transportation system. Both the Planet Corporation and Pittsburgh Des-Moines Steel Company filed complaints against MacDonald seeking reimbursement for extra work and delays. St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 17 January 1968.

²⁵⁰St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 18 January 1968; interview, Richard Bowser, 20 November 1979.

²⁵¹Interview, LeRoy Brown, 17 March 1980; interview, Kramer Chapman, 14 March 1980.

²⁵²Interview, LeRoy Brown, 17 March 1980; St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 19 May 1968. Dr. Harry Pfanz believes that the whole controversy "got a little vicious" and that it is a "story that maybe never will come out." Interview, Dr. Harry Pfanz, 20 November 1979.

²⁵³St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 27 March 1968; Cervantes to Dickmann, 30 April 1968, Bernard F. Dickmann Papers, file No. 14, WHMC.

²⁵⁴Plagued with the Vietnam War, Johnson had declined to run for a second full term; Robert F. Kennedy and Vice President Hubert Humphrey tightly contested the Democratic Presidential campaign.

²⁵⁵St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 19 May 1968; St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 23 May 1968.

²⁵⁶Interview, Dr. Harry Pfanz, 20 November 1979.

¹St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 26 March 1968.

²St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 4 April 1968; St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 17 May 1968; St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 22 May 1968; St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 13 December 1968.

³Statement, Cutback in National Park Service Operations, United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service, n.d., Frank M. Karsten Papers, file No. 168, WHMC; St Louis Globe-Democrat, 20 September 1968.

⁴Colonel R.E. Smyser, Jr. to Frank M. Karsten, 4 October 1968, Frank Karsten Papers, file No. 168, WHMC; telegram, Robert S. Knapp to Frank Karsten, 20 November 1968, Frank M. Karsten Papers, file No. 168, WHMC; St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 1 April 1969.

⁵St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 15 January 1969.

⁶St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 1 April 1969; St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 6 June 1969.

⁷St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 26 September 1969.

⁸St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 26 February 1968.

⁹LeRoy Brown to Joseph Pulitzer, 29 February 1968, JEFF; St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 7 March 1968.

¹⁰St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 8 November 1968; Dr. Harry Pfanz earned his Ph.D. in history at Ohio State University. He joined the National Park Service in 1956 as a historian, serving for ten years at Gettysburg before coming to St. Louis.

¹¹St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 23 February 1969.

¹²Cooperative Agreement between the City of St. Louis and the United States of America through Secretary of the Interior, 3 February 1961, JEFF.

¹³Harry Pfanz to A.J. Cervantes, 14 May 1969, JEFF; Kenneth D. McCall to Colonel Edwin R. Decker, 26 June 1969, JEFF.

¹⁴St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 12 June 1969; Pfanz to Cervantes, 12 June 1969, JEFF; St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 19 June 1969. In 1972 the St. Louis Board of Public Service approved five twenty-five year leases for the use of city-owned wharf space. The leases went to the James B. Eads Corporation, Santa Maria Historical Center, Streckfus Steamers, Fighting Ships, Inc., and Specialty Restaurant Corp.; St. Louis Globe Democrat, 24 May 1972.

¹⁵St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 10 September 1969.

¹⁶Memorandum, LeRoy Scharon to C.E. Rennison, 14 November 1969, JEFF.

¹⁷Minutes of Pre-Construction Conference, Exterior Lighting Old Courthouse, 8 December 1969, JEFF. Belt and Given held general supervision of the work; Hannenkamp Electric Company was the contractor.

¹⁸Memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Regional Director, Midwest Region, 12 February 1969, JEFF; memorandum, Assistant to Regional Director, Cooperative Activities and Public Affairs to Regional Director, Midwest Region, 27 October 1969, JEFF.

¹⁹Metro East Journal, 24 May 1970; News Release, National Park Service, 23 October 1970, JEFF; Metro East Journal, 11 December 1970; East St. Louis Riverfront Suitability, Feasibility Alternatives (preliminary draft) U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Western Service Center, n.d., JEFF.

²⁰St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 3 February 1970; William L. Bowen to Leonor K. Sullivan, 5 March 1970, JEFF.

²¹St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 9 December 1969; St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 5 February 1970; St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 27 February 1970.

²²St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 3 April 1970; Harthon L. Bill to James W. Symington, 22 April 1970, JEFF; St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 21 May 1970.

²³St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 27 February 1970.

²⁴Memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director, Midwest Region, 28 May 1970, JEFF.

²⁵St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 20-21 June 1970; St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 17 September 1970; Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Development Status Report [1971], JEFF.

²⁶Paul McG. Miller to Leonor Sullivan, 16 February 1962, JEFF; Conrad Wirth to Leonor Sullivan, 13 March 1962, JEFF.

²⁷Memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Regional Director, 15 March 1968, JEFF; memorandum, Chief Staff Architect to Regional Director, Midwest Region, 29 March 1968, JEFF.

²⁸Memorandum, Superintendent JNEM to Director, Midwest Region, 22 May 1970, JEFF; Cervantes to Pfanz, 12 June 1970, JEFF.

²⁹St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 10 November 1970.

³⁰LeRoy Brown to Donald Fraser, 12 September 1967, JEFF; Superintendent JEFF to Members of U.S. Territorial Expansion Memorial Commission and the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Association, 25 June 1971, JEFF; memorandum, Director NPS to Directorate and AR Field Directors, 17 November 1970, JEFF.

³¹Memorandum, Superintendent JEFF to Director, Midwest Region, 10 September 1970, JEFF; Pfanz to Mark Paddock, 14 December 1970, JEFF; Annual Meeting Report, Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Association, 24 June 1970, JEFF.

³²St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 29 January 1971.

³³St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 13 January 1971. Ivan Parker joined the National Park Service in 1966. He had been chief of the division of personnel management in Washington, D.C. in 1970, before coming to JEFF. Parker graduated from Washington University and served with the Veterans Administration, the Atomic Energy Commission, an the Civil Service Commission before joining the Park Service.

³⁴St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 13 August 1971; Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Development Status Report [1971], JEFF; Parker to Cervantes, 23 April 1971, JEFF.

³⁵Joseph McNicholas to Parker, 8 April 1971, JEFF; Parker to McNicholas, 2 June 1971, JEFF.

³⁶McNicholas to Leonor K. Sullivan, 28 October 1971, JEFF; memorandum, Director Eastern Service Center to Director, NPS, [1971], JEFF; Sullivan to Colonel I. A. Long, 11 November 1971, JEFF; Long to Sullivan, 9 November 1971, JEFF.

³⁷Memorandum, Superintendent JEFF to Director, Midwest Region, 12 November 1971, JEFF; Special Meeting Executive Committee, Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Association, 5 June 1972, JEFF.

³⁸Parker to Colonel I.A. Long, 26 June 1972, JEFF.

³⁹McNicholas to Parker, 14 July 1972, JEFF.

⁴⁰Leonard Volz to McNicholas, 25 August 1972, JEFF; McNicholas to Parker, 23 March 1973, JEFF; Parker to McNicholas, 29 March 1973, JEFF.

⁴¹Memorandum, Director, Midwest Region to Director NPS, 12 March 1971, JEFF.

⁴²Memorandum, Deputy Director to Director, Midwest Region, 23 April 1971, JEFF.

⁴³St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 15 September 1971.

⁴⁴Harris Loesch to Wayne L. Hays, 24 September 1971, JEFF.

⁴⁵Memorandum, Superintendent JEFF to Director, Midwest Region, 6 October 1971, JEFF.

⁴⁶Memorandum, Director, Midwest Region to Director NPS, 4 November 1971, JEFF.

⁴⁷Charles H. Percy to Harris Loesch, 27 October 1971, JEFF; Melvin Price to Rogers C.B. Morton, 27 October 1971, JEFF.

⁴⁸Parker to Robert Mays, 15 December 1971, JEFF.

⁴⁹Memorandum, Superintendent JEFF to Director NPS, 6 May 1971, JEFF; Parker to Members of U.S. Territorial Expansion Memorial Commission and the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Association, 25 June 1971, JEFF. The National Park Service originally hoped that Charles Eames, a close associate of Eero Saarinen, would undertake the project, but his workload would not permit it. Park Service officials also considered Kevin Roche, who was Saarinen's chief of design on the memorial and now a member of the successor firm to Saarinen, Saarinen, and Associates, but he also could not accept the commission. The Potomac Group then came under consideration; Aram Mardirosian had previously worked with Kevin Roche. Memorandum, Assistant Director, Administration NPS to Assistant Secretary for Administration. 12 June 1971, JEFF.

The Potomac Group, JNEM Museum: Design Directive [1971], JEFF.

⁵¹Ibid.

⁵²Parker to Members of U. S. Territorial Expansion Memorial Commission, Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Association, Jefferson National Expansion Historical Association, 7 September 1972, JEFF; Meeting Minutes of Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Association, 20 July 1972, JEFF; Ivan Parker, Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Activities, 1972, 13 February 1973, JEFF.

⁵³Metro East Journal, 8 February 1972; Ivan Parker, Jefferson ... JEFF.

⁵⁴Parker to Members of U.S. ... JEFF; St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 13 June 1972; St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 22 June 1972.

⁵⁵St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 24 January 1972; Parker to Crowdus, 22 March 1972, JEFF; Parker to Crowdus, 23 June 1972, JEFF; Sullivan to Julia Butler Hansen, 7 July 1972, JEFF; Hansen to Sullivan, 24 July 1972, JEFF.

⁵⁶Statement For Management and Planning Management Objectives, East St. Louis, Jefferson National Expansion Memorial, 10 February 1972, JEFF.

⁵⁷Resolution Authorizing Agreement for Technical Services with the U.S. National Park Service, 24 May 1972, JEFF.

⁵⁸Memorandum Ivan Parker to Director, Midwest Region, 20 July 1972, JEFF; memorandum, Superintendent JEFF to Director, Midwest Region, 3 August 1972, JEFF; memorandum, Administrative Officer JEFF to Superintendent Parker, 25 September 1972, JEFF.

⁵⁹Metro East Journal, 10 September 1972; Bill, H.R. 2379, U.S. House of Representatives, 93rd Congress, 1st session, 18 January 1973.

⁶⁰Memorandum, Assistant Chief of Maintenance JEFF to Superintendent JEFF, 1 October 1973, JEFF.

⁶¹St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 29 January 1973.

⁶²St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 31 May 1973; memorandum, Missouri State Director to Director, Midwest Region, 11 June 1973, JEFF.

⁶³Memorandum, Director, Denver Service Center to Director, Midwest Region, 29 June 1973, JEFF; memorandum, Superintendent JEFF to Director, Midwest Region, 3 July 1973, JEFF.

⁶⁴Memorandum, Superintendent JEFF to Director, Midwest Region, 3 July 1973, JEFF.

⁶⁵Memorandum, Superintendent JEFF to Regional Director, Midwest Region, 1 August 1973, JEFF.

⁶⁶Memorandum, Regional Director, Midwest Region to Superintendent JEFF, 17 August 1973, JEFF; J. Leonard Volz to John H. Poelker, 17 August 1973, JEFF.

⁶⁷John Poelker to J. Leonard Volz, 22 August 1973, JEFF.

⁶⁸Volz to Poelker, 7 September 1973, JEFF.

⁶⁹Volz to Poelker, 20 September 1973, JEFF.

⁷⁰Resolution of United States Territorial Expansion Memorial Commission Adopted at a Meeting of the Commission on September 21, 1973 in St. Louis, Missouri, JEFF; Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Association Report of Nominating Committee, 27 June 1973, JEFF.

⁷¹Memorandum, Acting Regional Director, Midwest Region to Associate Director, Administration, WASO, 8 November 1973, JEFF.

⁷²Meeting Minutes, Jefferson National Expansion Memorial, 17 July 1973, JEFF; memorandum, Superintendent JEFF to Regional Director, Midwest Region, 28 November 1973, JEFF.

⁷³Memorandum, Acting Regional Director, Midwest Region to Manager, Denver Service Center, 13 December 1973, JEFF; memorandum, Manager, Denver Service Center to Regional Director, 27 December 1973, JEFF.

⁷⁴Memorandum, Superintendent JEFF to Regional Director, Midwest Region, 3 January 1974, JEFF; memorandum, Acting Regional Director, Midwest Region to Manager, Denver Service Center, 18 January 1974, JEFF.

⁷⁵St. Louis Globe Democrat, 20 December 1973; Rogers C.B. Morton to Leonor Sullivan, 17 January 1974, JEFF.

⁷⁶Notification of Personnel Action SF-50, 14 February 1974, JEFF; News Release, National Park Service, 25 January 1974, JEFF. Ivan Parker was placed on leave and thereafter offered the transfer to the Washington post after allegedly being involved in a shooting incident at his home the morning of February 3, 1974. St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 4 February 1974; St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 5 February 1974.

⁷⁷Meeting Minutes, Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Association, 31 July 1974, JEFF; News Release, National Park Service, 21 November 1974, JEFF.

⁷⁸Glenn Hendrix to Melvin Price, 31 July 1974, JEFF.

⁷⁹Memorandum, Manager, Denver Service Center to Regional Director, Midwest Region, 23 September, 1974, JEFF.

⁸⁰Bill, H.R. 871, U.S. House of Representatives, 94th Congress, 1st session, 14 January 1975; News Release, National Park Service, 17 January 1975, JEFF.

⁸¹Metro East Journal, 20 January 1975; St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 20 January 1975.

⁸²Memorandum, Regional Director, Midwest Region to Associate Director, Legislation, WASO, 10 November 1975, JEFF.

⁸³St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 23 March 1975; Robert Chandler's National Park Service career began in 1958 when he served as supervisory horticulturist in Washington, D.C.. He served as assistant superintendent at Mount Rainier National Park for three years, and before coming to St. Louis was associate director of the Chicago field office.

⁸⁴St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 6 February 1975; St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 13 March 1975; interview, Robert Chandler, 29 December 1978.

⁸⁵St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 25 July 1975.

⁸⁶St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 8 May 1975; St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 18 June 1975; "Meeting Minutes," Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Association, 31 July 1975, JEFF; News Release, National Park Service, 31 January 1975, JEFF.

⁸⁷St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 24 June 1975; St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 8 July 1975.

⁸⁸Robert S. Chandler to Harry S. Havens, 12 December 1977, JEFF; St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 27 October 1975.

⁸⁹St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 22 January 1976; St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 9 June 1976.

⁹⁰"Meeting Minutes," Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Association, 8 September 1976, JEFF; St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 25 October 1976.

⁹¹"Meeting Minutes" JEFF; St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 9 June 1976.

⁹²Midwest Region Bicentennial Activities, National Park Service, 3 October 1976, JEFF; St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 26-27 June 1976; St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 1 July 1976. Famous-Barr sponsored Water and Sky Spectacles on the waterfront beginning in 1964 to celebrate the city's centennial. The activity continued for five years until halted in 1970 because of landscaping. The Bicentennial started the practice again until halted in 1979, once again because of landscaping.

⁹³Memorandum, Superintendent JEFF to Regional Director, Midwest Region, 1 July 1976, JEFF; Interview, Robert Chandler, 29 December 1978.

⁹⁴St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 10 August 1976; News Release, Office of the Secretary of the Department of the Interior, 23 August 1976, JEFF; St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 24 August 1976. The museum cost $3,178,000 with $1,910,000 for construction and $1,268,000 for exhibits. The city provided $985,000, Bi-State donated $550,000, the parking lot supplied $150,000, and the Federal Government provided $225,000 for construction. Exhibits were purchased with $270,000 from the memorial association, parking lot funds of $100,000, and Federal funds of $898,000. The Museum of American Immigration on Ellis Island has since supplanted the Museum of Westward Expansion as the largest in the National Park System.

⁹⁵The Washington Post, 16 June 1976; St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 12 December 1976; St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 14 March 1978.

⁹⁶St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 12 January 1977; Thomas Eagleton, John C. Danforth, William L. Clay, Robert Young, Richard Gephardt, Bill Burlison to Sidney Yates, 3 May 1977, JEFF.

⁹⁷St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 25 May 1977; record of phone call between Robert S. Chandler and Vickie Kessler, 16 June 1977, JEFF; St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 17 June 1977; St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 24 June 1977.

⁹⁸"Meeting Minutes" Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Association, 10 August 1977, JEFF.

⁹⁹Ibid.; Memorandum, Program Coordinator, Midwest Region to Associate Regional Director, Administration, Midwest Region, 8 August 1977, JEFF; memorandum, Museum Specialist, Division of Museum Services to Chief, Division of Museum Services, 6 October 1977, JEFF.

¹⁰⁰Exhibit Development Project for the Old Courthouse, Jefferson National Expansion Memorial, St. Louis, Missouri, November 1977, JEFF. The four phases of the development referred to the method in which the contracted firm would be selected. Estimated cost of the project was in the range of $250,000, with 15 percent devoted to planning.

¹⁰¹Norman G. Messinger to Roger Kurtz, 12 April 1977, JEFF.

¹⁰²News Release, National Park Service, 8 July 1977, JEFF.

¹⁰³Statement For Management, Jefferson National Expansion Memorial National Historical Site, 31 March 1978, pp. 10-25, JEFF.

¹⁰⁴Robert Chandler to Richard Gephardt, 15 March 1978, JEFF; St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 25 March 1978.

¹⁰⁵Memorandum, Superintendent JEFF to Regional Director, Midwest Region, 4 April 1978, JEFF.

¹⁰⁶St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 22 June 1978; Richard Gephardt to Chandler, 27 June 1978, JEFF; Jefferson National Expansion Memorial National Historic Site, Authorization and Funding Summary, JEFF.

¹⁰⁷St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 16 April 1978; Hellmuth, Obata and Kassabaum, Inc., George L. Crawford and Associates, Parking Garage and Feasibility, Jefferson National Expansion Memorial, City of Saint Louis, National Park Service, 18 August 1978, JEFF.

¹⁰⁸Chandler to John C. Thompson, 20 October 1978, JEFF; interview, Robert Chandler, 29 December 1978.

¹⁰⁹St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 7 June 1978; interview, Norman Messinger, 20 May 1980.

¹¹⁰Memorandum, Regional Director, Midwest Region to Superintendent, JEFF, 22 February 1978, JEFF.

¹¹¹"Meeting Minutes" Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Association, 1 September 1978, JEFF interview, Norman Messinger, 20 May 1980.

¹¹²"Meeting Minutes" JEFF; St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 2 August 1978; North St. Louis Community News, 31 January 1979.

¹¹³Memorandum, Director NPS to Directorate, Field Directorate, WASO Division Chiefs, 25 October 1978, JEFF.

¹¹⁴Memorandum, Acting Superintendent to Regional Director, 17 November 1978, JEFF; memorandum, Superintendent JEFF to Regional Director, Midwest Region, 6 August 1979, JEFF.

¹¹⁵Memorandum, Ray Breun to Charles Ross, 12 February 1980, JEFF.

¹¹⁶News Release, National Park Service, "Arch Superintendent to Leave," 15 December 1978, JEFF. Jerry Schober, a native of Vicksburg, Mississippi, served as superintendent at Gettysburg and was superintendent for four years at Golden Gate National Recreational Area in San Francisco before coming to St. Louis.

¹¹⁷St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 7 May 1979; interview, Norman Messinger, 20 May 1980.

¹¹⁸Memorandum, Structural Engineer, Midwest/ Rocky Mountain Team, DSC to Assistant Manager, Midwest/Rocky Mountain Team DSC, 19 July 1979, JEFF.

¹¹⁹Interview, Norman Messinger, 20 May 1980; interview, Jerry Schober, 22 May 1980.

¹²⁰Interview, Jerry Schober, 22 May 1980; memorandum, Superintendent JEFF to Assistant Regional Solicitor, Denver, 8 May 1980, JEFF.

¹²¹Interview, Robert Chandler, 29 December 1978; interview, Jerry Schober, 22 May 1980.

¹²²Interview, Jerry Schober, 22 May 1980.

¹²³Randall R. Pope to Melvin Price, 26 May 1978, JEFF; Merrill D. Beal to Melvin Price, 12 July 1978, JEFF.

¹²⁴William Whalen to John Kramer, 28 August 1979 JEFF; William E. Loftus to J.L. Dunning [November 1979], JEFF.

¹²⁵Bill, H.R. 6620, U.S. House of Representatives, 96th Congress, 2nd session, 26 February 1980; William Reichert to Malcom W. Martin, 11 February 1980, JEFF; Institute For Humanistic Studies, A Proposal for the Institute for Humanistic Studies, a Cultural Arts Complex, February 1980, JEFF.

¹²⁶Interview, Robert Chandler, 29 December 1978, interview, Jerry Schober, 22 May 1980.