Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Administrative History

¹It should be noted that Jefferson National Expansion Memorial is not, however, designated a National Historic Site under National Park Service nomenclature. The first site with that designation was Salem Maritime National Historic Site, created under an order of the Secretary of the Interior dated March 17, 1938. The St. Louis park is properly designated by the simple title Jefferson National Expansion Memorial. See the memorandum from NPS Chief Historian Edwin Bearss and Bureau Historian Barry Mackintosh to Superintendent Jerry Schober dated March 17, 1986 for further details; copy in Jefferson National Expansion Memorial (JEFF) Files H1417(418).

²A discussion of the controversy over rehabilitating or preserving the original riverfront buildings may be found in the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Administrative History, 1935-1980, by Sharon A. Brown, JEFF, 1984.

³See Cities Reborn, published by the Urban Land Institute in 1986. Between 1958 and 1986, $3,224,230,000 was spent on revitalizing the downtown St. Louis area, with $1,682,511,000 of this being spent between 1980 and 1986; see pp. 188-189. The book goes on to state: "Downtown St. Louis is clearly the central focus of the city's overall revitalization efforts. The Gateway Arch and Busch Stadium, two downtown projects built in the mid-1960s, ushered in a fertile period of revitalization that St. Louis has enjoyed for more than 20 years. Economic activity for the city and the region is concentrated in the downtown [area]; also, the downtown is the principal destination of visitors from outside the city. Thus, the central business district has played an extremely important role as the focal area for revitalization."

⁴George B. Hartzog, Jr. served as the superintendent of Jefferson National Expansion Memorial from December 1958 to August 1962. He was director of the National Park Service from January 1, 1964 to December 31, 1972. For a better understanding of George Hartzog, his methods of running the National Park Service and his concept of urban park areas, see Battling for the National Parks by George B. Hartzog, Jr., Mt. Kisco, N.Y.: Moyer Bell Ltd., 1988. One of Hartzog's three stated goals as director was to "make [the Park Service's] programs and its parks relevant to an urban America." (p. 91).

⁵Interview with former JEFF Superintendent Jerry Schober, May 28, 1992, conducted by JEFF Historian Bob Moore.

⁶See "Schober To Run County Parks," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, July 11, 1991, and "Schober Favors Arch For VP Fair," Ibid., July 14, 1991. Schober's retirement was effective as of July 27, 1991.

¹Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Administrative History, 1935-1980, Sharon A. Brown, JEFF, 1984, p. 121.

²City Ordinance 50096 (B.B. No. 100), Memorandum of understanding between the Park Service and the City of St. Louis, copy in the JEFF Library Vertical file, VF-JNE-117.

³A copy of the Environmental Assessment Report on the Proposed Gateway Arch Parking Garage may be found in the Office of the Superintendent, unprocessed records, JNEM Archives.

⁴See the agreement dated November 1, 1983, for the creation of the Gateway Arch parking facility, which includes a detailed explanation of the 1956 and 1962 agreements between Bi-State Development Agency and Jefferson National Expansion Memorial; copy JEFF Historian's Files.

⁵Interview with former Superintendent Jerry Schober, May 8, 1992, conducted by JEFF Historian Bob Moore.

⁶Memo from Superintendent Jerry Schober to Albert V. Witham, Assistant Regional Solicitor, Denver, May 8, 1980, regarding the cooperative agreement of March 1, 1956, between the city and JEFF to build a parking garage. The city wanted to build the garage by selling $12 million worth of revenue bonds. Since the bonds would not be backed up, bonding companies wouldn't sell. See file 79-89-0003, Box 4 D18, Federal Records Center, Kansas City, Missouri.

⁷Interview with former Superintendent Jerry Schober, May 8, 1992; Memo from Superintendent Jerry Schober to Albert V. Witham, Assistant Regional Solicitor, Denver, May 8, 1980. The memo asks if Bi-State can provide back-up bonds, guaranteed by the tram operation. File 79-89-0003, Box 4 D18, Federal Records Center.

⁸"Bi-State is handling the financing of the garage because of an opinion by Charles & Trauernicht, the city's bond counsel, that the city could not issue revenue bonds with an interest rate of more than 10 percent. Bi-State can issue bonds with a rate of up to 14 percent, making the bonds more attractive to investors." See "Action Is Urged On Bonds For Parking Garage At Arch," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, August 12, 1982. See also "Riverfront Promenade, garage near Arch step closer to reality," St. Louis Globe-Democrat, November 18, 1982; "Plan for Bi-State garage clears aldermanic committee," St. Louis Globe-Democrat, December 9, 1982; "Bi-State Board Approves Bonds To Build Parking Garage At Arch," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, October 18, 1983. Copies of newspaper sources referenced may be found in the Newspaper Clipping Files, JNEM Archives.

⁹See the agreement dated November 1, 1983, for the creation of the Gateway Arch parking facility, File D3415, JEFF Files; and Semiannual Report to Congress, January 1, 1986 - June 30, 1986, JEFF Files, D18.

¹⁰St. Louis Post-Dispatch, November 18, 1982; March 2, 1983, March 11, 1983, and March 28, 1983.

¹¹Director of Business Development for Bi-State Development Agency.

¹²Telephone interview with Jennifer Nixon, September 12, 1993.

¹³"Preliminary Notes on Arch Parking Facility, February 16, 1984," located in File D18, Planning Programs, JEFF Files.

¹⁴Memo, Supervisory Archeologist Mark J. Lynott, Midwest Archeological Center, to Regional Director, Midwest Regional Office, February 23, 1984, in File D3415, JEFF Files. The file also includes the vitae of Christy Wells, Joyce Williams, and Mikels Skele, who worked with Woods on the project. See also the transcript of the oral history interview with former Superintendent Jerry Schober, May 8, 1992, JEFF library.

¹⁵Christy L. Wells and Joyce A. Williams, A Report of Archeological Monitoring of Parking Facility Construction at JNEM, 1985, pp. 1 and 61-62; see also Archeological monitoring reports #1, #2, #3 and #4, and "Preliminary Notes on Arch Parking Facility, February 16, 1984," located in File D18, Planning Programs, JEFF Files; and archeological reports, File D3415, JEFF Files.

¹⁶Interview with former JEFF Superintendent Jerry Schober, May 8, 1992.

¹⁷See Wells and Williams, Archeological Monitoring of Parking Facility Construction at JNEM for details on the archeological remains found on site; File D3415, JEFF Files.

¹⁸"The conclusion reached on the basis of the literature review, observations made in the field, and the analysis of materials is that post-1849 urban renewal had destroyed any earlier structures present above grade elevation prior to commencement of excavation for construction of the parking facility." See A Report of Archaeological Monitoring of Parking Facility Construction at the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial National Historic Site, National Park Service, St. Louis, Missouri by Christy L. Wells and Joyce A. Williams, March 1985, pp. 61-62.

¹⁹Telephone interview with Jennifer Nixon, September 12, 1993.

²⁰Letter, Jennifer Nixon, Director of Business Development, Bi-State Development Agency, to Superintendent Jerry Schober, February 26, 1986, File SF 5415, JEFF Files.

²¹Interview with Superintendent Jerry Schober by JEFF Historian Mike Capps, April 11, 1991.

²²Letter from Jennifer Nixon, Bi-State Development Agency, to Superintendent Jerry Schober, February 26, 1986, JEFF File SF 5415.

²³Interviews with former Superintendent Jerry Schober, April 11, 1991, and May 8, 1992.

²⁴Ibid.

²⁵Interview with Jerry Schober, April 11, 1991; JNEM Superintendent's Annual Report for 1987, located in File A2621, JEFF Files.

²⁶JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1987, p. 1. All Superintendent's Annual Reports may be found in file JEFF File A2621.

²⁷See the Memorandum, Superintendent Jerry Schober to all employees, JEFF, April 28, 1986, JEFF File D18.

²⁸St. Louis Globe-Democrat, May 9, 1986; St. Louis Post-Dispatch, May 9, 1986.

²⁹Interview with former Superintendent Jerry Schober, May 8, 1992. For more on the administration and protection of the Arch Parking Garage, see Chapter 10, Law Enforcement and Safety, in this administrative history.

¹Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Administrative History, 1935-1980, Sharon A. Brown, JEFF, 1984; Jerry Berger's column, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, August 21, 1984. Newspaper articles cited may be found in the Newspaper Clippings File, JNEM Archives.

²A trade name derived from "maximum image." The story of the origins for the second theater idea is also told in "New Theater In Arch Could Start With Blast," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, November 29, 1987, pp. 1 and 10.

³Interview with former JEFF Superintendent Jerry Schober, September 25, 1992, by JEFF Historian Bob Moore.

⁴JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1987, p. 1.

⁵Trip Report, Chief, Engineering Section and Structural Engineer, Branch of Design, Central Team, DSC, May 27, 1987; Trip Report, Architect, Midwest Region, October 15-16, 1987, JEFF File D18.

⁶Trip Report, Architect, Division of Maintenance and Energy, Midwest Region, February 21-23, 1989, JEFF File D18; JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1988, p. 1.

⁷Interview with former Superintendent Jerry Schober, September 25, 1992.

⁸Memorandum of Agreement, UM/Rolla and NPS, September 1989, JEFF File D18.

⁹JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1989, p. 1.

¹⁰Interview with HVAC foreman John Patterson, September 1, 1993.

¹¹JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1990, pp. 3 and 24.

¹²JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1990, p. 3.

¹³JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1992, p. 2.

¹⁴JEFF Park Newsletter, April 1992; NPS Courier, Newsmagazine of the National Park Service, June/July, 1992, p. 49.

¹⁵Interview with former Superintendent Jerry Schober, September 25, 1992.

¹⁶Memo from Jennifer Nixon, Director of Business Development, Bi-State Development Agency, to Superintendent Jerry Schober, July 22, 1987, JEFF File D18.

¹⁷Memo from Schober to Regional Director, Midwest Region, July 1, 1988, copy, JEFF File D18.

¹⁸Letter from Superintendent Schober to W.A. Breukelman, Chairman, IMAX Systems Corp., July 12, 1989; Letter from Breukelman to Schober, July 24, 1989, JEFF File D18.

¹⁹Interview with former Superintendent Jerry Schober, September 25, 1992.

²⁰JEFF Superintendent Gary W. Easton to Jerry Zernicke, Operations Manager, THX®, September 29, 1992, JEFF Files D18; Easton to Cliff Greenman, Field Service Manager, NJ Engineering, August 26, 1992, JEFF Files D34; Easton to Jennifer Nixon, Director of Business Development, Bi-State Development Agency, August 26, 1992, JEFF Files F5415.

²¹Interview with former Superintendent Jerry Schober, September 25, 1992.

²²JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1988, p. 1.

²³Interviews with former Superintendent Jerry Schober, September 25, 1992 and September 3, 1993.

²⁴JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1989, p. 1.

²⁵JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1990, p. 3.

²⁶Interview with former Superintendent Jerry Schober, September 25, 1992.

²⁷St. Louis Post-Dispatch, January 24, 1991.

²⁸JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1991, p. 2.

¹It should be noted that attendance figures for the VP Fair come from non-NPS sources, and have been disputed by the Statistical Branch of the Denver Service Center.

²Information on the early Veiled Prophet Fairs is taken from "The Veiled Prophet: A St. Louis Tradition," part of JEFF's Museum Gazette series, by Jennifer McNeely, September, 1991; The Veiled Prophet's Gifts: A Saint Louis Legacy by John L. Drew III, pp. 15-20; and Lion of the Valley by James Neal Primm, pp. 394-395, 417 and 427.

³Ibid. Moore's poem was titled Lalla Rookh: An Oriental Romance, and the original Veiled Prophet lived in Khorassan, Persia (modern Iran).

⁴Ibid.

⁵See "'America's Biggest Birthday Party,' the Ten Year History of the V.P. Fair," by Jeff Dunlap, written for the St. Louis Post-Dispatch, included in a memo of June 11, 1990, JEFF Historian's Files, p. 3. Important information on VP Fairs during the 1980s and early 1990s may be found in JEFF Files A8227, and files 79-90-0002 box 4 and 79-89-0003 box 3, in the Federal Record Center, Kansas City, Missouri.

⁶Interview with former JEFF Superintendent Jerry Schober, May 8, 1992, conducted by JEFF Historian Bob Moore.

⁷"America's Biggest Birthday Party" by Jeff Dunlap, p. 3.

⁸Interview with former Superintendent Jerry Schober, May 8, 1992.

⁹"America's Biggest Birthday Party" by Jeff Dunlap, p. 3.

¹⁰Special Use Permit, VP Fair and JEFF, 1985. JEFF Files, A8227.

¹¹Interview with former Superintendent Jerry Schober, May 8, 1992. See also Chapter 4, Part II, on Grounds Maintenance in this administrative history.

¹²However, vending stands continued to sell alcoholic beverages, in paper cups, on the grounds.

¹³Letter from JEFF Superintendent Jerry Schober to Ken Marshall, Task Force on Planning Committee, VP Fair Foundation, August 21, 1989, JEFF Files, A8227.

¹⁴"America's Biggest Birthday Party" by Jeff Dunlap, p. 2.

¹⁵See Chapter 4, Section II, on Grounds Maintenance in this administrative history.

¹⁶Memorandum, JEFF Superintendent Jerry Schober to Midwest Regional Director Charles Odegaard, February 17, 1984, JEFF Files, A8227.

¹⁷Memorandum from Associate Director for Park Operations Stanley Albright to Midwest Regional Director Odegaard, May 29, 1985, JEFF Files, A8227.

¹⁸Letter from JEFF Superintendent Jerry Schober to Charles Wallace, Chairman, VP Foundation, March 3, 1987. JEFF Files, A8227.

¹⁹Ibid.

²⁰Interview with former Superintendent Jerry Schober, May 8, 1992. See also Chapter 10, Law Enforcement and Safety, in this administrative history.

²¹JEFF Operations Evaluation, Midwest Regional Office, May 1982 p. 22, JEFF Historian's Files.

²²"Program On 'Heritage Of St. Louis' Theme To Boost 2nd Fair," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, May 23, 1982, p. 3A. Copies of newspaper articles cited in this chapter may be found in the Newspaper Clipping files, JNEM Archives.

²³"VP Fair," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, February 12, 1982.

²⁴Mayor Vincent Schoemehl was quoted as saying: "The VP Fair was a tremendous success, and a total community effort made it so successful. I look forward to a VP Fair next year." James O'Flynn, president of the Regional Commerce and Growth Association, praised the fair, saying: "Its great for the community. The Fair has a tremendous impact economically on the St. Louis area." Edward A. Ruesing, president of Downtown St. Louis, Inc., called it a "Marvelous party — the finest and largest party the city has ever seen." See "VP Fair a hit with just about everyone," St. Louis Globe-Democrat, July 7, 1982.

²⁵"To The Cleanup Crews Belong The Spoils," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, July 6, 1982, pp. 1 and 6.

²⁶"VP Fair Hires Engineer To Study Arch Grounds," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, July 13, 1982, pp. 1 and 4.

²⁷"VP Fair a hit with just about everyone," St. Louis Globe-Democrat, July 7, 1982.

²⁸The widow of one of the young men who was shot to death later unsuccessfully sued the VP Fair Foundation for $1 million. See "Widow Sues For $1 Million Over Shooting At VP Fair," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, May 22, 1983.

²⁹"Mailbag," St. Louis Globe-Democrat, July 15, 1982.

³⁰Quotes from letters to the editor, "letters," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, July 14, 1982.

³¹Quote from a letter to the editor, "Mailbag," St. Louis Globe-Democrat, July 14, 1982.

³²"Too Much of a Good Thing?," St. Louis Globe-Democrat, July 7, 1982, p. 8A.

³³"letters," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, July 11, 1982. It was estimated that one million people were on the Arch grounds at 10:05 a.m. on July 4. "VP Fair Fosters World's Fair Idea," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, August 3, 1982, p. 9C.

³⁴See "VP Fair Fosters World's Fair Idea," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, August 3, 1982, p. 9C, and "Official Sure VP Fair Will be at Arch," St. Louis Globe-Democrat, July 9, 1982 p. 13A.

³⁵"1983 VP Fair to brim with delights fit for a king — or a mere prophet," St. Louis Globe-Democrat, May 7-8, 1983 p. 3A; "Fair," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, May 8, 1983, pp. 1 and 20A; "City's Plan Aims At Keeping Up With VP Fair's Tons of Trash," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, June 28, 1983, p. 5A.

³⁶"VP Fair, Park Service Dispute Use of Arch Area," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, December 10, 1982, p. 3A.

³⁷"America's Biggest Birthday Party," by Jeff Dunlap, p. 2.

³⁸Ibid, p. 4.

³⁹The VP Fair Foundation's last gift to the city was in 1988. By 1993, successful fairs had erased the foundation's debt. See the St. Louis Post-Democrat, June 27, 1993, p. 1.

⁴⁰The budget was $1.4 million. See "Program On 'Heritage Of St. Louis' Theme To Boost 2nd Fair," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, May 23, 1982, p. 3A. Important information including special use permits, specifics on grounds damage and cleanup costs may be found in JEFF Files, A8227. Separate folders have been created for each year of the VP Fair.

⁴¹"America's Biggest Birthday Party," by Jeff Dunlap, pp. 3-4.

⁴²Ibid., p. 4.

⁴³Ibid., p. 5; "1983 VP Fair to brim with delights fit for a king — or a mere prophet," St. Louis Globe-Democrat, May 7-8, 1983 p. 3A; "Fair," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, May 8, 1983, pp. 1 and 20A.

⁴⁴Ibid.

⁴⁵"East St. Louis man charged in shooting at close of VP Fair," St. Louis Globe-Democrat, July 6, 1983, p. 6A.

⁴⁶"Chances Shine For VP Fair Next Year," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, July 6, 1983 p. 3A; "Grounds for optimism on future fairs," St. Louis Globe-Democrat, July 6, 1983 p. 7A.

⁴⁷"1984 VP Fair Will Be Bigger — And Different," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, February 13, 1984 pp. 1 and 20A.

⁴⁸"Reagan will not attend VP Fair," St. Louis Globe-Democrat, June 26, 1984.

⁴⁹"'Today' answers VP officials' prayers," St. Louis Globe-Democrat, May 31, 1984, pp. 1 and 6A; "Look At Us — St. Louis Shows Off On Nationwide Television," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, July 3, 1984, pp. 1 and 13.

⁵⁰"Escape From Reality: VP Fair's 'national coverage' a mirage," by Ray Hartmann, The Riverfront Times, July 11-17, 1984, p. 2.

⁵¹"VP Fair Complaints," Editorials, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, July 11, 1984 p. 2B.

⁵²"Workers Tackle Big Mess," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, July 3, 1984.

⁵³Ibid., pp. 5-6; "Meet me at the fair," St. Louis Globe-Democrat, June 30-July 1, 1984, p. 8A.

⁵⁴"Fair Aftermath: 130 tons of garbage," St. Louis Globe-Democrat, July 6, 1984, p. 2A.

⁵⁵"VP Fair Shows Profit Thanks To Increase In Food, Drink Sales," St. Louis Post Dispatch, July 12, 1984, p. 4A.

⁵⁶"Smooth And Spectacular," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, July 6, 1984, p. 2B.

⁵⁷"It was the fairest of the fairs," St. Louis Globe-Democrat, July 8, 1985, pp. 1 and 9A.

⁵⁸Ibid., pp. 6-7, and JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1985, p. 1.

⁵⁹"VP Fair," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, July 6, 1985. See also "5th VP Fair was for families," St. Louis Globe-Democrat, July 9, 1985, pp. 1 and 4A.

⁶⁰"Future VP Fair sites uncertain," St. Louis Globe-Democrat, May 8, 1985, p. 11A; letter, Russell E. Dickenson, Director of the National Park Service, to Vincent C. Schoemehl Jr., Mayor of St. Louis, February 2, 1985; and draft memo to the Regional Directors of the Southeast, Southwest, and Rocky Mountain Regions from Midwest Regional Director Donald Castleberry, on the 1986 VP Fair account and billing, JEFF Files A8227.

⁶¹"America's Biggest Birthday Party," by Jeff Dunlap, p. 7; 1986 V.P. Fair Foundation Annual Report, JEFF Files A8227.

⁶²"Morning After — Fair's Legacy Is 316 Tons of Trash," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, July 8, 1986 p. 3A.

⁶³Ibid.

⁶⁴"Police Busy, But Crowd Manageable," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, July 7, 1986.

⁶⁵"Crime at fair 'exaggerated,' officials say,'" St. Louis Globe-Democrat, July 8, 1986, p. 5A; "City Seeks Regional Plan For Security At VP Fair," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, July 20, 1986, p. 8A; "VP Fair's Security Plans Are Outlined," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, June 8, 1988, p. 3A.

⁶⁶"VP Fair's Security Plans Are Outlined," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, June 8, 1988, p. 3A.

⁶⁷JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1987, p. 1.

⁶⁸"Light Touch For 4th Is Objective Of ABC," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, April 16, 1987; Letter from producer Marty Pasetta to Charles H. Wallace, President of the VP Fair Foundation, July 22, 1987, JEFF Files A8227.

⁶⁹Interview with Jerry Schober, September 1, 1993.

⁷⁰Ibid., and Memorandum, JEFF Superintendent Schober to Midwest Regional Director Donald Castleberry, February 12, 1988; "America's Biggest Birthday Party," by Jeff Dunlap, pp. 7-8. Over ten inches of rain fell during the week of the event. The VP Fair Foundation reimbursed the NPS $230,000 for new trees, grounds renovation, and extra services. See also Chapter 4, Part II, on Grounds Maintenance in this administrative history.

⁷¹See letters included in JEFF Files, A8227, in reference to the damage. Quotes such as these were taken from the letters:

"The Jefferson National Expansion Memorial is a NATIONAL park and should not be defaced for months (or at all) for a celebration of one local organization. We sincerely hope that the VP Fair will never again be held at the Arch. Forest Park belongs to the city and is plenty large [enough] for that celebration."

"What do hundreds of junk laden booths, rock stars . . . and thousands upon thousands of people roaming around roasting in the sun, or getting drenched and sliding around a muddy fair ground (which used to be a lovely green lawn) have to do with July 4th?"

"I am very angry that $100,000 damage is allowed to be done every summer to the Arch grounds by the VP Fair."

⁷²"No Losses, No Gains At VP Fair," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, Dec. 20, 1987; "Park Official: 1988 'Crucial' In Decision On VP Fair Site," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, June 20, 1988, p. 1.

⁷³"Park Official . . . ," June 20, 1988, p. 6.

⁷⁴JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1988, pp. 1 and 10.

⁷⁵Jerry Berger, in his column in the St. Louis Post-Dispatch, complained that the ratings for these specials were low, and that too much emphasis was placed on these productions. Perhaps this was true (they scored a 6.4 rating and a 14 share, which means only 14% of the people in the United States who were watching television were tuned in to the St. Louis special). The point was that the St. Louis message was getting out to the public. Even if they didn't tune in, people who scanned their TV Guides and newspapers around the country knew that something worthy of national attention was happening in St. Louis. See St. Louis Post-Dispatch, July 18, 1988, p. 1E.

⁷⁶"Bush Pays Visit To VP Fair," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, July 5, 1988, pp. 1 and 14. The article continued:

Despite the extra security, the vice president did not appear inhibited as he shook hands with and hugged new citizens at the reception and held several of their children.

Dressed in casual clothing, Bush strolled leisurely through lines of the immigrants, escorted by perspiring Secret Service agents who left their suit jackets in place to conceal their guns and radios. . . .

Bush was joined at the reception by Gov. John Ashcroft. The governor, along with Bush's wife, Barbara Bush, and Ashcroft's wife, Janet Ashcroft, joined him later on the main stage.

As he stood on a table at the reception, Bush said: "There is nothing more meaningful than greeting new citizens to our country. We're proud of you. We welcome you. You are, indeed, in the land of the free and the home of the brave."

He accepted an official, red VP Fair jacket, sash and hat from Charles H. Wallace, executive vice president of the VP Fair Foundation.

After waiting on the [excursion boat] Becky Thatcher, Bush appeared in front of the growing late-afternoon crowd.

Referring to the fair, he said, "They told me it was this big, and I didn't believe it. They told me it was this much fun, and I didn't believe it."

Bush challenged the audience to be true to the dream of America's founders by keeping the nation strong.

⁷⁷Ibid., p. 1; "America's Biggest Birthday Party," by Jeff Dunlap, pp. 8-9; "Kool And The Gang To Join Lineup Of Stars At VP Fair," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, June 13, 1988.

⁷⁸"Hot Finale: Sales Up, Damage Down As Fair Ends," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, July 5, 1988, pp. 1 and 14.

⁷⁹"Kool And The Gang..." June 13, 1988.

⁰⁸For more on fair events see "Learning's In The Limelight At The Fair," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, June 29, 1988 pp. 1 and 7; "Ready . . . Set . . . Fair Opens," Ibid., July 2, 1988, pp. 1 and 4.

⁸¹"Fair Weather: Pleasant Breezes Aid Large Turnout," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, July 3, 1988, p. 1.

⁸²Two letters to the editor from a professional worker with disabled people and a disabled citizen praised the fair. See St. Louis Post Dispatch, July 13, 1988 p. 3C.

⁸³JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1988, p. 12; "America's Biggest Birthday Party," by Jeff Dunlap, pp. 8-9.

⁸⁴"15 Blacks Named To VP Fair Panels," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, June 28, 1988, pp. 1 and 5. The article contained a complete list of the people appointed. It should be noted that African-Americans were not allowed into the Veiled Prophet Balls, even as spectators, in the 19th and early 20th Centuries; these events were totally segregated.

⁸⁵Ibid. The article quoted Rev. Hylton at length.

⁸⁶A change in the name of the event had been discussed, since the appearance of the "veiled prophet" drew immediate comparisons with the hooded figures of the Ku Klux Klan. Despite these allusions, the name was not changed.

⁸⁷"Fairness And The VP Fair," editorial, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, June 16, 1988.

⁸⁸JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1989, p. 1. The VP Fair Foundation was over $500,000 in debt going into the 1989 fair.

⁸⁹JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1989, p. 1; "America's Biggest Birthday Party," by Jeff Dunlap, pp. 9-10.

⁹⁰JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1990, p. 4; "Fair Well: Cleanup, Complaints Follow Fair," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, July 6, 1990.

⁹¹"Fair features education theme, family activities," Southwest County Journal, St. Louis County, Missouri, June 27, 1990; "Activities And Exhibits To Mark Education Theme Of VP Fair," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, June 29, 1990.

⁹²"Visit To U.S. Allows Fair's Guests Of Honor 'To Live History,'" St. Louis Post-Dispatch, June 28, 1990; "Young People Of 8 Nations To Visit Fair," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, June 24, 1990; "Visitors From The Soviet Union, Eastern Europe and South Africa Here," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, June 29, 1990.

⁹³"Japan TV Captures Fair's 'Unique Culture,'" St. Louis Post-Dispatch, July 2, 1990.

⁹⁴"VP Fair Ends With Record Heat," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, July 5, 1990.

⁹⁵"Fireworks Feature First-Time Shells," Southwest County Journal, St. Louis, Missouri, June 27, 1990.

⁹⁶"Budweiser And TWA Exhibits," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, June 29, 1990; "Calendar of Events," Ibid.

⁹⁷Temperatures reached 102 degrees on July 4. See "VP Fair," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, July 5, 1990.

⁹⁸"Is Fair Bad For Tourism?," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, June 30, 1990; "VP Fair Strikes A Sour Note," by Bill McClellan, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, July 4, 1990; "Letters From The People," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, July 10, 1990.

⁹⁹See Chapter 4, Part I, Maintenance, on water intrusion, in this administrative history. According to JEFF Chief of Maintenance Bob Kelly, the fact that the VP Fair was conducted on the roof of the JEFF Visitor Center was not a major factor in these water intrusion problems, although "quick fix" solutions to drainage problems and a re-routing of the drainage system after one of the fairs was. According to Kelly, "Management made band-aid decisions to an area which needed major surgery."

¹⁰⁰JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1991, pp. 1-2.

¹⁰¹"VP Parade Plans New Route, Theme," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, July 31, 1991.

¹⁰²"VP Fair Entertainment Highlights," The Riverfront Times, August 28 - Sept. 3, 1991; "VP Fair Schedule," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, August 30, 1991.

¹⁰³"Fair Ready For Those With Disabilities," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, August 29, 1991.

¹⁰⁴"Family Village," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, August 30, 1991.

¹⁰⁵"Senior's Day," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, August 30, 1991.

¹⁰⁶"Afterthoughts On The Fair," and "Letters From The People," St. Louis Post Dispatch, September 11, 1991.

¹⁰⁷"No Fair: Festivities Stopped Short By Storms," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, September 3, 1991; "Funny Money: Fair's Scrip Lauded, Lambasted," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, September 2, 1991.

¹⁰⁸"Fair Questions," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, September 7, 1991.

¹⁰⁹Interview with JEFF Superintendent Gary W. Easton, April 16, 1994, by JEFF Historian Bob Moore.

¹¹⁰"VP Fair Entertainment Highlights," The Riverfront Times, August 28 - September 3, 1991.

¹¹¹The contributions of individual divisions to the VP Fair are discussed in the chapters devoted to those divisions in this administrative history.

¹¹²See Chapter 9, Interpretation, in this administrative history for more on the American Indian Peace Medal collection.

¹¹³Interview with former Superintendent Jerry Schober, May 8, 1992.

¹Jefferson National Expansion Memorial (JEFF) Superintendent's Annual Report for 1985, p. 5. All Superintendent's Annual Reports may be found in File A2621, JEFF Files.

²JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1987, p. 17, and interview with John Patterson, Building Services and HVAC Foreman, April 1, 1992, conducted by JEFF Historian Bob Moore.

³ i.e., service-wide computer specifications requirements and new service-wide training manuals; see JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1990, p. 24.

⁴Interview with John Patterson, April 1, 1992.

⁵Ibid.

⁶Contract #CX6000-3-0139, File S7217, Federal Records Center, Kansas City, Missouri, hereinafter cited as Federal Records Center.

⁷JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1985, p. 4.

⁸Contract #CX6000-5-0052, File S7217, Federal Records Center.

⁹JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1985, p. 4.

¹⁰JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1986, p. 6.

¹¹Ibid.

¹²JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1987, p. 20.

¹³JEFF Superintendent's Annual Reports for 1988, p. 17; 1989, p. 23.

¹⁴JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1989, p. 23.

¹⁵JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1990, p. 24; for 1991, p. 26.

¹⁶JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1990, p. 26.

¹⁷JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1991, p. 28.

¹⁸JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1990, p. 26.

¹⁹Interview with John Patterson, April 1, 1992. These are just a couple of examples of the many common, seemingly trivial items taken for granted by most employees and the public, which must be checked, repaired and replaced by the HVAC division.

²⁰Ibid.

²¹Ibid. See Chapter 9 in this administrative history for more on the exhibits in the Old Courthouse; JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1987, p. 19; and for 1988, p. 17.

²²JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1986, p. 6.

²³JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1987, p. 19; interview with John Patterson, July 28, 1992, conducted by JEFF Historian Bob Moore.

²⁴JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1991, pp. 26 and 28.

²⁵JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1986, p. 6; for 1987, pp. 19-20; for 1988, p. 17. The design of the signs was coordinated by Norman Messinger, Assistant Superintendent at JEFF; they were fabricated by the St. Louis Ornamental Stone Manufacturing Company. Interview with John Patterson, July 28, 1992.

²⁶See Chapter 7 in this administrative history for more information on the establishment of an entrance fee at JEFF.

²⁷JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1989, pp. 22-23; "Accomplishments HVAC 1989," p. 1, internal JEFF document, copy, JEFF historian's files.

²⁸Ibid., p. 23.

²⁹JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1989, p. 23; for 1990, p. 26.

³⁰JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1990, p. 23; "Accomplishments HVAC 1989," p. 3.

³¹JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1990, pp. 23-26.

³²Replacement of exterior ramps, Scope of Work, File #S7219, Federal Records Center.

³³Later, WVP was awarded the contract for Title III services as well; see Contract #CX6000-4-0097, File # S7219, Federal Records Center.

³⁴File S7217, Federal Records Center; interview with JEFF Facility Manager Bob Kelly, March 28, 1992, conducted by Bob Moore, JEFF Historian.

³⁵Interview with John Patterson, April 1, 1992.

³⁶JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1985, p. 4.

³⁷See "Leaks in Roof Being Fixed At Underground Area of Arch," St. Louis Post Dispatch, June 21, 1967. All newspaper sources cited may be found in the newspaper clipping Files, JNEM Archives. See also Memorandum, Curt Townsend, Technical Assistance Coordinator, Denver Park Support Office, to Regional Director, Midwest Region, April 28, 1981; and trip report, Istvan Lippai, Civil Engineer, Rocky Mountain Team, June 23-25, 1981; 79-89-0003, Box 5, D22, Federal Records Center.

³⁸JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1987, p. 17.

³⁹Contract #CX6000-7-0005, File S7219; see also Scope of Work Statement for Zurheide-Hermann, File D24, Maintenance and Rehabilitation of Physical Facilities; and Memo, Thomas A. Hermann, Executive Vice President, Zurheide-Hermann, to Gerald T. McClarnon, Contacting Officer, NPS, December 16, 1987, which includes details of the investigation, File D24, all JEFF Files.

⁴⁰JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1987, p. 17.

⁴¹JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report 1987. See also the letter of Thomas A. Hermann, to Gerald T. McClarnan, December 16, 1987, in JEFF File D24. The letter detailed the discovery, on December 10, 1987, of water intrusion and leakage through a beam above the north entrance. "A closer inspection of this area and removal of a portion of the ceiling revealed a crack in the bottom of the beam with water leaking thru it. . . . While the crack above the north entrance contributes to the water intrusion problems, we feel that it was not caused by the water problems, but was due to other circumstances. . . [T]here exists the potential for progression of serious structural problems." The letter recommended a more extensive investigation of the structural problems in the visitor center area, and included a diagram of the damage.

⁴²Superintendent's Annual Report for 1990; see also Dave Caselli, "The Dirty Story of the Underground Museum's Roof," Courier, Newsmagazine of the National Park Service, Volume 37, Number 4, April, 1992, pp. 8-10, hereinafter cited as Caselli.

⁴³Interview with former JEFF Superintendent Jerry Schober, May 18, 1992, conducted by JEFF Historian Bob Moore.

⁴⁴The decision was made to replace this soil with new material, "blended from sand and peat according to a strict recipe provided by a soil specialist professor at the University of Missouri." Caselli, p. 9. With the dirt and roofing material removed from the top of the visitor center complex, it was necessary to reactivate the hot water heating system, which had not been used for several years. During the late 1980s, the park was able to generate enough energy through the lighting units alone to provide heat in the museum, due to the insulation provided by the underground facility. Caselli, p. 9; interview with John Patterson, April 1, 1992.

⁴⁵Ibid.

⁴⁶Caselli, p. 9.

⁴⁷For more on the asbestos survey, see Chapter 10, Law Enforcement and Safety, in this administrative history.

⁴⁸Ibid.; see also JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1990, p. 23; for 1991, p. 26, and Chapter 3, on the VP Fair, in this administrative history. Final cost figures were supplied by Dave Caselli.

⁴⁹JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1985, p. 5.

⁵⁰Interview with JEFF Grounds Foreman Jim Jacobs, and Work Leader Tim Burns; April 3, 1992, conducted by JEFF Historian Bob Moore.

⁵¹JEFF Operations Evaluation Report, Midwest Regional Office (MWRO), May 1982, pp. 6 and 15-16.

⁵²JEFF Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1985-1991.

⁵³Interview with Grounds Foreman Jim Jacobs, and Work Leader Tim Burns; April 3, 1992.

⁵⁴"Grounds Maintenance Labor Breakdown," internal document, JEFF, 1991, copy, historian's files, JEFF.

⁵⁵Interview with Grounds Foreman Jim Jacobs, and Work Leader Tim Burns; April 3, 1992.

⁵⁶"The Greening of St. Louis," by James P. Jackson, American Forests, September/October 1989, p. 67.

⁵⁷Memo, MWRO Landscape Architect Mary V. Hughes, to Associate Regional Director, Planning and Resource Preservation, MWRO August 8, 1991, on a trip to Dan Kiley's Studios in Charlotte, Vermont, June 8-9, 1991.

⁵⁸Ibid.; see also "St. Louis Riverfront Revisited 1933-1964," by Ruth Layton, in Landscape Architecture, April, 1964, which provides a brief overview of the most radical changes made to the Saarinen/Kiley plan during this period. A copy of this article is in the JEFF Library vertical file, VF-JNE-147. At a meeting of the Eastern Office of Design and Construction in Philadelphia on March 18, 1963, "a discussion on the 'pros and cons' of lakes emerged, which resulted in the . . . plan being revised to show a 'lake scheme.'" See letter, Philip D. Shipman, Office of Dan Kiley, to Bruce Detmers, Eero Saarinen and Associates, October 2, 1963, copy, JEFF historian's files. For more on the "opening up" of the landscape design and the planting of fewer trees than Kiley advocated, see letter, Robert G. Hall, Chief, Eastern Office, Design and Construction, to Eero Saarinen and Associates, February 3, 1963, and letter, Bruce Detmers, Saarinen and Associates to Hall, March 25, 1963, copies in JEFF historian's files.

⁵⁹Meeting and interview with landscape architect Dan Kiley, at JEFF (included a tour of the grounds), October 21, 1991. Participating were MWRO Landscape Architect Mary Hughes; JEFF Historian Bob Moore; and JEFF Grounds Foreman Jim Jacobs. Mr. Kiley discussed the appearance of the landscape design. Although pleased at the general site layout, he was disappointed that his original plant selections had not been followed, stating that his plan called for tulip poplars for the grounds. The poplars "would be seventy feet tall by now, and would blend very well." He suggested that clusters of flowering trees near the edges of the property, especially near the highway, might look nice, and favored ginkgoes or tulip poplars as possibilities for new tree plantings. He also mentioned clustering the trees closer together, as at the Tuilleries in France, where the trees are distant 12' 6" on center. When asked about the tree grates on the sidewalks, Mr. Kiley said that he would prefer to keep them as they were, despite the problems caused by the root systems. Mr. Kiley stated that he had originally consulted with the Missouri Botanical Garden and other sources on the plantings, and the most successful trees for the St. Louis climate. He noted that the plantings away from the walkways are substantially different than the way he had designed them. In several letters, Eero Saarinen expressed his concerns regarding the landscape design and his wishes regarding the retention of Kiley as the landscape architect; see letters, Saarinen to Kiley, especially August 6, 1956. A 1969 letter from Kiley's office stated Kiley's concerns: "We are . . . interested in seeing the design carried out in a way that is sympathetic with the original design intent. Mr. Kiley is concerned that this project may be going ahead without his involvement." See letter, Henry F. Arnold, partner, Office of Dan Kiley, to Richard Huber, NPS Eastern Office of Design and Construction; copies in historian's files, JEFF. According to Mr. Kiley, no reply to this letter was received from the NPS.

⁶⁰The plan was approved by Director George B. Hartzog on February 2, 1966; see the memorandum, Ray Freeman to Rich Huber, March 20, 1970, in JNEM Archives, Record Unit 106, Box 36, Folder 23. It appears that many of the NPS people involved in the planning process had deep concerns about crime on the grounds and the physical safety of visitors if the area were heavily forested.

⁶¹Award Nomination, Presidential Design Awards, National Endowment for the Arts, proposal by John Ronscavage, former landscape architect with Denver Service Center (DSC), 1988; copy, JEFF historian's files.

⁶²Telephone interview with John Ronscavage, former landscape architect with Denver Service Center, May 26, 1992, conducted by JEFF Historian Bob Moore.

⁶³Ibid. See also "Aerodynamic Stability of Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Gateway Arch" by Lloyd R. Cayes and Charles F. Scheffey, July, 1965, JNEM Archives, Record Unit 106, Box 35, Folders 25-27.

⁶⁴Editorial, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, February 26, 1968, in JNEM Archives, Record Unit 106, Box 36, Folder 22.

⁶⁵Letter, JEFF Superintendent LeRoy Brown to Joseph Pulitzer, February 29, 1968, JNEM Archives, Record Unit 106, Box 36, Folder 22.

⁶⁶Memorandum, Superintendent LeRoy Brown to Midwest Regional Director, March 6, 1968; and Memorandum, Chief, Design and Construction H. Reese Smith to Regional Director, March 15, 1968, both JNEM Archives, ibid.

⁶⁷Ibid.; Pfanz assumed responsibilities as Superintendent of JEFF in December 1968.

⁶⁸ Proposed Tree Planting Plan, Jefferson National Expansion Memorial, January 2, 1970, JNEM Archives, Record Unit 106, Box 36, Folder 23. Phase I of this plan specifies "two rows of tulip trees" which will line the walks of the memorial.

⁶⁹ Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Administrative History, 1935-1980, Sharon A. Brown, JEFF 1984; p. 167. See JNEM Archives, letter, Clarence Owens of Owens Nursery to Sen. Eagleton, March 12, 1970; Mrs. James S. Behan of Houlihan Nursery to Sen. Eagleton, March 11, 1970.

⁷⁰Memorandum, March 20, 1970, Raymond L. Freeman, Deputy Associate Director, Professional Services, NPS, to Charles Hamilton, Assistant to the Secretary for Congressional Liasons, copy in JNEM Archives, Record Unit 106, Box 36, Folder 23. In addition, Superintendent Pfanz defended the tulip poplar selection before the press on March 12; see St. Louis Post-Dispatch, March 13, 1970 p. 3A. Pfanz had received negative comments about the tulip trees from Director Bielmann of the Missouri Botanical Garden. "In fact, he pointed out certain characteristics of the tulip poplar which we might find undesirable and which have been cited by some of our critics." See the memorandum, Superintendent Pfanz to the Director, Midwest Region, April 27, 1970.

⁷¹Telephone interview with John Ronscavage, former landscape architect with Denver Service Center, May 26, 1992.

⁷²Ibid.; "but in effect," noted Ronscavage, "this was a true committee decision." See the memorandum, Chief, Environmental Planning and Design, WSC, Glenn O. Hendrix to Director George B. Hartzog, June 25, 1970, in JNEM Archives, Record Unit 106, Box 36, Folder 23.

⁷³In fact, the pin oak was designated as the tree of choice for a short period; see ibid.

⁷⁴See Manual of Woody Landscape Plants by Michael A. Dirr, (third edition, 1975), p. 4, Map: "Zones of Plant Hardiness (USDA)". A simple comparison of the characteristics of tulip poplars compared to the Rosehill Ash seemed to verify the soundness of the committee's decision. The Tulip Poplar ( Lilodendron tulipiferous) is subject to disease, requires deep soil (the Arch grounds have only 8" in most places), prefers acid soil (the grounds have alkaline soil), good drainage, and full sun. The Rosehill Ash ( Fraxinus americana) is tolerant of poor, alkaline soils and withstands dry and rocky conditions well.

⁷⁵Ibid. See also the memorandum, Associate Director J.E.N. Jensen to Director, Midwest Region, July 23, 1970.

⁷⁶By this time, the jurisdictional lines for managing projects such as the landscaping of the Arch grounds had changed, and the project, still supervised by Ronscavage, was under the Office of Design and Construction in the San Francisco Service Center. In 1972 responsibility shifted to the new Denver Service Center.

⁷⁷JEFF Administrative History, Sharon Brown, p. 167, and letter, Superintendent Harry Pfanz to St. Louis Mayor Alfonso Cervantes, June 26, 1970. A second contract for $546,010 was let to Millstone Associates Construction Company on June 30, 1971, which included 280 tree wells, the north and south overlook walkways, concrete benches, lighting, topsoil, and an irrigation system. Brown, p. 168. For more on the early development of the landscape design, see Brown pp. 164-165, 166-167, and 168. A contract for overlook paving and outdoor lighting was let in 1974; see Brown p. 174. See also the project diaries kept by Gene Mott, Project Supervisor under Jim Holland, in the JNEM Archives (hereinafter identified as Mott diaries). The five diaries cover the 1970-71 period of landscaping in great detail.

⁷⁸Award Nomination, Presidential Design Awards, National Endowment for the Arts, proposal by John Ronscavage, 1988. Telephone interview with John Ronscavage, former landscape architect with Denver Service Center, May 26, 1992; telephone interview with Jim Holland and John Ballard, DSC, July 28, 1992.

⁷⁹Ibid.

⁸⁰"The Greening of St. Louis," by James P. Jackson, American Forests, September/October 1989 p. 69.

⁸¹Award Nomination, Presidential Design Awards, National Endowment for the Arts, proposal by John Ronscavage, 1988.

⁸²JEFF Administrative History, Sharon Brown, p. A-5. These trees, the first of the Rosehill Ash on the Arch grounds, lined the sidewalks leading to the Arch. Apparently, 560 trees were actually planted; "The Greening of St. Louis," by James P. Jackson, American Forests, September/October 1989 p. 69.

⁸³Ibid. The pedestrian overpasses were never built, due to an enormous estimated cost (at least $6 million) and problems meeting accessibility requirements. Superintendent Schober also thought that the ramps were not aesthetically pleasing, and ruined the appearance of both the Arch and the Old Courthouse. "I felt that the same effect could be gained from asking the city to regulate the [stop]lights" on Memorial Drive, said Schober. He concluded that the ramps would not be put in during his tenure as superintendent. Personal communication to Historian Bob Moore from Jerry Schober, September 1, 1993.

⁸⁴Telephone interview with Mike Hunter, Chief, NRSO, April 19, 1992, conducted by JEFF historian Bob Moore. See also JEFF Administrative History, Sharon Brown, p. 179; and "Small Business Bids for Arch Landscaping," January 24, 1979, North St. Louis Commercial News, in the newspaper clipping files of the JNEM Archives.

⁸⁵"Nonselective chemical renovates Gateway Arch Grounds," in Chemical Hotline, February 1981, pp. 94-95; a publication of Monsanto Agricultural Products Company. Copy, JEFF historian's files.

⁸⁶Telephone interview with Mike Hunter, Chief, NRSO, 19 April, 1992. Few other walks were in place on the grounds at that time.

⁸⁷Ibid.

⁸⁸See the Chronology, JEFF Administrative History 1935-1980, by Sharon Brown.

⁸⁹Ibid.

⁹⁰Interview with Jerry Schober, May 18, 1992.

⁹¹The reasons for this situation were due to contract lengths for individual projects and deadlines. Since the ideal time to plant lawns was in the fall, seeding had to be accomplished at that time, while the trees had to be planted after they had lost their leaves. The planting of the grass before the placement of the trees was "not a mistake" according to DSC Landscape Architect Nancy Baker, inspector of Phase II and III operations at JEFF. Telephone interview, September 7, 1993, with JEFF Historian Bob Moore.

⁹²Interview with Jerry Schober, May 18, 1992; telephone interview with Nancy Baker, landscape architect, DSC and inspector on Phase II and Phase III, conducted by JEFF Historian Bob Moore, April, 1, 1992; and interview with Grounds Foreman Jim Jacobs, and Work Leader Tim Burns; April 3, 1992.

⁹³Interview with Jerry Schober, May 18, 1992.

⁹⁴Telephone interview with Nancy Baker, April 1, 1992; see also "Gateway Today," the JEFF park newspaper, for Summer 1981, copy in historian's files, JEFF.

⁹⁵See "Integrated Pest Management," an article in the April, 1992 JEFF Newsletter by Grounds Maintenance Foreman Jim Jacobs.

⁹⁶Award Nomination, Presidential Design Awards, National Endowment for the Arts, proposal by John Ronscavage, 1988. Telephone interview with John Ronscavage, former landscape architect with Denver Service Center, May 26, 1992; telephone interview with Jim Holland and John Ballard, DSC, July 28, 1992; interview with Grounds Foreman Jim Jacobs, and Work Leader Tim Burns; April 3, 1992. "The Greening of St. Louis," by James P. Jackson, American Forests, September/October 1989 p. 69.

⁹⁷See Contracts #CX6000-5-0049, File S7212, and #CX6000-6-0032, File S7217, Federal Records Center; and JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1986, p. 7.

⁹⁸JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1986, p. 7.

⁹⁹Ibid.

¹⁰⁰JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1988, p. 15.

¹⁰¹JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1989, p. 22.

¹⁰²JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1990, p. 28.

¹⁰³JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1991, p. 29.

¹⁰⁴ St. Louis Post-Dispatch, photograph of Gardener Carl Smith, February 25, 1987, p. 1.

¹⁰⁵"Letters from the people," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, March 2, 1987.

¹⁰⁶"Letters from the people," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, March 4, 1987; letter from Skip Kincaid, urban forester with the Missouri Department of Conservation.

¹⁰⁷Interview with Grounds Foreman Jim Jacobs, and Work Leader Tim Burns; April 3, 1992.

¹⁰⁸JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1991, p. 29.

¹⁰⁹Interview with Grounds Foreman Jim Jacobs, and Work Leader Tim Burns; April 3, 1992.

¹¹⁰Ibid.

¹¹¹See "Integrated Pest Management," an article in the April, 1992 JEFF Newsletter by Grounds Maintenance Foreman Jim Jacobs. Jacobs continued: "Pest problems exist everywhere, and the mere presence of a particular pest species does not necessarily mean that a problem exists. Chapter 4 of NPS Management Policies lists specific criteria that must be met before exotic or native species may be managed. Whether pest problems are associated with the preservation of historic structures or the prevention of forest devastation, the mandate of the NPS is the same. IPM seeks maximum use of naturally occurring pest controls, including weather, disease agents, predators, and parasitoids. In addition, IPM utilizes various biological, physical, and chemical controls, as well as habitat modification techniques. Before a pesticide may be used in any park, a Pest Management Program Report (Form 10-21A) must be submitted. These annual forms expire on December 31 of the year of approval."

¹¹²Interview with Grounds Foreman Jim Jacobs, and Work Leader Tim Burns; April 3, 1992.

¹¹³Interview with former Superintendent Jerry Schober, May 8, 1992.

¹¹⁴For more on the Ash Borer see "Guide to Monitoring Clearwing Borers," published by Albany International, Controlled Release Division, 110 A Street, Needham Heights, Massachusetts, 02194.

¹¹⁵Interview with Grounds Foreman Jim Jacobs and Work Leader Tim Burns; April 3, 1992. See also Appendix I in this administrative history.

¹¹⁶Ash borers are capable of locating pheromone sources from distances of at least half a mile.

¹¹⁷"Guide to Monitoring Clearwing Borers."

¹¹⁸Interview with Grounds Foreman Jim Jacobs, and Work Leader Tim Burns; April 3, 1992; and JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1986, p. 8.

¹¹⁹Linden, maple and hawthorn; see JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1988, p. 15; and for 1989, p. 22; and the briefing paper on "Pest Control," by Grounds Maintenance Foreman Jim Jacobs, 1989.

¹²⁰JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1989, p. 22, and for 1990, p. 28.

¹²¹Briefing Paper on "Pest Control," Jim Jacobs, Grounds Maintenance Foreman, 1989; copy, historian's files, JEFF; JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1991, p. 29.

¹²²JEFF Superintendent's Annual Reports for 1986, p. 8; 1987, p. 18; and 1991, p. 29.

¹²³See the briefing paper on "Pest Control," by Jim Jacobs, 1989; and JEFF Superintendent's Annual Reports for 1988, p. 15, and 1991, p. 29.

¹²⁴JEFF Superintendent's Annual Reports for 1990, p. 28, and 1991, p. 29.

¹²⁵JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1991, p. 30.

¹²⁶Interview with Grounds Foreman Jim Jacobs, and Work Leader Tim Burns; April 3, 1992.

¹²⁷Interview with Grounds Foreman Jim Jacobs, and Work Leader Tim Burns; April 3, 1992. Future applications of Dursban will be limited to the trunks and lower branches of trees, which should eliminate the effects on wildlife experienced in 1991. An on-site visit by Dr. David G. Nielsen of the Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center in the Fall of 1992 confirmed the link between the Dursban applications and the bird deaths. Nielsen recommended just one application per year in the lower area of each tree, where the borers cause the most damage. See letter, David G. Nielsen to Jim Jacobs, November 3, 1992, p. 3; copy, historian's files, JEFF.

¹²⁸Interview with former Superintendent Jerry Schober, May 18, 1992.

¹²⁹JEFF Superintendent's Annual Reports for 1987, p. 18; 1988, p. 15, and 1989, p. 22.

¹³⁰JEFF Superintendents Annual Reports, 1987-1989.

¹³¹JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1988, p. 15.

¹³²Briefing paper on "Pest Control," Jim Jacobs, 1989.

¹³³JEFF Superintendent's Annual Reports for 1990, p. 28, and 1991, pp. 29-30.

¹³⁴"Arch of Triumph; The Gateway Arch At 25," St. Louis Post-Dispatch Magazine, October 28, 1990, p. 16.

¹³⁵Ibid and JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1989, p. 22. Substitutions were: sugar hackberry or zebkova for sugar maple; snow drift crab for flowering dogwood; and red pine for Japanese black pine.

¹³⁶Interview with Grounds Foreman Jim Jacobs, and Work Leader Tim Burns; April 3, 1992. The grass mix was developed by former Superintendent Robert Chandler, according to information in a telephone interview with John Ronscavage, former landscape architect with Denver Service Center, May 26, 1992.

¹³⁷Ibid. These figures on the length of the irrigation system and the number of sprinkler heads represent the finished system as it stood in 1990. With the addition of the Old Courthouse and Parking Garage areas of the system, it increased in size steadily during the decade covered by this report.

¹³⁸"Arch of Triumph; The Gateway Arch At 25," St. Louis Post-Dispatch Magazine, October 28, 1990, p. 17.

¹³⁹JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1991, p. 29

¹⁴⁰JEFF Superintendent's Annual Reports for 1986, p. 8; 1987, p. 19; and 1989, p. 21.

¹⁴¹JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1986, p. 8; and for 1987, pp. 18-19.

¹⁴²Ibid., p. 17.

¹⁴³JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1988, p. 16.

¹⁴⁴Ibid., p. 22.

¹⁴⁵Interview with Grounds Foreman Jim Jacobs, and Work Leader Tim Burns; April 3, 1992; see also Chapter 3 on the VP Fair in this administrative history; and JEFF Files A8227, which include the signed agreements, special use permits and assessments of damage for each VP Fair.

¹⁴⁶Interview with former Superintendent Jerry Schober, May 8, 1992.

¹⁴⁷Ibid.

¹⁴⁸Interview with Grounds Foreman Jim Jacobs, and Work Leader Tim Burns; April 3, 1992.

¹⁴⁹"5th VP Fair was for families," Chris Condon and Margaret Sheppard, St. Louis Globe-Democrat, July 9, 1985; attachment to JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1985.

¹⁵⁰Interview with Grounds Foreman Jim Jacobs, January 7, 1992.

¹⁵¹JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1986, p. 7; 1986 NPS Annual Report, p. 2.

¹⁵²JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1987, pp. 17-18.

¹⁵³"Roundup Rehabs National Park Lawns," Roadtalk, p. 3, a publication of Monsanto on Roadside Vegetation Management, Vol. 2, No. 1, 1988, ed. Jim Altemus; Letter, VP Fair Foundation to Richard J. Mahoney, Chairman of the Board and CEO, Monsanto Company, August 24, 1987, JEFF Files A8227.

¹⁵⁴Interview with Jim Jacobs, January 7, 1992.

¹⁵⁵JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1987, pp. 17-18.

¹⁵⁶Interview with former Superintendent Jerry Schober, May 18, 1992.

¹⁵⁷JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1988, p. 15.

¹⁵⁸Ibid.

¹⁵⁹JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1989, p. 21.

¹⁶⁰JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1991, p. 30.

¹⁶¹JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1985, p. 5.

¹⁶²"No Vacation: Working their summer under the Arch," by Dave Whaley, Granite City (Illinois) Press-Record, August 22, 1985, p. 20, a profile of two students in the 1985 program from Granite City, Brian Forbes and Kevin Williamson.

¹⁶³JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1987, p. 18.

¹⁶⁴JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1988, p. 15.

¹⁶⁵JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1989, p. 21.

¹⁶⁶Interview with Jim Jacobs, Grounds Foreman, and Tim Burns, Work Leader; April 3, 1992.

¹⁶⁷JEFF Superintendent's Annual Reports for 1990, p. 27, and 1991, p. 29.

¹⁶⁸Ibid, p. 28.

¹⁶⁹Interview with Grounds Foreman Jim Jacobs, and Work Leader Tim Burns; April 3, 1992.

¹⁷⁰Interview with former Superintendent Jerry Schober, May 18, 1992.

¹⁷¹Letter, Dick Bowser to George Hartzog, March 11, 1986, copy, JEFF Vertical File, VF-JNE-076.

¹⁷²Letter, Richard B. Bowser to JEFF Superintendent Gary W. Easton, August 1, 1993, JEFF historian's files.

¹⁷³Interview with Dick Bowser, June 9 and 11, 1992, conducted by JEFF Historian Bob Moore; "A Monumental Task," by Rick DeYampert, Daytona News Journal, Daytona, Florida, October 14, 1990, copy in Vertical File, JEFF, VF-JNE-151.

¹⁷⁴"Jefferson Memorial Arch, A Panel," Building Research, Sept-Oct. 1964, copy in JEFF historian's files. This article was based on a transcription of interviews with Dick Bowser and four other participants in the design and engineering phases of the Arch construction.

¹⁷⁵Interview with Dick Bowser, June 9 and 11, 1992, and Letters, Dick Bowser to George Hartzog, March 11, 1986, copy, Vertical File, JEFF Library.

¹⁷⁶Letter, Dick Bowser to George Hartzog, March 11, 1986, copy, JEFF Library Vertical File; see also Bowser to Eero Saarinen and Associates, March 28, 1962, which details estimated costs of building, operating and maintaining the tram system, copy, JEFF historian's files.

¹⁷⁷"Jefferson Memorial Arch, A Panel," Building Research, Sept-Oct. 1964, copy in JEFF historian's files.

¹⁷⁸ Reynolds Aluminum Progress, Fall, 1968, JNEM Archives, Record Unit 106, Box 35, Folder 4.

¹⁷⁹Letters, Dick Bowser to George B. Hartzog, Jr., March 11, 1986, copy, JEFF Library Vertical File. See also Battling for the National Parks by George Hartzog, pp. 47 and 50-52, for more on Bowser and the designation of the trams as a "transportation system." Information on the early use and maintenance of the tram system is available in memoranda included in JNEM Archives, Record Unit 106, Boxes 35 and 36, folders 9, 10, 11. Materials relating to the growth of the tram maintenance staff and the hiring of Bi-State employees are located in Box 35, Folder 7. Dick Bowser's visionary suggestions for improving the tram operation are included in a memorandum of December 10, 1969, in Folder 11. From July 24, 1967 to May 5, 1968, the NPS ran the trams in the Arch, which were formally turned over to Bi-State on May 5. See the memorandum, John D. Kuziel to Col. R.E. Smyser, Jr., May 24, 1968 in Folder 4.

¹⁸⁰Memo, JEFF Administrative Officer Edward E. Countreman to files, February 26, 1970. JNEM Archives, Record Unit 104, Box 15.

¹⁸¹See memos of Superintendent Ivan D. Parker to Administrative Officer Edward Countreman, January 28, 1971; Richard Bowser to Ivan D. Parker, January 28, 1971; Edward Countreman to Ivan Parker, February 8, 1971; Ivan Parker to Col. R.E. Smyser, Jr., executive director, Bi-State Development Agency, February 10, 1971; Smyser to Parker, March 1, 1971; and Parker to Smyser, March 3, 1971, JNEM Archives, Record Unit 104, Box 15.

¹⁸²"Kalert keeps trams traveling smoothly up Gateway Arch," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, November 19, 1992.

¹⁸³JEFF Superintendent's Annual Reports for 1985, p. 5; 1986, pp. 6-7; and 1987, p. 20.

¹⁸⁴JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1988, pp. 16-17.

¹⁸⁵JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1991, p. 27.

¹⁸⁶JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1989, p. 24.

¹⁸⁷JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1990, p. 25.

¹⁸⁸JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1991, p. 27.

¹⁸⁹Ibid.

¹⁹⁰JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1991, p. 28.

¹⁹¹JEFF Superintendent's Annual Reports for 1985, p. 5; 1986, p. 6; and 1987, p. 20.

¹⁹²JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1989, p. 24.

¹⁹³JEFF Superintendent's Annual Reports for 1990, p. 25, and 1991, p. 27.

¹⁹⁴JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1987, p. 20.

¹⁹⁵JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1988, p. 16.

¹⁹⁶JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1990, p. 25.

¹⁹⁷JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1991, p. 27.

¹⁹⁸Memo to JEFF Employees from Acting Superintendent Nicky Lindig, on the installation of MG sets, February 28, 1992. Copy, JEFF historian's files.

¹⁹⁹JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1989, p. 24.

²⁰⁰Ibid.

²⁰¹Interview with former Superintendent Jerry Schober, May 18, 1992.

²⁰²Ibid., and memo, Acting Superintendent Nicky Lindig to JEFF Staff, February 28, 1992; interview with Dick Bowser, June 9 and 11, 1992.

²⁰³Interview with JEFF Custodial Foreman Shad Collier, April 3, 1992, conducted by JEFF Historian Bob Moore.

²⁰⁴Ibid.

²⁰⁵Interview with John Patterson, September 16, 1993.

²⁰⁶Interview with former JEFF Superintendent Jerry Schober, May 8, 1992.

²⁰⁷JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1985, p. 5, and interview with Custodial Foreman Shad Collier, April 3, 1992.

²⁰⁸JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1986, p. 6.

²⁰⁹JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1987, pp. 18-19.

²¹⁰JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1987, p. 19.

²¹¹JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1987, p. 19, and interview with Custodial Foreman Shad Collier, April 3, 1992.

²¹²JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1987, p. 19.

²¹³JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1988, p. 16.

²¹⁴JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1989, p. 24.

²¹⁵JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1989, p. 25.

²¹²⁶JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1990, p. 27.

²¹⁷Ibid.

²¹⁸Interview with former Superintendent Jerry Schober, May 8, 1992.

¹This summary of the Old Court House restoration is from David G. Henderson, Historic Structure Report, Old Courthouse, Architectural Data Section, Phase II: Exterior Preservation, Sept. 1985, pp. 10-13, hereinafter cited as Henderson; an excellent physical description of the building is included on pp. 14-31. An in-depth narrative of restoration efforts between 1940 and 1960 is included in John H. Lindenbusch, Historic Structure Report, Historic Data Section, Part I, and Historic Grounds Study, Old Courthouse, Jefferson National Expansion Memorial; Denver, Colorado: Denver Service Center, National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, 1982, hereinafter cited as Lindenbusch, pp. 227-237.

²Henderson pp. 10-13.

³Henderson, p. 11.

⁴Ibid.

⁵Henderson, p. 12.

⁶"Preliminary Draft, Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Administrative History," (Undated), John A. Bryan pp. 26-28; see also pp. 34-41 for further details of the 1950s restoration, including information on the courtrooms. A copy of this important document is located in the JEFF Library Vertical File, VF-JNE-050. See also Lindenbusch, pp. 232-235; and two important files of memorandums from Walter Nitkiewicz to Chief, Museum Services, JEFF, October 20, 1977 and March 23, 1978, copies in the JEFF Library Vertical File, VF-JNE-079 and 080.

⁷Lindenbusch, p. 234.

⁸Henderson, pp. 12; 27.

⁹Henderson, p. 58.

¹⁰Henderson, p. 58.

¹¹Personal inspection of the Old Courthouse, by JEFF Historian Bob Moore, with Maintenance Mechanic Lonnie Collins, February, 1992.

¹²Henderson, pp. 13; 52.

¹³The size of the block was approximately six feet long by two feet wide by 1-1/2 feet high.

¹⁴"Survey of the Condition of the Old Courthouse, JNEM," by David Arbogast and Thomas Busch, Historical Architects, and Richard Ortega, Architectural Historian (Engineering); Omaha, Nebraska: MWRO, NPS, December 5, 1975. A point-by-point study said the Courthouse was "greatly in need of repair," and recommended cleaning damage in the basement, third floor, and also the dome; see JNEM Archives, currently uncataloged material, Office of the Superintendent Records, post-1968.

¹⁵Development/Study Package Proposal, January 23, 1976, Federal Records Center, Kansas City, Missouri, Files 79-89-0007, Box 2, H3015 and 79-89-0006, Box 9, D22.

¹⁶Henderson, p. 32.

¹⁷Ibid.; a detailed discussion of the building's condition may be found in Henderson, pp. 32-45.

¹⁸Ibid., and JEFF Statement for Management, 1984, p. 14, JEFF Files D18, Planning Program.

¹⁹The lantern consisted of "a windowed base, a colonnaded and glazed center section, and an elaborately worked dome topped by an elongated gilded sphere and a 45' aluminum flagpole." The dome-shaped roof of the 40' tall lantern was topped with copper shingles which gave it a scaled or "pineapple" appearance. An excellent description of the lantern may be found in Henderson, pp. 29-31 and 42-45.

²⁰Henderson, pp. 112-132; Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Administrative History, 1935-1980, Sharon A. Brown, JEFF, 1984, pp. 180-181.

²¹Henderson, pp. 29-31 and 42-45.

²²This was an entire railing system, including a top rail, its balusters and a bottom rail.

²³Henderson, pp. 131-132; also Decorative Paint Analysis of the Old Courthouse, Spring 1985 report on contract #CX-2000-4-0015, Conrad Schmitt Studios, p. 69, JEFF Library, Ref. 333.71 CON; Telephone Interview with Ranch Building and Utilities Supervisor Ray Kunkel, Lyndon B. Johnson National Historical Park, conducted by JEFF Historian Bob Moore. Kunkel was an employee of Denver Service Center (DSC) and participated in the removal of paint layers inside the lantern in 1980; see also Lindenbusch, pp. 234-235.

²⁴Memorandums: Arthur C. Allen, Chief, Division of Museum Services, JEFF to David Henderson, DSC, October 20, 1977 and Walter J. Nitkiewicz to Arthur C. Allen, October 6, 1977, Vertical File, JEFF Library, VF-JNE-080; and Nitkiewicz to Allen, March 23, 1978, VF-JNE-079. The latter memo describes in detail the investigation and the exact methods employed in removing individual paint layers from the murals.

²⁵Telephone interview with Ray Kunkel.

²⁶Henderson pp. 121, 127-130.

²⁷Memo from Regional Director, Midwest Region to Manager, Denver Service Center, February 21, 1980, Federal Records Center, File 79-89-0003, Box 5, D22.

²⁸"Current Events at the Old Courthouse," September, 1980, Nancy Hoppe, Park Technician, copy, historian's files, JEFF, published in "Gateway Today," the JEFF newspaper, Summer, 1981. This article was based on personal interviews with Thomas Busch and restoration crew members in 1980. In addition, Tom Busch kindly reviewed the article for accuracy for this administrative history, on September 30, 1993.

²⁹Henderson, pp. 46-50.

³⁰See Henderson, pp. 59-63 for details, and suggestions on the inspection of the cornices.

³¹Letter, June 27, 1978, Regional Director Merrill D. Beal to Executive Director Robert Garvey, Advisory Council on Historic Preservation, Washington, D.C.. The Missouri State Historic Preservation Officer recommended against the use of reproductions made of fiberglass as replacements for deteriorated cornice stones. See also Myra F. Harrison to Merrill D. Beal, August 4, 1978; both letters in File H42, Historic Preservation Programs 1978, 1979, & 1980, JNEM Archives, uncataloged box, Office of the Superintendent Records, post-1968.

³²"Completion Report — Exterior Rehabilitation and Partial Restoration of the Old Courthouse, October 21, 1981," in File H42, Historic Preservation Program Overview — Old Courthouse, JNEM Archives, uncataloged box, Office of the Superintendent Records, post-1968, hereinafter cited as Completion Report.

³³Ibid.

³⁴"Current Events at the Old Courthouse," September, 1980, Nancy Hoppe, Park Technician, copy, historian's files, JEFF.

³⁵Memo, Associate Regional Director for Planning and Resource Preservation John Kawamoto to Superintendent Jerry Schober et. al., on the use of the walnut shell process to remove existing paint from exterior stone surfaces; see also letters, Kawamoto to Fred A. Lafser, Missouri Department of Natural Resources, of March 27, June 18, July 24, and September 9, 1980; File H42, Historic Preservation Programs 1978, 1979, & 1980, JNEM Archives, uncataloged box, Office of the Superintendent Records, post-1968.

³⁶Henderson, pp. 53-54.

³⁷Henderson, pp. 63-68; 133-135.

³⁸Trip Report to Assistant Manager, Midwest/Rocky Mountain Team, DSC from Historical Architect, Cultural Resources Branch, Midwest/Rocky Mountain Team, DSC, November 18, 1981, File 79-89-0004, Box 1, H3015, Federal Records Center.

³⁹Henderson, p. 136.

⁴⁰Completion Report, October 21, 1981, JNEM Archives.

⁴¹ St. Louis Post-Dispatch, November 21, 1982, JNEM Archives, Newspaper Clipping Files.

⁴²Three XXX forms, September 9, 1982: Package No. 160, Park General, Roof and Roof Drainage Repairs, Project Types 36 and 91; and report, Evaluation of Roofing, Skylights and Associated Water Penetration Problems, dated July 28, 1982; JNEM Archives, currently uncataloged box, Office of the Superintendent Records, post-1968.

⁴³Ibid.

⁴⁴Contract, Schuster Engineering, Inc. CX-6000-3-9004, JEFF Files D5217, Contracts, Construction Contracts.

⁴⁵For more on the anchored rock bolts see the memos of June 21, 1985, and February 12, 1986, in JEFF File S72, Procurement.

⁴⁶See JEFF Files, S72, Construction Contracts, Schuster Engineering, Inc. CX-6000-3-9004; see also Specs on work, August 30, 1983, and Weekly Field Reports, Specs and Monthly Reports, especially for January 16, 1985, which are included in the same folder. See JEFF Files, D2623, Reports, Situation, for the "Completion Report, Exterior Rehab and Partial Restoration of the Old Courthouse — Phase I, Package 201, P.T. 21, Contract CX6000-0-9003," which includes photos of the project.

⁴⁷Narrative Statement, Contract CX6000-3-9004, Exterior Rehabilitation of the Old Courthouse, April 15, 1986, Completion report, Project Supervisor, DSC to Superintendent, JEFF Files S72; includes photographs.

⁴⁸Ibid.

⁴⁹Between April 30 and June 5, 1984, seven letters were written to the contractor about the dust. On June 11, Denis Zavadil, vice-president of Schuster Engineering, claimed that an intensive investigation on their part had determined that the problem was caused by exhaust fans in the dome being on. In a reply on June 13, Shaffer said the fans had not been on during the time in question; letters, Federal Records Center, File 79-90-0002, Box 6, H3015.

⁵⁰ St. Louis Globe-Democrat, September 18, 1984, "Man Accused of breaking into Old Courthouse." Alfred J. Vital of Silverwood, Louisiana climbed the scaffolding and entered through a window; he was apprehended onsite. JNEM Archives, Newspaper Clipping Files.

⁵¹"Final Inspection of Exterior Rehab, Phase III, Package No. 201, Contract No. 6000-3-9004, Schuster Engineering, July 28, 1985;" JEFF Files S72, Procurement (Construction Contracts). See also letter from Chief Contract Administration Director Robert W. Laubenheim to Schuster Engineering on deficiencies in the existing contract, especially on the delay of the installation of the wheelchair lift; November 18, 1985, JEFF Files S72; Project Supervisor Jerry Shaffer to Schuster Engineering, June 18, 1985 on deficiencies in the contract; the memo on completion of the punch list of April 16, 1986; and Laubenheim to Schuster, all in JEFF Files S72, Construction Contracts, Schuster Engineering, Inc. CX-6000-3-9004.

⁵²Task Directive — Old Courthouse Interior Dome Repairs, June 1983, Paul Newman; and XXX forms with memo, Superintendent Schober to Regional Director, MWR, JEFF Files D18; St. Louis Globe-Democrat, February 6, 1984, p. 8A, "Plaster, safety repairs in dome are part of Old Courthouse plan;" St. Louis Post-Dispatch, February 6, 1984, "Old Courthouse Dome Will Get New Interior Plaster and Paint," JNEM Archives, newspaper clippings file.

⁵³Contract #CX6000-4-9006, Package #229, JEFF Files, S72.

⁵⁴"Decorative Paint Analysis for the Old Courthouse," Conrad Schmitt Studios, New Berlin, Wisconsin, Contract #CX6000-4-9006, two files, JEFF Files, S72, Procurement (Personal Services); a copy of this document is in the JEFF Library, Ref. 333.71 CON.

⁵⁵Ibid., pp. 3-5. Six separate periods of decorative design were discovered; 1862 (pp. 9-29); 1870 (30-31); 1880 (32-74); 1905 (75-104); 1920 (105-115); 1955 (116-123). Extensive photographs and mylars of paintings and design elements were stored at the Denver Service Center.

⁵⁶See "Survey of Murals, Old Courthouse," Feb. 1985, Richard Trela, Conservation of Works of Art, Provo, Utah, for a detailed analysis of each mural. Copy in Curator's Office, JEFF.

⁵⁷Contract #CX2000-4-0015, Package #229, JEFF Files, S72.

⁵⁸Modification #1 to Contract #CX2000-4-0015, Package 229, October 15, 1985, JEFF Files, S72.

⁵⁹"Decorative Paint Analysis for the Old Courthouse," p. 1; interview with JEFF Facility Manager Bob Kelly, March 26, 1992, conducted by JEFF Historian Bob Moore.

⁶⁰"The Courthouse, Research, Documentation, Restoration," Conrad Schmitt Studios Inc. promotional folder, OCH Interpreter's files.

⁶¹During one of these arguments, Project Supervisor Les Bowman had to step between workmen about to "come to blows;" see "Weekly Field Reports," project supervisor Leslie L. Bowman, JEFF Files S72, Procurement (Construction Contracts), Midwest Construction Company, CX-6000-4-9004.

⁶²Letter from Midwest Construction to NPS, July 12, 1985, JEFF Files S72.

⁶³"Weekly Field Reports," Dec. 1, 14, 27, 1985, Jan. 4, 1986, JEFF Files S72; the subcontractor, Gus T. Handge & Sons Painting Company, held up the work of the Cassidy Plastering Company between December 2 and January 6 during their strike. See also final inspection report, January 21, 1986, same file.

⁶⁴JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1986, File A2621, JEFF Files.

⁶⁵Memo, Associate Regional Director for Planning and Resource Preservation John Kawamoto to Superintendent Jerry Schober, January 15, 1986, and Superintendent Jerry Schober to Regional Director, MWR, December 12, 1986; Memos regarding XXX form for installation of revolving doors; Superintendent Schober to Regional Director, MWR, December 12, 1986. File H4217 Historic Preservation Programs Overview — Compliance Documentation; JNEM Archives, currently uncataloged box, Office of the Superintendent Records, post-1968.

⁶⁶Interview with JEFF Facility Manager Bob Kelly, March 26, 1992.

⁶⁷Memo, Acting Superintendent Nicky Lindig to Acting Chief, Programs and Budget, MWR, Concurrent review of document, Historic Structure Preservation Guide, Package No. 201B, JEFF Files, D18; interview with JEFF Facility Manager Bob Kelly.

⁶⁸Interview with JEFF Facility Manager Bob Kelly, March 26, 1992.

⁶⁹"Completion Report, Interior Dome Repair," Les Bowman, project supervisor, CX-6000-4-9006, JEFF Files D2623.

¹The Architectural Barriers Act of 1969 and Section 504 of the Architectural Rehabilitation Act of 1973 required that Federal Buildings be accessible. Although not applicable to Federal facilities, the Americans With Disabilities Act of 1990 brought much greater public attention to accessibility issues. Despite the concerted efforts of the JEFF staff, there were still facilities and programs which remained inaccessible to visitors with severe mobility impairments at the beginning of the 1990s. These included the load zones, the trams and the top of the Arch, as well as the upper floors of the Old Courthouse and the "top of the dome" tours. See memorandum, Superintendent Gary Easton to all JEFF park employees, June 4, 1992; copy, JEFF historian's files.

²JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1986, p. 6. All Superintendent's Annual Reports may be found in JEFF Files, A2621. See Chapter 5 in this administrative history for further information on the Old Courthouse rehabilitation.

³JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1987.

⁴Ibid.

⁵"Video and Accessibility: A Tool For the Future," by Bob Moore, NPS Interpretation, copy in JEFF historian's files; JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1989, p. 14.

⁶Ibid.; see also JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1986, p. 6.

⁷Interview with Al Bilger, JNEHA Audio-Visual Production Specialist, conducted by JEFF Historian Bob Moore, July 17, 1992.

⁸Ibid.

⁹JEFF Superintendent's Annual Reports for 1989, p. 14, and 1990, p. 18.

¹⁰The Accessibility Plan was based on an accessibility self-evaluation conducted by Tom Richter, Acting Chief of Museum Services and Interpretation, and Chief Ranger Ivan Tolley, the Park Safety Officer. Paraquad (a local support organization for people with disabilities), participated in the self-evaluation, presenting the park with many practical and useful ideas. A copy of the self-evaluation may be found in the historian's files, JEFF.

¹¹JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1990, p. 2.

¹²JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1991, p. 2.

¹"Entry Fees Suggested For Old Courthouse, Arch," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, March 19, 1982, p. 3A. Copies of newspaper sources referenced may be found in the Newspaper Clippings Files, JNEM Archives.

²Interview with former JEFF Superintendent Jerry Schober, September 25, 1992, by JEFF Historian Bob Moore.

³"$1 Admission Fee Is Weighed For Visitors Center At Arch," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, November 25, 1987, p. 1.

⁴"Keep The Arch Free," editorial, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, November 28, 1987; interview with former JEFF Superintendent Jerry Schober, September 25, 1992.

⁵Interview with former JEFF Superintendent Jerry Schober, September 25, 1992.

⁶The idea of using car wash-type machines was originated by JEFF Administrative Officer Nicky Lindig.

⁷Interview with former JEFF Superintendent Jerry Schober, September 25, 1992.

⁸News Release, JEFF, "Gateway Arch to Charge $1 Admittance Fee," May 25, 1988; "Arch Visitors Ignoring Entrance Fee," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, June 1, 1988; interview with former Superintendent Jerry Schober, April 11, 1991 by former JEFF Historian Mike Capps; JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1988, p. 1.

⁹At the end of the summer, with the departure of the seasonal fee collectors, park interpreters assumed total coverage of the fee collection area, impacting the staff's ability to provide other public services. The fee collection operation also replaced the Maintenance Division in the collection, cleaning, and deposit of coins thrown into the lobby fountain by visitors. Information from former Gateway Arch Chief of Visitor Services Tom Richter.

¹⁰JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1988, p. 1.

¹¹Interview with Park Ranger Eleanor Hall, July 28, 1992, conducted by JEFF Historian Bob Moore. National Park Service Director William Penn Mott visited the park for the VP Fair on July 4th, and was appalled at the number of visitors who refused to pay. See "Parks Chief Decries Lack of Fee Payers," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, July 5, 1988.

¹²Information from former Gateway Arch Chief of Visitor Services Tom Richter.

¹³JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1989, p. 1; "Arch Visitors Ignoring Entrance Fee," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, June 1, 1988; interview with former JEFF Superintendent Jerry Schober, 11 April 1991.

¹⁴JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1990, p. 2.

¹ Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Administrative History, 1935-1980, by Sharon A. Brown, JEFF, 1984, p. 129; JNEHA 25th Anniversary Report, JNEHA, 1990. See also Chapter 9, Interpretation, in this administrative history. The tie between JNEHA and interpretation at JEFF was so strong that it was extremely difficult to split the two into individual chapters for this document. This chapter, however, deals with the business side of JNEHA, while the interpretive and educational aspects of the organization are covered in the chapter on interpretation.

²More information on the folklife program is included in Chapter 9, Interpretation, in this administrative history.

³Interview with Executive Director Ray Breun, JNEHA, October 9, 1992, by JEFF Historian Bob Moore.

⁴Interview with former JEFF Superintendent Jerry Schober, September 25, 1992, by JEFF Historian Bob Moore.

⁵See the section on exhibits in Chapter 9, Interpretation, in this administrative history.

⁶John R. Green II was the vice-president and treasurer of the JNEHA Board in 1991. His father, John R. Green I, was a lawyer and a founding member of JNEHA in 1961.

⁷Aram Mardirosian of the Potomac Group, Washington, D.C.. See Chapter 9, Interpretation, in this administrative history for background on the design of the Museum of Westward Expansion.

⁸Famous-Barr is a large St. Louis department store chain.

⁹Interview with Executive Director Ray Breun, JNEHA, October 9, 1992.

¹⁰JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1987, p. 11.

¹¹JEFF Superintendent's Annual Reports for 1985 and 1987.

¹²JEFF Superintendent's Annual Reports for 1989 and 1990.

¹³Annual Report on National Park Service Cooperating Associations, Fiscal Year 1991, copy in JEFF File A42(710). A comparison of other comparable associations around the country revealed that the Grand Canyon Natural History Association took in $2,258,484 in 1991, and provided $438,858 in aid to the NPS; Arizona Memorial Natural History Association $2,220,969, with $678,063 in aid; and the Parks and History Association, $2,668,442, with $313,162 in aid. Other parks, such as Yellowstone and Golden Gate, have comparable figures to JNEHA, but a check of the figures puts JNEHA consistently near the top of the list regarding the percentage of gross sales turned back to the NPS in aid.

¹⁴The NPS permitted JNEHA to charge a fee for the film, which previously had been free, in order to provide the revenue to operate and maintain the theater operation and staff the Old Courthouse. Memos, Superintendent Jerry Schober to Regional Director Charles Odegaard, September 13, 1982, May 16, 1983, and September 27, 1985; Regional Director to Schober, May 26, 1983, all JEFF File A42. See also the revised Agreement Between the National Park Service and the Jefferson National Expansion Historical Association of January 13, 1961, especially section 2, part D, numbers 2-5; and section 4. See also the supplemental agreement of April 7, 1983. A copy of this document is on file in the JEFF historian's office. Programs and events in which JNEHA is involved, as well as the evolution of JNEHA's involvement in educational and interpretive programs, are described in detail in Chapter 9, Interpretation, in this administrative history.

¹⁵See the supplemental Agreement Between the National Park Service and the Jefferson National Expansion Historical Association, September 1985. A copy of this document is on file in the JEFF historian's office.

¹⁶Letter from Chairman of the Board Robert Murch, JNEHA, to Midwest Regional Director Charles Odegaard, January 25, 1985, JEFF File A42.

¹⁷Interview with Executive Director Ray Breun, JNEHA, October 9, 1992.

¹⁸JNEHA 25th Anniversary Report.

¹⁹Interview with Executive Director Ray Breun, JNEHA, October 9, 1992.

²⁰NPS-32 was a specific guideline written by the National Park Service pertaining to cooperating associations.

²¹Copy of memo from Chief, Division of Interpretation and Visitor Services, WASO, to Assistant Director, Park Use Operations, April 30, 1982. The memo includes a list of objectional items being sold by JNEHA, including charms, bolos, cast models of the Arch, medallions, cuff links and playing cards. See JEFF historian's files.

²²JEFF Operations Evaluation, Midwest Regional Office, May 1982; copy, JEFF historian's files.

²³Memo, Superintendent Jerry Schober to Regional Director, MWR, August 15, 1984, JEFF File A42.

²⁴Interview with former Superintendent Jerry Schober, September 25, 1992.

²⁵Memo, Superintendent Jerry Schober to Regional Director, MWR, August 15, 1984, JEFF File A42.

²⁶Interview with former Superintendent Jerry Schober, September 25, 1992.

²⁷Memo from Regional Director Charles Odegaard to Director of the National Park Service, October 10, 1984, JEFF File A42.

²⁸NPS Cooperating Associations Coordinator Jim Murfin's contentions were based on a site visit of May 21, 1984; see Memo from Associate Director of Park Operations Stanley Albright to Midwest Regional Director Charles Odegaard, May 4, 1984; Memos from JEFF Superintendent Jerry Schober to Regional Director, August 16, 1984, September 12, 1984, and October 3, 1984; Memos from Regional Director Charles Odegaard to Director of the National Park Service, October 10, 1984, March 7, 1985 and August 25, 1986; and Director of the National Park Service Russell Dickenson to Odegaard, January 9, 1985, all JEFF File A42.

²⁹Interview with former Superintendent Jerry Schober, September 25, 1992; see also the memo referenced, Director Russell Dickenson to Regional Director Chuck Odegaard, January 9, 1985, JEFF File A42.

³⁰Memo, Education Director Ray Breun, JNEHA, to JEFF Staff, on JNEHA policy on selection of items for sale, December 15, 1987, copy, historian's files, JEFF.

³¹Only items which have been approved by the review committee are sold in the museum shops at the Old Courthouse, the Arch, and Union Station. America's National Parks store at Union Station was formerly allowed to sell all items approved by Eastern National Park and Monument Association, but in early 1991 this was changed to read only items approved by the committee described above.

³²Union Station was purchased for $5.5 million, and restored at a cost of $150 million. Information from Molly Walsh of the St. Louis Union Station staff.

³³Interview with Executive Director Ray Breun, JNEHA, October 9, 1992.

³⁴Interview with former Superintendent Jerry Schober, September 25, 1992.

³⁵Interview with Executive Director Ray Breun, JNEHA, October 9, 1992.

³⁶Interview with former Superintendent Jerry Schober, September 25, 1992.

³⁷Interview with Executive Director Ray Breun, JNEHA, October 9, 1992.

³⁸Interview with former Superintendent Jerry Schober, September 25, 1992.

³⁹Interview with Executive Director Ray Breun, JNEHA, October 9, 1992.

⁴⁰JEFF Statement For Interpretation, 1987 p. 13.

⁴² Former Superintendent Jerry Schober recalled in an interview: "Interpreters found out; some had never had to draw a crowd. You know . . . the announcement says 'You will meet exactly at this spot, stand there and shut up and someone will come show you slides or talk to you.' And yet, they're really good interpreters. They found out [they had to say something like] 'Hey folks, you know what we're going to be doing? We're going to rapell from here . . . ' And in a little while they had crowds everywhere. It really gave an insight to those that had never done it. It was pretty slim pickings for them. And I think, I hope, that at least, when they went back, they realized that was something they ought to work on. You're not always going to have a ready-made crowd." Interview with former Superintendent Jerry Schober, September 25, 1992.

⁴²Memo, JEFF Superintendent Jerry Schober to Regional Director, MWR, February 12, 1988.

⁴³Interview with former Superintendent Jerry Schober, September 25, 1992.

⁴⁴JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1991, p. 2.

⁴⁵JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1990.

⁴⁶JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1991, pp. 21-22.

⁴⁷Interview with former Superintendent Jerry Schober, September 25, 1992.

¹See Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Administrative History, 1935-1980, by Sharon A. Brown, JEFF, 1984, p. 85. The WPA dioramas continued on display in the Old Courthouse exhibit galleries into the 1990s.

²For more on the Museum of Westward Expansion, see JNEM Administrative History, 1935-1980, by Sharon A. Brown, pp. 170-180; and "Museum of Westward Expansion, A Preview for Members of the Press," August 1976, part of an NPS press kit issued for the opening of the MWE, 3 pages, JEFF historian's files. See also the section on the Museum of Westward Expansion in this chapter.

³Interpretive Prospectus: Old Courthouse, 1971. This document specified that the themes of St. Louis history, architecture and the history of the building itself were appropriate and suggested interpretive uses for the structure.

⁴JEFF Statement for Interpretation for 1981. Statements for interpretation for the years 1981 and 1985-1991 are on file in the JEFF historian's office.

⁵JEFF Annual Statement for Interpretation, 1987.

⁶By enumerating and quantifying visitor services, funds could be allocated to successful programs, visitor use patterns could be charted to allow for a more informed seasonal hiring schedule, and the importance of special projects requiring funds from the Regional Office could be demonstrated. See JEFF Annual Statements for Interpretation, 1981-1991. Each of the programs and services mentioned are described in detail below.

⁷Interpretive Prospectus JEFF, 1960, p. 16b; JEFF Administrative History, 1935-1980, by Sharon A. Brown, pp. 170-171.

⁸"Museum of Westward Expansion, A Preview for Members of the Press," August, 1976.

⁹"Museums for Today," Architectural Record, July 1972, copy, JEFF historian's files.

¹⁰Ibid., and JNEM Administrative History, 1935-1980, by Sharon A. Brown, pp. 170-177. Memorandum, Superintendent Robert Chandler to Office of Public Affairs, WASO, August 4, 1976, JEFF historian's files.

¹¹The MWE, with 42,000 square feet of exhibit area, became the second largest museum in the NPS when the Museum of American Immigration opened on Ellis Island in 1990. The immigration museum is roughly twice the size of the MWE.

¹²A fascinating, lengthy oral history interview with former Supervisory Park Ranger Dan Murphy, recalling many important details of the development stage and installation of the museum, is on file in the JEFF Library and the JNEM Archives.

¹³"Museum of Westward Expansion, A Preview for Members of the Press," August 1976.

¹⁴Ibid.

¹⁵Mark Engler was hired as chief of Museum Services and Interpretation in the summer of 1990.

¹⁶Interview with JEFF Chief of Museum Services and Interpretation Mark Engler, by Bob Moore, JEFF historian, January 25, 1993.

¹⁷Ibid.

¹⁸JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1992.

¹⁹ JNEM Administrative History, 1935-1980, by Sharon A. Brown, p. 180.

²⁰Ibid., pp. 178 and 180.

²¹During this same period, extensive rehabilitation work was being conducted on the Old Courthouse. See Chapter 5, on the Old Courthouse Restoration and Rehabilitation, in this administrative history.

²²Telephone interview with Rick Wilt, who served as JEFF chief of museum services and interpretation, 1980-1987, conducted on December 17, 1992, by JEFF Historian Bob Moore. The so-called "Hoppe Room" was located in what later became the park's conference room.

²³JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1986.

²⁴JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1986, p. 4; and 1987, p. 11. The Mississippian Gallery was later overshadowed by the construction of a modern visitor center/museum at the Cahokia Mounds State Park in Illinois. The Mississippian Room was closed and the exhibit dismantled in 1990.

²⁵JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1985.

²⁶Information from Tom Richter, former supervisory park ranger at the Gateway Arch.

²⁷Ray Breun, hired for this position by JNEHA in 1977, described the background of this decision in Chapter 8, JNEHA, in this administrative history.

²⁸JNEM Administrative History, 1935-1980, Sharon A. Brown, p. 178.

²⁹Interview with Ray Breun, Executive Director, JNEHA, October 9, 1992, by JEFF Historian Bob Moore.

³⁰JNEM Administrative History, 1935-1980, by Sharon A. Brown, p. 180; "Gateway Arch aids in education," Hannibal, Missouri Courier-Post, February 9, 1979; "Museum Education Office At Arch Will Loan Slide Program Packages," North St. Louis Community News, January 16, 1979; "Teacher's workshop," St. Louis Globe-Democrat, February 21, 1979.

³¹Interview with JEFF Education Specialist Sue Siller, December 18, 1992, by JEFF Historian Bob Moore.

³²See "Folklife Program: Guidelines; Jefferson National Expansion Memorial," prepared by Folklife Program Coordinator Jane Grosby-Bergey, pp. 8-10, attachment, 1981 JEFF Annual Statement for Interpretation; "JNEHA Annual Report, October 1, 1981 - September 30, 1982," pp. 4-6; and press releases on folklife activities, April 10, June 16, and July 28, 1980, copies, JEFF historian's files.

³³JEFF Museum Education Brochure 1983-1984, copy in the education specialist's files, JEFF. See also Gateway, the JEFF park newspaper, Summer, 1980, which lists many of the Folklife Program's special events, held throughout the summer in the MWE, including cooperage and butter churning, concerts, ceramics, broom-making, and American Indian dancers; also The Gateway Guide, [the re-named park newspaper], Fall 1984, p. 3; copies, JEFF historian's files.

³⁴Museum Education Brochure, 1980-1981, attached to the 1981 JEFF Annual Statement for Interpretation, copy, JEFF historian's files.

³⁵For more on the Folklife Program, see the section below on JNEHA Interpretation.

³⁶Museum Education Brochure, 1980-1981, attached to the 1981 JEFF Annual Statement for Interpretation, copy, JEFF historian's files.

³⁷"JNEHA Annual Report, October 1, 1981 — September 30, 1982," p. 4, copy, JEFF historian's files; interview with JEFF Education Specialist Sue Siller, December 18, 1992.

³⁸The Bi-State Development Agency printed the 10-page brochure at no charge to the NPS, in sufficient quantity to be made available to all area schools; JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1985.

³⁹This program ended because it was directly tied to the annual Folklife Festival, and JNEHA funds for both programs were cut in 1984. See the section on the Folklife Program under Special Events in this chapter.

⁴⁰Interview with Ray Breun, Executive Director, JNEHA, October 9, 1992, by JEFF Historian Bob Moore.

⁴¹JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1985; interview with JEFF Education Specialist Sue Siller, December 18, 1992.

⁴²JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1986.

⁴³Interview with JEFF Education Specialist Sue Siller, May 1991, conducted by former JEFF Historian Mike Capps.

⁴⁴Museum Education Brochure, 1989-1990, copy attached to the 1989 Annual Statement for Interpretation, JEFF; interview with JEFF Education Specialist Sue Siller, May 1991, conducted by former JEFF Historian Mike Capps.

⁴⁵JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1986.

⁴⁶Eleanor Hall, "The High School Program at Jefferson National Expansion Memorial," Interpretation Summer 1990, 10-12.

⁴⁷Ibid; interview with JEFF Education Specialist Sue Siller, May 1991, conducted by former JEFF Historian Mike Capps.

⁴⁸Ibid.

⁴⁹The traveling suitcase program initially produced two projects, one on American Indians and the other on mountainmen. Response from the community was immediate and overwhelming, and preparations began for three additional trunks soon afterward. Museum Education Brochure, 1989-1990; JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1987, p. 11; JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1988, p. 11.

⁵⁰JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1987, p. 13; for 1988, p. 11.

⁵¹JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1987, p. 13.

⁵²JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1988, p. 10.

⁵³JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1990, p. 18; see also the section on scout programs in this chapter, below.

⁵⁴Interview with JEFF Education Specialist Sue Siller, May 1991, conducted by former JEFF Historian Mike Capps.

⁵⁵Ibid, p. 21.

⁵⁶JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1986, p. 4. As an example of volume, 3,259 programs were given for 75,141 visitors in 1987; see JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1987, p. 11.

⁵⁷Interview with Interpretive Specialist Tom Richter, Midwest Regional Office, by JEFF Historian Bob Moore, September 4, 1993. See also Chapter 7, Entrance Fees, in this administrative history for further details.

⁵⁸JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1988, p. 10. See also the section on JNEHA interpretation, below.

⁵⁹Telephone interview with former Chief of Museum Services and Interpretation Corky Mayo, October 4, 1993, conducted by JEFF Historian Bob Moore.

⁶⁰JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1989, p. 14.

⁶¹Interview with JEFF Education Specialist Sue Siller.

⁶²Telephone interview with former Chief of Museum Services and Interpretation Corky Mayo, October 4, 1993.

⁶³JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1990, p. 18.

⁶⁴Interview with Chief of Museum Services and Interpretation Mark Engler, by JEFF Historian Bob Moore, January 25, 1993.

⁶⁵Ibid.

⁶⁶JEFF Operations Evaluation Report, Midwest Regional Office, May 1982, p. 1.

⁶⁷Interview with JNEHA Executive Director Bay Breun, October 9, 1992; "Carter's Budget Denies Funds For Arch, Courthouse," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, January 20, 1979 p. 1.

⁶⁸"Closing? Old Courthouse May Be Shut," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, March 18, 1982, pp. 1 and 5. Replies were immediate in the "letters to the editor" sections of the local papers. "To close the Old Courthouse is unthinkable!" wrote one local resident, "To do this would be like doing away with Mom, apple pie, and the American flag." St. Louis Globe-Democrat, April 2, 1982, p. 13A.

⁶⁹Interview with former JEFF Superintendent Jerry Schober, September 25, 1992; see also Appendix E, JNEHA Legislation, in this administrative history.

⁷⁰Ibid.

⁷¹JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1985; interview with JEFF Education Specialist Sue Siller, December 18, 1992.

⁷²Interview with former JEFF Superintendent Jerry Schober, September 25, 1992.

⁷³Interview with JEFF Education Specialist Sue Siller, December 18, 1992.

⁷⁴Interview with Chief of Museum Services and Interpretation Mark Engler, January 25, 1993.

⁷⁵JNEM Administrative History, 1935-1980, Sharon A. Brown, pp. 178 and 180; Gateway, JEFF park newspaper, Summer, 1980 p. 4; copy, JEFF historian's files; "Mosey on over to Frontier Festival at Gateway Arch, St. Louis Globe-Democrat, August 20, 1982; "Thousands Sample Frontier Life At Festival," St. Louis Globe-Democrat, June 18-19, 1983; "Frontier Folklife Festival at the Arch," St. Louis Globe-Democrat, July 23-24, 1983, p. 8B.

⁷⁶See the section on JEFF's Exhibit Program, in this chapter, below.

⁷⁷Interview with former JEFF Superintendent Jerry Schober, September 25, 1992. Several people (who wished to remain uncredited) who worked in the park prior to 1984 recalled that the Missouri Friends of the Folk Arts could be demanding and arrogant. Crowds which attended the festival were, in the opinion of some observers, drawn primarily from the visitors who would ordinarily have come to the site; there was a relatively small percentage who came specifically to see the festival. It was determined by Superintendent Schober that the entire community was not being served by a rather costly annual event. In addition, JNEHA was having problems with its cash flow at this time, caused by the expenses of the Charles Russell exhibit, and could ill-afford to support the program. Scrapping the annual festival also brought the program of weekly folklife programs in the Old Courthouse and Museum of Westward Expansion, discussed earlier in this chapter, to an end. However, this decision was controversial, and remained a point of dissention among many who worked at JEFF in the early 1980s. Employees who supported the festival felt that it had been usurped by the VP Fair, and continued to lament its demise.

⁷⁸"Money Shortage Imperils Folklife Festival At Arch," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, November 13, 1983, p. 5D; "Frontier Folklife Festival at Arch canceled for lack of sponsor," St. Louis Globe-Democrat, February 15, 1984; "Letters From Readers," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, February 14, 1984. The 1984 festival was held, on a reduced basis, at Faust Park in Chesterfield, Missouri. See "Frontier Folklife Festival is Endangered No Longer," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, June 12, 1984 p. 4A.

⁷⁹JEFF Superintendent's Annual Reports for 1987, p. 12; for 1990, pp. 20-21; for 1991, p. 21.

⁸⁰Interview with Chief of Museum Services and Interpretation Mark Engler, January 25, 1993. The 1991 Storytelling Festival took place as scheduled, after this dispute was settled.

⁸²"Black History Month Offers Music, Drama," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, February 5, 1984.

⁸²JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1985; "A Historic Trial Re-Enacted," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, March 15, 1984, p. 2S.

⁸³JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1986, p. 4.

⁸⁴JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1987, p. 12.

⁸⁵JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1987, p. 12.

⁸⁶JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1988, p. 11.

⁸⁷JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1989, pp. 15-16.

⁸⁸JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1990, pp. 20-21.

⁸⁹JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1991, p. 22.

⁹⁰"Tree-Decorating Party Opens Display At Old Courthouse," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, December 4, 1983; Press Release, "A World of Christmas Decorating Party," November 28, 1983; "What's Happening," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, December 1, 1987.

⁹¹Press Releases, JNEHA, November 21 and 28, 1983, copies, JEFF historian's files.

⁹²JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1989, pp. 15-16.

⁹³JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1990, pp. 20-21.

⁹⁴JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1991, p. 23.

⁹⁵"Scouts Find Gateway To Old West Lore Under Arch," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, September 27, 1987.

⁹⁶JEFF Superintendent's Annual Reports for 1987, p. 12; 1988, p. 10; 1989, pp. 15-16; 1990, pp. 20-21; 1991, p. 21; and interview with Education Specialist Sue Siller, May 1991. Scout patches were given away free of charge after the successful completion of requirements, but due to the large volume of scouts participating, the patch was sold beginning in 1991.

⁹⁷JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1991, p. 21.

⁹⁸See Chapter 8 on the Jefferson National Expansion Historical Association in this administrative history for more on the Union Station Urban Initiative Project; and also JEFF Superintendent's Annual Reports for 1987, pp. 1-2; 1990, pp. 20-21; 1991, pp. 21-22.

⁹⁹Interview with Chief of Museum Services and Interpretation Mark Engler, January 25, 1993.

¹⁰⁰JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1991, p. 22.

¹⁰¹JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1987, p. 12.

¹⁰²JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1989, pp. 15-16.

¹⁰³JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1990, pp. 20-21; Gateway, JEFF park newspaper, Summer, 1980, copy, JEFF historian's files.

¹⁰⁴Ibid.

¹⁰⁵JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1985; "Arch visitor's center to bear George B. Hartzog's name," St. Louis Globe Democrat, May 11-12, 1985 p. 6A; "Sudden illness keeps honoree from Hartzog museum naming," St. Louis Globe-Democrat, May 13, 1985 p. 7A.

¹⁰⁶JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1990, p. 1.

¹⁰⁷JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1991, p. 9.

¹⁰⁸Interview with Chief of Museum Services and Interpretation Mark Engler, January 25, 1993.

¹⁰⁹JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1991, p. 21.

¹¹⁰Interview with Chief of Museum Services and Interpretation Mark Engler, January 25, 1993.

¹¹¹Ibid.

¹¹²Ibid.

¹¹³Interview with JNEHA Executive Director Bay Breun, October 9, 1992.

¹¹⁴Interview with the Gateway Arch's Chief of Visitor Services, Dan Hand, August 31, 1993, by JEFF Historian Bob Moore.

¹¹⁵JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1985.

¹¹⁶JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1986.

¹¹⁷JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1987, p. 14.

¹¹⁸JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1989, p. 2. Volunteer statistics marked an increase of 104 to 152 people between 1988 and 1989, and a jump from 8,443.5 to 10,331.75 hours donated.

¹¹⁹JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1989, p. 16.

¹²⁰JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1990, p. 21; and 1991, p. 23.

¹²¹Kathryn Thomas, hired in May 1981, was the first person to hold this position, and served in this capacity throughout the decade.

¹²²JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1985.

¹²³Interview with Chief of Museum Services and Interpretation Mark Engler, January 25, 1993.

¹²⁴JEFF Superintendent's Annual Reports for 1986 and 1987; see also Chapter 1 on the Arch Parking Garage in this administrative history.

¹²⁵JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1987, pp. 13-14.

¹²⁶JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1988, p. 12.

¹²⁷Ibid. JEFF's Museum of Westward Expansion was the first museum in the National Park System to seek and receive accreditation by the AAM, in 1979. Interview with JNEHA Executive Director Ray Breun, October 9, 1992.

¹²⁸"Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Library Operating Policy, May, 1989," JEFF File K22. The information summarized in this administrative history comes largely from an unidentified park report, discovered by former JEFF Historian Mike Capps in the JNEM Archives, which was the only source concerning early JEFF library history to be found.

¹²⁹Ibid.

¹³⁰Ibid.

¹³¹Ibid.

¹³²JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1990. See also "Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Library Operating Policy," May 1989, JEFF File K22.

¹³³JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1991, p. 24.

¹³⁴JNEM Archives Annual Report, 1989.

¹³⁵JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1988, p. 12; "Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Archives Annual Report for 1989," and "Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Archives Annual Master Plan, March 1988," copies, JEFF library.

¹³⁶JNEM Archives Annual Report, 1989; JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1989, p. 15.

¹³⁷JNEM Archives Annual Report for 1990.

¹³⁸JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1991, p. 24.

¹³⁹JNEHA Press Releases and Press Kit, March 29, 1982, JEFF historian's files; "JNEHA Annual Report, October 1, 1981 - September 30, 1982," copy, JEFF historian's files.

¹⁴⁰Memorandum, JEFF Superintendent Jerry Schober to Midwest Regional Director Charles Odegaard, November 15, 1985, JEFF File A2621.

¹⁴¹JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1988, pp. 10-11.

¹⁴²JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1989, p. 14.

¹⁴³The Slyman Brothers sold washers and dryers in television commercials which made them appear to be sitting on the top of the Arch. See "Exhibit Invites Arch Comments," p. 4 in "Arch of Triumph — The Gateway Arch At 25," St. Louis Post-Dispatch Magazine, October 28, 1990. See also "Gateway Arch 25th Anniversary, An Exhibit in the Making," October 28, 1990, prepared for the American Institute of Architects Convention, JEFF historian's files.

¹⁴⁴Interview with Chief of Museum Services and Interpretation Mark Engler, January 25, 1993.

¹⁴⁵JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1991, p. 20.

¹⁴⁶Ibid., p. 21.

¹⁴⁷JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1990, p.18. For more on museum security, see Memorandum, Acting Superintendent Gary W. Easton to John Sowl, Midwest Regional Office, December 4 and 18, 1991.

¹⁴⁸JEFF Superintendent's Annual Reports for 1989 and 1990.

¹⁴⁹Interview with Exhibit Specialist Dan Swift by JEFF Historian Bob Moore, September 25, 1992.

¹⁵⁰Interview with Exhibit Specialist Dan Swift, December 21, 1992. The goals of the exhibit staff were enhanced by the efforts of Sylvia Coleman, who created and expanded the program between 1988 and 1992, and whose work was continued by Dan Swift.

¹⁵¹JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1991, p. 20.

¹⁵²Deed of Gift, donor to NPS, December 27, 1985, JEFF Accession File #930; "Indian medals a clue to settling of nation," St. Louis Globe-Democrat, August 21, 1986.

¹⁵³JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1985, File A2621, JEFF Files. The historical information in this chapter on Indian Peace medals was compiled from several sources: Bauman L. Belden, Indian Peace Medals in the United States, 1789-1889, (reprint of 1927 edition) New Milford, Connecticut: N. Flayderman and Company, 1966; Melvill Allan Jamieson, Medals Awarded to North American Indian Chiefs, 1714-1922, and to Loyal African and Other Chiefs in Various Territories Within the British Empire London: 1936; Margo Jester, "Peace Medals," American Indian Traditions, Vol. 7 No. 5; Francis Paul Prucha, "Peace and Friendship, Indian Peace Medals in the United States" (exhibition catalog) Washington, D.C.: National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution, 1985; Francis Paul Prucha, Indian Peace Medals in American History, Madison, Wisconsin 1971; and Francis Paul Prucha, The Great Father: The United States Government and the American Indians, Volume I, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1984.

¹⁵⁴The "image wall" was completed in 1976 when the Museum of Westward Expansion opened, but its complicated slide/film program never seemed to function properly. As early as 1982, the Regional Office noted during an Operations Evaluation: "[It] has been out of service for a considerable period due to apparent problems with its 'sophisticated' program 'computer'. Staff expertise apparently does not exist to undertake the required repairs. Since problems with the 'wall' are long-standing, management should make the decision to either discontinue the program and release its numerous projectors for use elsewhere . . . or keep [the system] operational." See the JEFF Operations Evaluation Report, Midwest Regional Office, May 1982. A major renovation project in 1985 involved retro-fitting power units, balancing for equal air flow across each 1000 watt bulb, and reprogramming the 20-tray program. The decision to remove the wall came after years of frustration with a museum exhibit that rarely functioned properly, which created unacceptable utility costs for cooling the projectors. Interview with JEFF Education Specialist Sue Siller, December 18, 1992.

¹⁵⁵JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1989, p. 1.

¹⁵⁶Memo, Chief, MS&I to Superintendent, February 20, 1990.

¹⁵⁷JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1990, pp. 3-4 and 24. Jerry Schober knew the Director of the American Indian Center, Evelyn Voelker, personally. This St. Louis-based group represented over 50 tribes.

¹⁵⁸JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1991, pp. 1 and 26.

¹⁵⁹The premiere issue was edited by Supervisory Park Ranger Tom Richter.

¹⁶⁰The position of a park historian at JEFF evolved from the need for the preparation of an administrative history covering the years 1935-1980. Sharon A. Brown, an interpretive ranger with an MA in history, was hired by Assistant Superintendent Norm Messinger to write this history, on a one-year appointment. Upon completion of this task, Ms. Brown arranged for a one-year leave of absence to obtain a Ph.D. Upon her departure for another position as a historian with the NPS, Jon James was hired as park historian. Chief of Interpretation Rick Wilt hired James not as a research historian, but as a subject matter specialist who would serve not only an expert on the administrative history files and be familiar with the history of westward expansion, but would also conduct training courses, edit publications, review potential sales items, and audit staff programs for historical content. Telephone interview with Rick Wilt, December 17, 1992.

¹⁶¹JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1985.

¹⁶²Interview with JNEHA Executive Director Bay Breun, October 9, 1992.

¹⁶³Copies of the 1980 and 1984-1992 newspapers may be found in the JEFF historian's files.

¹⁶⁴Ibid.

¹⁶⁵Telephone interview with former JEFF Chief of Museum Services and Interpretation Corky Mayo, October 4, 1993.

¹⁶⁶JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1988, p. 12; see also Annual Reports for 1989, p. 15; 1990, p. 18; and 1991, pp. 23-24.

¹⁶⁷JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1989, p. 15, and 1990, p. 18.

¹⁶⁸JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1991.

¹⁶⁹Telephone interview with former JEFF Chief of Museum Services and Interpretation Rick Wilt, December 17, 1992.

¹⁷⁰Interview with JEFF Education Specialist Sue Siller and Supervisory Park Ranger Richard Ziino, December 18, 1992.

¹⁷¹Ibid.

¹Telephone interview with former JEFF Chief Ranger Ivan Tolley, conducted by JEFF Historian Bob Moore, October 3, 1993.

²Examples were cited in the report, showing that during the period from January 1 to November 20 of 1980 there were 64 auto break-ins, 28 thefts, 8 stolen autos, 9 instances of armed robbery, and 32 cases of vandalism.

³Memo to Regional Director, Midwest Region from Regional Law Enforcement Specialist, December 4, 1980, JEFF File W34. The memo advocated the immediate increase of the employees on the protection staff. It is interesting to note the long-range recommendations, which included training a Park Technician as a criminal investigator, the implementation of a horse patrol unit, and the protection of the parking lot by NPS employees, in light of subsequent developments during the 1980s. Further details on the guard services employed by JEFF, and their drawbacks, may be found in the Memorandum, Superintendent Robert Chandler to Midwest Regional Director Merrill D. Beal, February 10, 1978, JEFF File W34.

⁴Deryl B. Stone became Chief Ranger at JEFF in June, 1989. His predecessor, Ivan Tolley, was the first chief of the protection division at JEFF (1979-1989).

⁵Interview with JEFF Chief Ranger Deryl B. Stone, October 13, 1992, by JEFF Historian Bob Moore; former chief Ivan Tolley, in a telephone interview, concurred with the statements of Stone.

⁶Ivan Tolley recalled: "We had an upward mobility program, and brought people in as GS-1s. Every 90 days they were promoted until they reached the GS-4 level, when we sent them to the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center (FLETC) in Georgia. They could rise to the level, after time-in-grade and having met minimum requirements, of GS-5." Telephone interview, October 3, 1993.

⁷JEFF Operations Evaluation, Midwest Regional Office, May 1982, copy, JEFF historian's files. Funding for visitor protection increased by $102,200 between 1979 and 1982.

⁸Ibid., p. 21.

⁹Interview with JEFF Chief Ranger Deryl B. Stone, October 13, 1992.

¹⁰See the memorandum, Acting Superintendent Charles A. Ross, JEFF, to Regional Director, Midwest Region, November 27, 1981 and enclosures (file code W30); and letter, Director of the NPS Russell E. Dickenson to Governor Christopher S. Bond, February 3, 1983, JEFF historian's files.

¹¹Ibid.

¹²Crimes included assault, battery, theft, and rape. See "County Girl Raped Near Gateway Arch," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, April 8, 1985, p. 5A; "2 men sought in rape of girl on Arch grounds," St. Louis Globe-Democrat, April 8, 1985 p. 12A.

¹³Superintendent's Annual Report for 1985, JEFF Files A2621.

¹⁴See also the section on the Arch Parking Garage in this chapter, below; and Chapter 1, on the building of the parking garage, in this administrative history.

¹⁵Interview with JEFF Criminal Investigator John Weddle, October 3, 1993, by JEFF Historian Bob Moore.

¹⁶JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1986.

¹⁷Memorandum, Acting Superintendent Gary W. Easton to Midwest Regional Director Odegaard, October 24, 1986, JEFF File W34.

¹⁸JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1986.

¹⁹Interview with Park Ranger Keith Temple, December 6, 1993.

²⁰Ibid.

²¹JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1987, p. 1. For statistics, see annual reports for subsequent years, and the table included in the appendix of this administrative history. See also the section of this chapter devoted to the Arch Parking Garage.

²²A reduction in larceny, robbery, and vandalism were of paramount importance, and this goal was accomplished in spite of a large wildfire call-out which left the division critically short-staffed during peak visitation periods. See JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1988, pp. 12-13; Letter, Acting Superintendent Gary W. Easton to Service Analyst Sare Lanzafame, REJIS Commission, April 20, 1987, JEFF File A7215.

²³Interview with JEFF Chief Ranger Deryl B. Stone, October 13, 1992. Twenty-nine persons were arrested by law enforcement rangers on warrants from other jurisdictions during 1990. These included two especially noteworthy arrests: one of an individual wanted by the FBI for bank robbery, and one of a suspect wanted for homicide. See JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1990, p. 30.

²⁴JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1989. New positions created were a Staff Park Ranger (Fire and Safety) GS-025-5/7/9, along with the introduction of GS-025-07 Senior Park Rangers. GS-7 shift supervisors were upgraded to GS-8s.

²⁵Interview with JEFF Chief Ranger Deryl B. Stone, October 13, 1992.

²⁶Ibid., and interview, September 15, 1993.

²⁷JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1990, p. 30. See the 1991 Annual Safety and Health Report Summary, JEFF File A7615, and the remainder of File A7615 for general information on health and safety at JEFF.

²⁸Ibid. See also Chapter 4, Maintenance, in this administrative history; Memorandum, Regional Director Donald Castleberry to JEFF Superintendent Jerry Schober, Asbestos Abatement Statement, December 7, 1989; Memo, Superintendent Schober to JNEM Division Chiefs on asbestos removal, February 23, 1990, both JEFF File A7615. See Memorandum, Superintendent Schober to Midwest Regional Director on the Asbestos Management Control Program, June 1, 1990, JEFF File A7619.

²⁹JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1990, p. 30; Memorandum, Associate Regional Director for Operations, Midwest Region, to Superintendents, Midwest Region, March 31, 1986, JEFF File A76; Memo, Physical Security Coordinator, Midwest Region, to JEFF Superintendent Jerry Schober on Earthquake Preparedness, March 22, 1989, JEFF File A7615; Chief Ranger Deryl B. Stone to Superintendent Schober, Report of the St. Louis Earthquake Task Force, Field Trip to San Francisco of November 25 - December 1, 1989, December 27, 1989, JEFF File A7615; memos, Superintendent Schober to all JEFF Supervisors, January 13, 1989 and February 7, 1989, Emergency Operations Plans, JEFF File A7615; Emergency Operations Plan memo, December 17, 1990, and plan, copy #10, JEFF File A7615.

³⁰Interview, JEFF Chief Ranger Deryl B. Stone, October 13, 1992.

³¹Ibid. See also JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1990, p. 30; Annual Emergency Medical Services Reports, for 1988, January 24, 1989; for 1989, February 13, 1990; for 1990, February 17, 1991; for 1991, February 19, 1992, JEFF File A7615; Memo of Understanding, JEFF and the City of St. Louis Department of Health and Hospitals Emergency Medical Services, December 3, 1990, JEFF File A7615; Memo, Acting Superintendent Gary W. Easton to Supervisor, JEFF Training, April 4, 1989, JEFF File A7615; Critique of EMS Document by JEFF Assistant Superintendent Norman Messinger, December 26, 1986, JEFF File A7623.

³²JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1990, p. 30.

³³JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1990, p. 30; FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, November, 1990.

³⁴Memorandum, Superintendent Jerry Schober to Midwest Regional Director Castleberry, July 16, 1990, JEFF Files A76.

³⁵Memorandum, Chief Ranger Stone to Superintendent Schober, May 10, 1991; Schober to Stone, June 3, 1991, JEFF File A76; and Schober to files, February 13, 1991, JEFF File W34.

³⁶JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1991, p. 25.

³⁷Ibid.

³⁸Telephone Interview with Ivan Tolley, October 3, 1993.

³⁹JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1985. See also Chapter 3, on the VP Fair, in this administrative history.

⁴⁰For more on the composition of SET teams, see (as an example) SET Team Request for Assistance, Memorandum, JEFF Acting Superintendent Gary W. Easton to Midwest Regional Director Donald Castleberry, April 10, 1991, JEFF File W34.

⁴¹Interview with JEFF Chief Ranger Deryl B. Stone, October 13, 1992.

⁴²Ibid.

⁴³Ibid.

⁴⁴Laclede's Landing is a refurbished "old town" district on the northern boundary of JEFF. It includes many popular bars, cafés, and night spots with live music.

⁴⁵Interview with JEFF Chief Ranger Deryl B. Stone, October 13, 1992.

⁴⁶JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1990, p. 31.

⁴⁷Interview with JEFF Chief Ranger Deryl B. Stone, October 13, 1992.

⁴⁸JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1991, p. 25.

⁴⁹The interpreters also directed the visitors through the security station, and responded to questions. Interpretive staff was diverted from other duties for this security detail, thus impacting visitor service operations.

⁵⁰Interview with JEFF Chief Ranger Deryl B. Stone, October 13, 1992. See also Memorandum, Superintendent Jerry Schober to all JEFF Employees, on "Heightened Awareness During Times of Increased World Tension," January 16, 1991; and a Memo on the special emergency funds, Acting Superintendent Gary W. Easton to Midwest Regional Director Donald Castleberry, Special Law Enforcement Funding Report, October 7, 1991, both JEFF File W34.

⁵¹Memorandum, Chief Ranger Deryl Stone to Superintendent Jerry Schober, March 15, 1991, JEFF File W48.

⁵²JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1991, p. 25; Memorandum, Chief Ranger Deryl Stone to Superintendent Jerry Schober, March 15, 1991, JEFF File W48.

⁵³Interview with JEFF Chief Ranger Deryl B. Stone, October 13, 1992.

⁵⁴JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1991, p. 2.

⁵⁵Press Release, JEFF, June 30, 1992, "Superintendent Introduces Bicycle and Horse Patrols At Jefferson National Expansion Memorial," JEFF File K3415.

⁵⁶Interview with JEFF Chief Ranger Deryl B. Stone, October 13, 1992. Stone had previously attempted to implement a horse patrol at JEFF; such a program was first recommended for the park in 1980. See Memo to Regional Director, Midwest Region from Regional Law Enforcement Specialist, December 4, 1980, JEFF File W34. See also Memo, Assistant Superintendent Gary W. Easton to Law Enforcement Ranger John Sherman, regarding Sherman's novel request for a voluntary donation program to support a horse patrol program at JEFF, December 31, 1990, File A76.

⁵⁷JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1991, p. 25.

⁵⁸Interview with JEFF Chief Ranger Deryl B. Stone, October 13, 1992.

¹Telephone interview with former JEFF Chief Ranger Ivan Tolley, conducted by JEFF Historian Bob Moore, October 3, 1993.

²Examples were cited in the report, showing that during the period from January 1 to November 20 of 1980 there were 64 auto break-ins, 28 thefts, 8 stolen autos, 9 instances of armed robbery, and 32 cases of vandalism.

³Memo to Regional Director, Midwest Region from Regional Law Enforcement Specialist, December 4, 1980, JEFF File W34. The memo advocated the immediate increase of the employees on the protection staff. It is interesting to note the long-range recommendations, which included training a Park Technician as a criminal investigator, the implementation of a horse patrol unit, and the protection of the parking lot by NPS employees, in light of subsequent developments during the 1980s. Further details on the guard services employed by JEFF, and their drawbacks, may be found in the Memorandum, Superintendent Robert Chandler to Midwest Regional Director Merrill D. Beal, February 10, 1978, JEFF File W34.

⁴Deryl B. Stone became Chief Ranger at JEFF in June, 1989. His predecessor, Ivan Tolley, was the first chief of the protection division at JEFF (1979-1989).

⁵Interview with JEFF Chief Ranger Deryl B. Stone, October 13, 1992, by JEFF Historian Bob Moore; former chief Ivan Tolley, in a telephone interview, concurred with the statements of Stone.

⁶Ivan Tolley recalled: "We had an upward mobility program, and brought people in as GS-1s. Every 90 days they were promoted until they reached the GS-4 level, when we sent them to the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center (FLETC) in Georgia. They could rise to the level, after time-in-grade and having met minimum requirements, of GS-5." Telephone interview, October 3, 1993.

⁷JEFF Operations Evaluation, Midwest Regional Office, May 1982, copy, JEFF historian's files. Funding for visitor protection increased by $102,200 between 1979 and 1982.

⁸Ibid., p. 21.

⁹Interview with JEFF Chief Ranger Deryl B. Stone, October 13, 1992.

¹⁰See the memorandum, Acting Superintendent Charles A. Ross, JEFF, to Regional Director, Midwest Region, November 27, 1981 and enclosures (file code W30); and letter, Director of the NPS Russell E. Dickenson to Governor Christopher S. Bond, February 3, 1983, JEFF historian's files.

¹¹Ibid.

¹²Crimes included assault, battery, theft, and rape. See "County Girl Raped Near Gateway Arch," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, April 8, 1985, p. 5A; "2 men sought in rape of girl on Arch grounds," St. Louis Globe-Democrat, April 8, 1985 p. 12A.

¹³Superintendent's Annual Report for 1985, JEFF Files A2621.

¹⁴See also the section on the Arch Parking Garage in this chapter, below; and Chapter 1, on the building of the parking garage, in this administrative history.

¹⁵Interview with JEFF Criminal Investigator John Weddle, October 3, 1993, by JEFF Historian Bob Moore.

¹⁶JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1986.

¹⁷Memorandum, Acting Superintendent Gary W. Easton to Midwest Regional Director Odegaard, October 24, 1986, JEFF File W34.

¹⁸JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1986.

¹⁹Interview with Park Ranger Keith Temple, December 6, 1993.

²⁰Ibid.

²¹JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1987, p. 1. For statistics, see annual reports for subsequent years, and the table included in the appendix of this administrative history. See also the section of this chapter devoted to the Arch Parking Garage.

²²A reduction in larceny, robbery, and vandalism were of paramount importance, and this goal was accomplished in spite of a large wildfire call-out which left the division critically short-staffed during peak visitation periods. See JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1988, pp. 12-13; Letter, Acting Superintendent Gary W. Easton to Service Analyst Sare Lanzafame, REJIS Commission, April 20, 1987, JEFF File A7215.

²³Interview with JEFF Chief Ranger Deryl B. Stone, October 13, 1992. Twenty-nine persons were arrested by law enforcement rangers on warrants from other jurisdictions during 1990. These included two especially noteworthy arrests: one of an individual wanted by the FBI for bank robbery, and one of a suspect wanted for homicide. See JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1990, p. 30.

²⁴JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1989. New positions created were a Staff Park Ranger (Fire and Safety) GS-025-5/7/9, along with the introduction of GS-025-07 Senior Park Rangers. GS-7 shift supervisors were upgraded to GS-8s.

²⁵Interview with JEFF Chief Ranger Deryl B. Stone, October 13, 1992.

²⁶Ibid., and interview, September 15, 1993.

²⁷JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1990, p. 30. See the 1991 Annual Safety and Health Report Summary, JEFF File A7615, and the remainder of File A7615 for general information on health and safety at JEFF.

²⁸Ibid. See also Chapter 4, Maintenance, in this administrative history; Memorandum, Regional Director Donald Castleberry to JEFF Superintendent Jerry Schober, Asbestos Abatement Statement, December 7, 1989; Memo, Superintendent Schober to JNEM Division Chiefs on asbestos removal, February 23, 1990, both JEFF File A7615. See Memorandum, Superintendent Schober to Midwest Regional Director on the Asbestos Management Control Program, June 1, 1990, JEFF File A7619.

²⁹JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1990, p. 30; Memorandum, Associate Regional Director for Operations, Midwest Region, to Superintendents, Midwest Region, March 31, 1986, JEFF File A76; Memo, Physical Security Coordinator, Midwest Region, to JEFF Superintendent Jerry Schober on Earthquake Preparedness, March 22, 1989, JEFF File A7615; Chief Ranger Deryl B. Stone to Superintendent Schober, Report of the St. Louis Earthquake Task Force, Field Trip to San Francisco of November 25 - December 1, 1989, December 27, 1989, JEFF File A7615; memos, Superintendent Schober to all JEFF Supervisors, January 13, 1989 and February 7, 1989, Emergency Operations Plans, JEFF File A7615; Emergency Operations Plan memo, December 17, 1990, and plan, copy #10, JEFF File A7615.

³⁰Interview, JEFF Chief Ranger Deryl B. Stone, October 13, 1992.

³¹Ibid. See also JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1990, p. 30; Annual Emergency Medical Services Reports, for 1988, January 24, 1989; for 1989, February 13, 1990; for 1990, February 17, 1991; for 1991, February 19, 1992, JEFF File A7615; Memo of Understanding, JEFF and the City of St. Louis Department of Health and Hospitals Emergency Medical Services, December 3, 1990, JEFF File A7615; Memo, Acting Superintendent Gary W. Easton to Supervisor, JEFF Training, April 4, 1989, JEFF File A7615; Critique of EMS Document by JEFF Assistant Superintendent Norman Messinger, December 26, 1986, JEFF File A7623.

³²JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1990, p. 30.

³³JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1990, p. 30; FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, November, 1990.

³⁴Memorandum, Superintendent Jerry Schober to Midwest Regional Director Castleberry, July 16, 1990, JEFF Files A76.

³⁵Memorandum, Chief Ranger Stone to Superintendent Schober, May 10, 1991; Schober to Stone, June 3, 1991, JEFF File A76; and Schober to files, February 13, 1991, JEFF File W34.

³⁶JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1991, p. 25.

³⁷Ibid.

³⁸Telephone Interview with Ivan Tolley, October 3, 1993.

³⁹JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1985. See also Chapter 3, on the VP Fair, in this administrative history.

⁴⁰For more on the composition of SET teams, see (as an example) SET Team Request for Assistance, Memorandum, JEFF Acting Superintendent Gary W. Easton to Midwest Regional Director Donald Castleberry, April 10, 1991, JEFF File W34.

⁴¹Interview with JEFF Chief Ranger Deryl B. Stone, October 13, 1992.

⁴²Ibid.

⁴³Ibid.

⁴⁴Laclede's Landing is a refurbished "old town" district on the northern boundary of JEFF. It includes many popular bars, cafés, and night spots with live music.

⁴⁵Interview with JEFF Chief Ranger Deryl B. Stone, October 13, 1992.

⁴⁶JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1990, p. 31.

⁴⁷Interview with JEFF Chief Ranger Deryl B. Stone, October 13, 1992.

⁴⁸JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1991, p. 25.

⁴⁹The interpreters also directed the visitors through the security station, and responded to questions. Interpretive staff was diverted from other duties for this security detail, thus impacting visitor service operations.

⁵⁰Interview with JEFF Chief Ranger Deryl B. Stone, October 13, 1992. See also Memorandum, Superintendent Jerry Schober to all JEFF Employees, on "Heightened Awareness During Times of Increased World Tension," January 16, 1991; and a Memo on the special emergency funds, Acting Superintendent Gary W. Easton to Midwest Regional Director Donald Castleberry, Special Law Enforcement Funding Report, October 7, 1991, both JEFF File W34.

⁵¹Memorandum, Chief Ranger Deryl Stone to Superintendent Jerry Schober, March 15, 1991, JEFF File W48.

⁵²JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1991, p. 25; Memorandum, Chief Ranger Deryl Stone to Superintendent Jerry Schober, March 15, 1991, JEFF File W48.

⁵³Interview with JEFF Chief Ranger Deryl B. Stone, October 13, 1992.

⁵⁴JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1991, p. 2.

⁵⁵Press Release, JEFF, June 30, 1992, "Superintendent Introduces Bicycle and Horse Patrols At Jefferson National Expansion Memorial," JEFF File K3415.

⁵⁶Interview with JEFF Chief Ranger Deryl B. Stone, October 13, 1992. Stone had previously attempted to implement a horse patrol at JEFF; such a program was first recommended for the park in 1980. See Memo to Regional Director, Midwest Region from Regional Law Enforcement Specialist, December 4, 1980, JEFF File W34. See also Memo, Assistant Superintendent Gary W. Easton to Law Enforcement Ranger John Sherman, regarding Sherman's novel request for a voluntary donation program to support a horse patrol program at JEFF, December 31, 1990, File A76.

⁵⁷JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1991, p. 25.

⁵⁸Interview with JEFF Chief Ranger Deryl B. Stone, October 13, 1992.

¹Development and Management Plan and Environmental Assessment, Proposed East St. Louis Addition to Jefferson National Expansion Memorial, Illinois/Missouri, August 1987, National Park Service, Introduction. Reading this document is an indispensable step in understanding the reasons for considering an east side expansion and the plans for its implementation. See especially pages 4-7 of the study.

²See plans for Jefferson National Expansion Memorial, 1948, by Eero Saarinen and Dan Kiley, copy, JEFF historian's files. See also the original Architectural Competition for the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Program, 1947, which states on page 13: "it seems not unreasonable to anticipate, however remotely, if river front cultural, educational, and recreational activities are developed to the extent hoped for by the Government, the City, and the Association, that the east bank of the Mississippi, in East St. Louis in the State of Illinois, which forms the landscape background of the River, will ultimately be incorporated in the Memorial . . . " The extension of the memorial to the east side of the river was mandated in the original architectural competition, and Saarinen and Kiley drew up plans which showed development on both sides of the river.

³Early plans for the east side of the river are detailed in East St. Louis Riverfront Suitability/Feasibility Analysis, 1970, p. 41, JEFF File D18.

⁴Development and Management Plan, pp. 4-7.

⁵Ibid.

⁶Ibid.

⁷Jefferson National Expansion Memorial — East St. Louis Extension Data Report, 1986, p. 21, JEFF File D18.

⁸Ibid., p. 22.

⁹Ibid.

¹⁰Suitability/Feasibility Analysis, 1970, p. 41.

¹¹See East St. Louis Suitability Study, JEFF, August, 1970, in the JNEM Archives, Record Unit 106, Box 35, Folder 21.

¹²East St. Louis Riverfront Master Plan/Draft Environmental Statement, JEFF, 1974; JEFF File D18.

¹³Letter from Manager, Denver Service Center (DSC) to Rep. Melvin Price, July 31, 1974; memo from Regional Director to Manager, DSC, August 6, 1974; letter from Associate Director, Legislation, to Price, October 4, 1974; memo from JEFF Superintendent LeRoy Brown to Regional Director, October 21, 1974; letter from Price to Regional Director, December 13, 1974, all File D18, JEFF.

¹⁴See the St. Louis Post-Dispatch, January 19 and 20, 1975; and Metro-East Journal, January 20, 1975. Price introduced a bill in the U.S. House of Representatives on January 14, 1975, which authorized the Department of the Interior to enlarge JEFF by not more than 50 acres. On November 10 of that year, the Midwest Regional Office of the NPS opposed the bill due to constraints in staffing and funding, but at the same time citing the fact that the railroad tracks would have to be cleared from the area. The East-West Gateway Coordinating Council Task Force called upon the NPS to meet with St. Louisans before rejecting the idea; St. Louis Globe-Democrat, February 6, 1975. Newspaper articles referenced in this chapter may be found in the Newspaper Clippings File, JNEM Archives.

¹⁵Memo of phone call from Rep. Price's administrative assistant to the Executive Assistant to the Regional Director, January 20, 1975; memo to Programs File from Programs Officer, March 10, 1975; JEFF File D18.

¹⁶Special Study East Bank Extension of JEFF, NPS, 1975; memo from Associate Director to Regional Director, Midwest Region, January 15, 1975; memo from Regional Director to Associate Director, Legislation, November 10, 1975; all JEFF Files D18.

¹⁷Memo from Legislative Counsel to Deputy Assistant, Secretary for Fish and Wildlife and Parks, October 6, 1980; JEFF File D18.

¹⁸H.R. 6620, February 26, 1980, copy, JEFF File D18.

¹⁹"E. St. Louis riverfront redevelopment gets boost," St. Louis Globe-Democrat, February 7, 1983, pp. 1A and 8A; "Park Vision For Illinois Riverfront," St. Louis Post-Dispatch editorial, February 13, 1983.

²⁰Interview with former Superintendent Jerry Schober, September 25, 1992, by JEFF Historian Bob Moore.

²¹"A dream across the river," St. Louis Globe-Democrat, July 6, 1983, p. 9A.

²²"East St. Louis museum study OK'd by Reagan," Belleville (Illinois) Democrat, November 6, 1983.

²³Draft Task Directive, Museum of American Culture and Anthropology, January 1984; copy, JEFF File D18.

²⁴"U.S. Agency Opposes Plan For Illinois Riverfront Park," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, November 15, 1983, pp. 1 and 9A; "Area officials go to bat for E. Side park," St. Louis Globe-Democrat, November 16, 1983.

²⁵Letter to Director, Office of Management and Budget, from Assistant Secretary of the Interior, July 11, 1984; Public Law 98-398, August 24, 1984, copy in File D18, JEFF. For more on the objections of the Department of the Interior and the Reagan Administration to the proposal, see "U.S. calls memorial expansion plan a scheme for urban renewal," St. Louis Globe-Democrat, March 13, 1984, p. 3A; and "Congress OKs Bill Expanding Arch Memorial To E. St. Louis," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, July 1, 1984, pp. 1 and 9A. For more on the signing ceremony, which took place in Chicago while President Reagan attended a convention of the Veterans of Foreign Wars, see "Reagan To Sign E. St. Louis Arch Expansion Bill," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, p. 4A.

²⁶JEFF Amendments Act of 1984, Public Law 98-398; see Appendix D of this administrative history.

²⁷Memo to Secretary of the Interior from Director, NPS, December 26, 1984. While plans moved forward on the Federal Commission, Illinois Governor James Thompson created his own "Riverfront Task Force" to work toward feasible plans for riverfront development. "The goal is to create in Illinois the same kind of dynamic economic growth we see in the St. Louis area," said Thompson. See "East St. Louis riverfront is focus of new task force," St. Louis Globe-Democrat, August 16, 1985, pp. 1A and 11A; "2-Part Push For East St. Louis Riverfront," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, August 16, 1985, pp. 1 and 4.

²⁸Midwest Region FY 86 Budget Briefing Statement, February 20, 1985, JEFF File D18.

²⁹JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1985, p. 1; Superintendent's Annual Reports may be found in JEFF File A2621. "E. St. Louis Riverfront Park Gets Go-Ahead," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, March 22, 1985, p. 3A.

³⁰Memo from Supervisory Landscape Architect and Supervisory Historian, Northeast Team, DSC to Assistant Manager Midwest/Rocky Mountain Team, DSC, August 5, 1985, JEFF File D18.

³¹Interview with former Superintendent Jerry Schober, September 25, 1992.

³²"Land Freed For E. St. Louis Park," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, April 9, 1985, p. 7A; memo from Supervisory Landscape Architect and Supervisory Historian, Northeast Team, DSC to Assistant Manager Midwest/Rocky Mountain Team, DSC, August 5, 1985, JEFF File D18.

³³Trip Report from Supervisory Historian, Northeast Team, DSC, October 9, 1985, JEFF File D18.

³⁴Draft Task Directive, East St. Louis Development and Management Plan, October 1985, JEFF File D18.

³⁵Planning Issues and Options, Proposed East St. Louis Addition, August 1986; JNEM Commission Report, October 1986, both File D18, JEFF; the Commission's reports were similar to newsletters and were mailed to interested citizens in 1986 and 1987; see also "Taking dream across the river," St. Louis Globe-Democrat, November 27, 1985, p. 4A; "60-Acre Limit Is Sought For East St. Louis Park," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, July 29, 1986; "Memorial's expansion open to discussions," St. Louis Globe-Democrat, August 14, 1986, p. 18A; "People gather under the Arch to talk about expansion plan," St. Louis Globe-Democrat, August 15, 1986, p. 7A. In addition to the two public meetings of August 14, 1986 in St. Louis, and August 15, 1986 in East St. Louis, a booth was operated in the JEFF visitor center by the Commission to inform interested visitors about the proposed East Side expansion.

³⁶The final Development and Management Plan was not completed until August, 1987. See "Plan to extend Arch park delayed 1 year," St. Louis Globe-Democrat, June 12, 1986, p. 12A; "Arch Park Extension May Begin in 2 Years," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, June 12, 1986, p. 4B.

³⁷Planning Issues and Options, Proposed East St. Louis Addition, August 1986; JNEM Commission Report, October 1986, both File D18, JEFF.

³⁸Suitability Study for a Museum of American Culture and Anthropology, January 1987, JEFF File D18.

³⁹Memo to Members, JEFF Commission from DSC, March 8, 1987, JEFF File D18.

⁴⁰Development and Management Plan, 1987, pp. 15-16.

⁴¹Ibid.

⁴²Ibid., p. 19.

⁴³Trip Report from Section Chief, Branch of Planning, DSC, June 3, 1987; letter to Secretary of the Interior from JEFF Commission, September 16, 1987, JEFF File D18. Secretary of the Interior Donald Hodel was cautious about the plan during a visit to St. Louis on December 10, 1987. See "Hodel Cites Questions On E. St. Louis Park," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, December 11, 1987, p. 4C.

⁴⁴Letter from President, Gateway Center to Secretary of the Interior, February 23, 1988, JEFF File D18; "Plan to Expand Arch Park Grounds to Illinois Gets Twin Boost," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, February 23, 1988.

⁴⁵Letter to Secretary of the Interior Donald Hodel from Governor Thompson, April 20, 1988; JEFF File D18.

⁴⁶"Hodel Backs Park For East St. Louis," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, July 14, 1988; memo from NPS Director to Secretary of the Interior, June 17, 1988; letter from Secretary of the Interior to the Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, September 15, 1988, JEFF File D18; JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1988, p. 1; News From Paul Simon, U.S. Senator, July 8, 1988, JEFF Historian's Files.

⁴⁷H.R. 2028, April 18, 1989, copy, JEFF File D18; JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1989, p. 1.

⁴⁸ St. Louis Post-Dispatch, July 27, 1989; letter from Secretary of the Interior Manuel Lujan to Costello, August 17, 1989, JEFF File D18.

⁴⁹Memo from Executive Director to Chairman, SWIDA, May 4, 1990; Briefing Statement for Secretary of the Interior, April 12, 1990, both JEFF File D18; JEFF Superintendent's Annual Report for 1990, p. 4.

⁵⁰"Push Is On To Extend Arch Park," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, July 8, 1990, pp. 1 and 10A; and "Expand Park For Arch's 25th Birthday," editorial, July 10, 1990. The Collinsville Herald (Illinois) of July 12, 1990, expressed the opinion that the stalled project "would have proceeded long ago had it involved an area other than East St. Louis. Yet that beleaguered city will not see better days until it is viewed as an integral part of this metropolitan area, with its successes and failures helping and hurting all of us."

⁵¹JEFF Statement For Management, 1991-1992, pp. 12 and 30, JEFF File D18.

⁵²Letter from SWIDA Chairman Earl Lazeron to JEFF Superintendent Jerry Schober, November 1, 1990, JEFF File D18.

⁵³Interview with former Superintendent Jerry Schober, September 25, 1992.

⁵⁴"Costello ready with expansion bill," Belleville News-Democrat, July 15, 1991, p. 3; "Measure Seeks Extension Of Arch Park," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, July 18, 1991; "E. St. Louis Park Project OK'd," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, August 7, 1992; letter, Superintendent Gary W. Easton to Robert L. Page, College of Architecture and Design, Seaton Hall, Manhattan, Kansas, September 30, 1992, JEFF File D18. A copy of the east side legislation may be found in Appendix D of this administrative history.

¹"Flight Under Arch Draws Angry Outcry From FAA," St. Louis Globe-Democrat, June 23, 1966; "Plane Is Flown Through Arch One Year After FAA Warning," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, June 23, 1966; "FAA to Extend Arch Pilot Hunt Over the Nation," and "Wanton Disregard for Life," St. Louis Globe-Democrat, June 24, 1966; "Hunt Narrowing for Pilot Who Flew Under Arch," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, June 25, 1966; "Workers Call Noise Deafening When Plane Flew Through Arch," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, June 29, 1966; "Another Pilot Flies Through Arch Legs," St. Louis Globe-Democrat, April 17-18, 1971; "FAA Seeks Plane Fact: Did One Fly Under Arch?" St. Louis Post-Dispatch, April 25, 1971; "Fifth Light Plane Flies Through Gateway Arch," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, October 9, 1971; "Another Plane Shoots Arch," St. Louis Globe-Democrat, October 9, 1971; "Plane Threads The Needle at Gateway Arch," St. Louis Globe-Democrat, November 3, 1977; "Pilot Navigates Through Arch," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, November 3, 1977; "Arch fly-through a dumb trick, official says," St. Louis Globe Democrat, November 4, 1977; "Plane seen flying through Arch," St. Louis Globe-Democrat, February 27-28, 1982; "Latest pilot to fly through Arch is identified," St. Louis Globe-Democrat, May 12-13, 1984; and "FAA Ready to Prosecute Pilot For Flying Under Arch In April," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, May 15, 1984. In addition to these ten fly-throughs, a helicopter with a suspended bank of nine cameras, owned or rented by the Walt Disney Corporation, was allowed to fly through the Arch in 1974, apparently with the permission of the superintendent's office; see St. Louis Globe-Democrat, August 21, 1974.

²Case Incident Report number 80-11, 11/26/80, JEFF File A7623, JEFF historian's office.

³Board of Inquiry Report Into the Death of Kenneth Swyers, November 22, 1980; JEFF document, December 4, 1980; JEFF File A7623, JEFF historian's office. See also "Parachutist Killed In Jump Onto Top Of The Arch," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, November 23, 1980, p. 1; "FAA Seeks Parachutist's Pilot" and "Arch always fascinated jumper, wife says," St. Louis Globe-Democrat, November 24, 1980, p. 1; "Chutist was denied permission for jump," St. Louis Globe-Democrat, November 25, 1980; "Friends Continue to Deny Sky Diver Aimed For Arch," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, November 26, 1980, p. 8A; "Arch Has Tempted Daredevils Ever Since Its Completion," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, November 30, 1980, pp. 1 and 7; "Pilot grounded," St. Paul Dispatch (Minnesota), December 18, 1980.

⁴"Human fly's climb gives grid fans an early show," St. Louis Globe-Democrat, October 31, 1983, pp. 1 and 10A; "Stunt Man Scales Equitable Building," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, October 31, 1983; "Climber Surprised By Police Anger," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, November 1, 1983; and "Blue Bandit 'outraces' police warrant here," St. Louis Globe-Democrat, November 1, 1983.

⁵"High Jumper — Hollywood Stuntman Eager To Leap Off Gateway Arch," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, February 12, 1986; and "Arch jump won't get off ground," St. Louis Globe-Democrat, February 13, 1986. In 1980, the park received a request from the That's Incredible television program to conduct a similar type of stunt. See "TV show had sought stunt jump from Arch," St. Louis Globe-Democrat, November 25, 1980. On September 14, 1992, John C. Vincent of New Orleans successfully scaled the outside of the Arch with suction cups during the night, and jumped off with a parachute at 7 a.m. This jump will be covered in its entirety in the next JEFF administrative history.

⁶"President Visits Riverfront," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, August 26, 1979.

⁷Interview with JEFF Chief Ranger Deryl Stone, September 29, 1992, by JEFF Historian Bob Moore. See Chapter 3, The VP Fair, in this administrative history for more on the visit of George Bush to the park. See also "Reagan to appear at rally at Gateway Arch Sunday," St. Louis Globe-Democrat, November 1, 1984; and "Bob Hope Joining Reagan At Arch," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, November 4, 1984.

⁸JEFF Administrative History, 1935-1980, Sharon A. Brown, p. xxxi.

⁹Information from Herb Pankratz at the Eisenhower Presidential Library, telephone interview, July 30, 1992.

¹⁰Information from Dick Bowser, designer of the Arch tram system, telephone interview by Bob Moore, August 5, 1992; and telephone interview, Dr. Harry Pfanz, August 9, 1992.

¹¹St. Louis Post-Dispatch, November 14, 1967, p. 3A

¹²Interview with Dick Bowser, August 5, 1992. The North Tram was the only tram running at this time; it was opened on July 24, 1967. Finish work in the load zone was not completed at this time. The South tram was opened March 19, 1968, and the North was shut down to complete the load zone area. Both trams began simultaneous operation on May 18, 1968.

¹³Ibid., and St. Louis Post-Dispatch, Nov. 14, 1967.

¹⁴Herb Pankratz, quoting a letter of Col. Robert Schultz, written November 24, 1967.

¹⁵St. Louis Post-Dispatch, February 29, 1984; the visit was on February 28.

¹⁶"Prince Charles," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, October 22, 1977.

¹⁷"Cousteau's Calypso docks beneath Arch," St. Louis Globe-Democrat, August 30, 1983.

¹⁸Wirth was director of the National Park Service from 1951 to 1964, and stood by the construction of the Arch during early controversies. See "Early Backer Of The Arch Makes Late Visit To Top," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, February 4, 1985.

¹¹⁹Susan Saarinen, aged 42 at the time of her visit, rode to the top of the Arch for the first time. She was quite taken with the structure, which had not seemed so unique or important at the time that she was growing up. According to newspaper reports, as she was leaving the Arch, she said "'Thank you, everyone' . . . to a group of companions. Then, glancing back over her shoulder, 'Thank you, Daddy.'" Her parting line has become legendary in JEFF's history. See "Saarinen Finds Dad's Arch 'Neat'," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, November 29, 1987.

²⁰Letter, Superintendent Gary Easton to Richard Stack, File A3821, JEFF Files.

²¹Letter, Superintendent Gary Easton to Ron Jackson, File A3821, JEFF Files.

²²"Gateway Arch May Be Centerpiece Of Spectacle For Fall Arts Festival," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, May 9, 1984, p. 10A; "Wrapping The Arch," in Letters to the Editor, Ibid., October 31, 1985.

²³"American Legion opposes U.S. flag on top of the Arch," St. Louis Globe-Democrat, November 3, 1982, p. 6A.

²⁴"Arch Likely To Be Area Centerpiece For Joining 'Hands Across America'," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, January 31, 1986. Rock star Chuck Berry played to a crowd of 1,500 people on the riverfront below the Arch on May 11 to raise funds for the event; see "Chuck Berry's Fans Lend A Hand To Event," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, May 12, 1986, p. 8A.

²⁵"Olympic Torch To Pass Through City Wednesday," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, June 3, 1984.

²⁶"Completing a vision," St. Louis Globe-Democrat, September 20, 1984, p. 8A.

²⁷"600 here denounce nuclear 'insanity'," St. Louis Globe-Democrat, October 24, 1983; "Pro-defense rally gaining momentum," St. Louis Globe-Democrat, September 26, 1984; and "Peace Through Strength backers rally," St. Louis Globe-Democrat, October 1, 1984. Another anti-nuclear rally, the "Bethlehem Peace Pilgrimage," was held on September 12, 1982; see the St. Louis Globe-Democrat, September 8, 1982.

²⁸"Satellite dish owners, sellers to rally at Arch," St. Louis Globe-Democrat, March 4, 1986, p. 4A.

²⁹"Koreans March At Arch," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, September 1983.

³⁰"Trip to the top of the Arch aids fight against crib death," St. Louis Globe-Democrat, October 10, 1986, p. 10A.

³¹"Teacher Makes 11th Trek Up The Arch's 1,076 Steps," St. Louis Post-Dispatch, December 15, 1983.

³²An exhibit for the park's 25th anniversary highlighted many of these objects. See the section on exhibits in Chapter 9, Interpretation, in this administrative history.

³³Advertisement, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, September 14, 1984, Section E, p. 2. See also the section on Grounds Maintenance, Chapter 4 of this administrative history.

³⁴Letters, Ken Hatano, Unit One, Inc., to Superintendent Jerry Schober, and Schober to Hatano, February 28, 1990, File A9027, JEFF Files. Another Japanese ad was filmed at the Arch in 1992. See letter, Superintendent Gary W. Easton to Yas Matsuura of SIZE, Inc., February 7, 1992.

³⁵"An Arch Look At Fitness," by Florence Shinkle, St. Louis Post-Dispatch Magazine, October 28, 1990, p. 25.