Lake Roosevelt Currents and Undercurrents An Administrative History of Lake Roosevelt National Recreation Area

¹ Robert H. Keller and Michael F. Turek, American Indians and National Parks (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1998), 233.

² Ibid.; Richard N. Ellis, ed., The Western American Indian: Case Studies in Tribal History (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1972), 144-145.

³ Mary B. Davis, ed., Native America in the Twentieth Century: An Encyclopedia (New York: Garland Publishing, Inc., 1994), 263. The Office of Indian Affairs became the Bureau of Indian Affairs ca. 1950.

⁴ Ibid.; Verne F. Ray, "Ethnic Impact of the Events Incident to the Federal Power Development on the Colville and Spokane Indian Reservations," (prepared for CCT and STI, Port Townsend: 1977), 74-75; Sister Maria Ilma Raufer, Black Robes and Indians on the Last Frontier: A Story of Heroism (Milwaukee: Bruce Publishing Company, 1966), 447-448; Jessie A. Bloodworth, "Human Resources Survey of the Colville Confederated Tribes" (Field Report of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, Portland Area Office, Colville Agency, 1959), 49-50; David C. Wynecoop, Children of the Sun: History of the Spokane Indians (Wellpinit: privately printed, 1969), 46.

⁵ William Zimmerman, Jr., Assistant Commissioner of Indian Affairs, to Harvey K. Meyer, Superintendent, Colville Indian Agency, 5 Sept. 1933 (letter approved and signed by T. A. Walters, First Assistant Secretary, 4 Oct. 1933), file 1.3 Colville Correspondence 1931-44, box 714, RG 75, NARA-PAR.

⁶ William Zimmerman, Jr., Assistant Commissioner of Indian Affairs, to Dr. Elwood Mead, Commissioner of Reclamation, 5 Dec. 1933 (letter approved and signed by Harold L. Ickes, Secretary of the Interior, 22 Dec. 1933), file 1.3 Colville Correspondence 1931-44, box 714, RG 75, NARA-PAR.

⁷ L. M. Holt, USBR Supervising Engineer, to Commissioner of Indian Affairs, 20 April 1934, file 1.3 Colville Correspondence 1931-44, box 714, RG 75, NARA-PAR; USBR Supervising Engineer to Director of Irrigation, U.S. Indian Service, 1 Dec. 1937, as quoted in Ray, "Ethnic Impact," 83; "Excerpts from Minutes of Meeting of Colville Indian Business Council Held on January 10 and 11, 1941," file Columbia Basin Area — Problem No. 26 1941, box 126, RG 187, NARA-PAR.

⁸ USBR, Project History 1937, 82; USBR, Project History 1938, 56; "Memorandum of Understanding," 6 April 1939, in USBR, "Final Environmental Statement, Columbia Basin Project," v. II, 1975:1-2, LARO.HQ.LIB.

⁹ Louis Balsam, Field Representative in Charge, Colville Indian Agency, to Commissioner of Reclamation and Commissioner of Indian Affairs, 1 Aug. 1939, file Coulee Dam — Proposed Flood Water, box 1211, RG 75, NARA-PAR.

¹⁰ John C. Page, USBR Commissioner, to Commissioner of Indian Affairs, 20 Feb. 1940, file 3, box 1, RG 079-89-001, NARA-PSR.

¹¹ 76th Congress, Public Law No. 690, An act for the Acquisition of Indian lands for the Grand Coulee Dam and Reservoir, and for other purposes, 29 June 1940. The 1,310 limitation does not apply to off-reservation lands.

¹² Ibid.

¹³ P. Hetherton, Executive Officer, Washington State Planning Council, to C. E. Greider, NPS State Supervisor, 25 Oct. 1940, file 2, box 1, RG 079-89-001, NARA-PSR.

¹⁴ R. F. Bessey, Counselor, National Resources Planning Board, to Mr. [G. H.] Fernald and Mr. [P.] Hetherton, 15 Jan. 1941, file Columbia Basin Area — Problem No. 26 1941, box 126, RG 187, NARA-PAR; P. Hetherton, Washington State Planning Council, to R. F. Bessey, Counselor, National Resources Planning Board, 27 Jan. 1941, file Columbia Basin Area — Problem No. 26 1941, box 126, RG 187, NARA-PAR; G. H. Fernald to Subcommittee on Problem No. 26, Columbia Basin Joint Investigations, 22 Jan. 1941, file Columbia Basin Area — Problem No. 26 1941, box 126, RG 187, NARA-PAR; USBR, Recreational Development of Lake Roosevelt: Columbia Basin Joint Investigations, Problem 26 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1945), xi.

¹⁵ "Excerpts from Minutes of Meeting of Colville Indian Business Council Held on January 10 and 11, 1941," file Columbia Basin Area — Problem No. 26 1941, box 126, RG 187, NARA-PAR; "Resolution," 11 Jan. 1941, file Columbia Basin Area — Problem No. 26 1941, box 126, RG 187, NARA-PAR.

¹⁶ "Minutes of Spokane Indian Tribal meeting held at the Spokane Subagency," 21 Jan. 1941, file Columbia Basin Area — Problem No. 26 1941, box 126, RG 187, NARA-PAR.

¹⁷ O. A. Tomlinson, NPS Regional Director, Navy radio telegram to NPS Director, 14 Oct. 1941, file 3, box 1, RG 079-89-001, NARA-PSR; "November Monthly Progress Report," Joint Investigations, Columbia Basin Irrigation Project, 17 Dec. 1941, file Columbia Basin Area — General I 1941, box 125, RG 187, NARA-PAR.

¹⁸ F. A. Gross, Superintendent, Colville Indian Agency, and Carthon R. Patrie, Acting Regional Forester, Colville Indian Agency, to Commissioner of Indian Affairs, 10 March 1941, file Columbia Basin Area — Problem No. 26 1941, box 126, RG 187, NARA-PAR.

¹⁹ "August Monthly Progress Report," Joint Investigations, Columbia Basin Irrigation Project, 15 Sept. 1941, file Columbia Basin Area — General I 1941, box 125, RG 187, NARA-PAR; "Recreation at Grand Coulee to Be Under National Park Service," press release, Department of the Interior Information Service, USBR, 16 Sept. 1941, file 715 Columbia Basin Project, Administration of Recreational Areas, Franklin D. Roosevelt Lake, Boise USBR; Guy D. Edwards, Superintendent, Boulder Dam National Recreation Area, to NPS Regional Director, 29 Sept. 1941, file 1, box 2, RG 079-89-001, NARA-PSR.

²⁰ F. A. Banks, USBR Supervising Engineer, to USBR Commissioner, 30 Sept. 1941, file Copy — CODA Historical Files #2, LARO.HQ.SUP; Guy D. Edwards, Superintendent, Boulder Dam National Recreation Area, to NPS Regional Director, 29 Sept. 1941, file 1, box 2, RG 079-89-001, NARA-PSR.

²¹ F. A. Banks, USBR Supervising Engineer, to USBR Commissioner, 30 Sept. 1941, file Copy — CODA Historical Files #2, LARO.HQ.SUP.

²² Stephen R. Tripp, NPS Administrative Assistant, to NPS Director, 16 Feb. 1942, file 1, box 2, RG 079-89-001, NARA-PSR; NPS Regional Director to NPS Director, 30 Sept. 1941, file 1, box 2, RG 079-89-001, NARA-PSR; "Agreement Between the Bureau of Reclamation and the National Park Service Relating to the Development and Use of the Grand Coulee Reservoir Area," 22 July 1942, file 715 Columbia Basin Project, Administration of Recreational Areas, Franklin D. Roosevelt Lake, Boise USBR.

²³ P. R. Nalder, USBR Associate Engineer, to USBR Supervising Engineer, 11 Sept. 1941, file 715 Columbia Basin Project, Administration of Recreational Areas, Franklin D. Roosevelt Lake, Boise USBR.

²⁴ Walter V. Woehlke, OIA, to Secretary [of the Interior], 30 Dec. 1943, file 715 Columbia Basin Project, Administration of Recreational Areas, Franklin D. Roosevelt Lake, Boise USBR.

²⁵ Claude E. Greider, NPS Recreation Planner, to F. A. Banks, USBR Supervising Engineer, 21 Feb. 1944, file 715 Columbia Basin Project, Administration of Recreational Areas, Franklin D. Roosevelt Lake, Boise USBR.

²⁶ F. A. Banks, USBR Supervising Engineer, to USBR Commissioner, 26 Feb. 1944, file 715 Columbia Basin Project, Administration of Recreational Areas, Franklin D. Roosevelt Lake, Boise USBR.

²⁷ Warner W. Gardner, DOI Solicitor, Opinion (Memorandum to Assistant Secretary Chapman), 29 Dec. 1945, file 2, box 3 of 3, LARO #95, Cat. #3250, LARO.HQ.PAO.

²⁸ Newton B. Drury, NPS Director, to NPS Regional Director, 18 Feb. 1946, file 6, box 6, RG 079-89-001, NARA-PSR.

²⁹²⁹ Raymond E. Hoyt, NPS Chief Recreation Study Division, to NPS Regional Director, 1 March 1946, file 6, box 6, RG 079-89-001, NARA-PSR; Paul Lemargie, DOI Field Solicitor, to Homer Robinson, LARO Superintendent, 29 Sept. 1958, file 3, box 3 of 3, LARO #95, Cat. #3250, LARO.HQ.PAO.

³⁰ Herbert Maier, NPS Acting Regional Director, to NPS Regional Director, 10 April 1946, file 3, box 3, RG 079-89-001, NARA-PSR.

³¹ John McGue, OIA Acting Commissioner, to USBR Commissioner, 16 Aug. 1946, file Copy — CODA Historical Files #2, LARO.HQ.SUP.

³² Ibid.; Colville Business Council Resolutions T-27 and T-28, April 1946, file 1946 1-60, box 1, sub-group 1941 to 1951 (original copies), archive series Tribal Resolutions, CCT Archives Center, Nespelem.

³³ "Memorandum of Agreement Among the Bureau of Reclamation, National Park Service, and Office of Indian Affairs Relating to the Planning, Development, and Administration of the Coulee Dam Recreational Area," 18 Dec. 1946: II.1-3, IV.2-6, file 2, box 3 of 3, LARO #95, Cat. #3250, LARO.HQ.PAO.

³⁴ Ibid., III.1-2, 4, 8-9, 13.

³⁵ United States Statutes at Large, 1946, v. 60, part 1 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1947), 885.

³⁶ Claude E. Greider, LARO Supervisor, to NPS Regional Director, 8 Aug. 1947, file History — Coulee Dam NRA, box 4, LARO.HQ.LIB; O. A. Tomlinson, NPS Regional Director, to LARO Superintendent, 13 Aug. 1947, file History — Coulee Dam NRA, box 4, LARO.HQ.LIB.

³⁷ Donald L. Fixico, Termination and Relocation: Federal Indian Policy, 1945-1960 (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1986), 33, 63-69, 93-99, 101; Ellis, Western American Indian, 188-189; Wilcomb E. Washburn, Red Man's Land/White Man's Law: A Study of the Past and Present Status of the American Indian (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1971), 85.

³⁸ Fixico, Termination and Relocation, 103-104; Davis, Native America, 222.

³⁹ George Pierre, American Indian Crisis (San Antonio: Naylor Co., 1971), 39, as quoted in Fixico, Termination and Relocation, 184.

⁴⁰ Fixico, Termination and Relocation, 134-156; Davis, Native America, 222.

⁴¹ Report on Tribes Ready for Termination of Federal Supervision, House Report Number 2680, 83^rd Congress, 2^nd session, 1954, in Fixico, Termination and Relocation, 207 (Appendix 2); "The Statement from the Spokane Tribe of Indians to Glenn L. Emmons, Commissioner of Indian Affairs, Concerning ‘Planning and Programming of the Spokane Tribe,'" Spokane, Washington, 21 Jan. 1955, file 130 Colville, Long Range and Withdrawal, box 6, RG 75, NARA-PAR; "Separation Asked by Spokane Tribe," Spokane Chronicle, 19 Oct. 1966, p. 3. The Indian Claims Commission settled one land claim in 1967, awarding STI $6.7 million in additional compensation for lands taken in 1887.

⁴² Orme Lewis, Assistant Secretary of the Interior, to Hiram Runnels, 13 June 1953, box 356, Horan Collection, WSU; Bloodworth, "Human Resources Survey," 51-52; Vine Deloria, Jr., Custer Died for Your Sins: An Indian Manifesto (n.p.: Macmillan Co., 1969), 72-76; Colville Confederated Tribes, "The Year of the Coyote: Centennial Celebration, July 2, 1972" (Nespelem: 1972), 4-5; Raufer, Black Robes and Indians, 452; John Alan Ross, "Political Conflict on the Colville Reservation," Northwest Anthropological Association Research Notes 2 (1968): 75, 79; Senate bill S 1442, 88^th Cong., 2^nd Sess., 20 Aug. 1964, file 14, box 203, Jackson Coll., UW; Senate bill S 1413, 89^th Cong., 1^st Sess., 8 March 1965, file 11, box 206, Jackson Coll., UW; Senate bill S 282, 90^th Cong., 1^st Sess., 12 Jan. 1967, file 19, box 208, Jackson Coll., UW; Senate bill S 541, 91^st Cong., 1^st Sess., 22 Jan. 1969, file 7, box 213, Jackson Coll., UW; Senate bill S 3518, 91^st Cong., 2^nd Sess., 26 Feb. 1970, file 44, box 214, Jackson Coll., UW; NPS, "Master Plan of Coulee Dam National Recreation Area," chapter 3, (29 Jan. 1965), 2, file D18 Master Planning 1965-67, LARO.HQ.ADM.

⁴³ Fixico, Termination and Relocation, 28-31; Ellis, Western American Indian, 174; Wynecoop, Children of the Sun, 43; Davis, Native America, 611-612; Ray, "Ethnic Impact," 72, 75; Colville Tribes — Grand Coulee Settlement, Hearing before the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations of the Committee on Natural Resources, House of Representatives, 103d Cong., 2d Sess. on H.R. 4757, 2 Aug. 1994: 6, 26, 56-58, 81. Although the tribe filed too late on this second claim, the issue is still under discussion, according to USBR in Coulee Dam.

⁴⁴ Raufer, Black Robes and Indians, 437-441; Plaintiffs' Brief, Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation, et al., v. United States of America, Docket No. 181-C, before the Indian Claims Commission, Feb. 1973, file 15, box 3 of 3, LARO #95, Cat. #3250, LARO.HQ.PAO; "Final Report, Colville/Spokane Task Force, September, 1980," unlabeled file, LARO.HQ.SUP; Jess Walter, "Tribes win settlement over dam," Spokesman-Review, 23 March 1994, A-1; Colville Tribes — Grand Coulee Settlement, Hearing before the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations of the Committee on Natural Resources, House of Representatives, 103d Cong., 2d Sess. on H.R. 4757, 2 Aug. 1994: 6, 26, 56-58, 81.

⁴⁵ Nathan R. Margold, DOI Solicitor, to Secretary of the Interior, 28 Dec. 1939, file 2, box 3 of 3, LARO #95, Cat. #3250, LARO.HQ.PAO; H. W. Bashore, USBR Assistant Commissioner, to USBR Supervising Engineer, 12 March 1943, file 715 Columbia Basin Project, Administration of Recreational Areas, Franklin D. Roosevelt Lake, Boise USBR; Claude E. Greider, LARO Supervisor, to NPS Regional Director, 28 Feb. 1947, file 715 Columbia Basin Project, Administration of Recreational Areas, Franklin D. Roosevelt Lake, Boise USBR; Wesley K. Nelson, USBR Commissioner, to USBR Regional Director, 2 Sept. 1947, file 715 Columbia Basin Project, Administration of Recreational Areas, Franklin D. Roosevelt Lake, Boise USBR; R. J. Newell, USBR Regional Director, to USBR Commissioner, 29 Sept. 1947, file 715 Columbia Basin Project, Administration of Recreational Areas, Franklin D. Roosevelt Lake, Boise USBR.

⁴⁶ Paul R. Franke, NPS Acting Director, to NPS Regional Director, 30 Oct. 1950, file W30 Jurisdiction, LARO.HQ.ADM; Sanford Hill, NPS Assistant Regional Director, to LARO Superintendent, 11 Dec. 1950, file D18 Planning Program, closed 6/3/53, LARO.HQ.ADM.

⁴⁷ D. S. Myer, BIA Commissioner, to Walt Horan, U.S. House of Representatives, 15 March 1951, file Coulee Rec. Area 1948-52, box 216, Horan Collection, WSU.

⁴⁸ "The Statement from the Spokane Tribe of Indians to Glenn L. Emmons, Commissioner of Indian Affairs, Concerning ‘Planning and Programming of the Spokane Tribe,'" Spokane, Washington, 21 Jan. 1955, file 130 Colville, Long Range and Withdrawal, box 6, RG 75, NARA-PAR; Mastin G. White, DOI Solicitor, to Secretary of the Interior, 16 May 1951, W30 Jurisdiction, LARO.HQ.ADM.

⁴⁹ Ronald F. Lee, NPS Acting Director, to NPS Regional Director, 17 Aug. 1951, file 1, box 6, RG 079-89-001, NARA-PSR; Alfred C. Kuehl, NPS Regional Landscape Architect, to NPS Assistant Regional Director, 25 April 1952, file 1, box 1, RG 079-89-001, NARA-PSR.

⁵⁰ Hugh Peyton, LARO Superintendent, to Floyd H. Phillips, Superintendent, Colville Indian Agency, 3 April 1957, file H14 Area and Service History, LARO.HQ.ADM.

⁵¹ Homer Robinson, LARO Superintendent, to Paul Lemargie, DOI Field Solicitor, 19 Aug. 1958, file 3, box 3 of 3, LARO #95, Cat. #3250, LARO.HQ.PAO; Robinson to LARO Files, 16 Sept. 1958, file A44 Cooperative Agreements, BOR Outside Storage Space, LARO.HQ.ADM; Lemargie to Robinson, 29 Sept. 1958, file 3, box 3 of 3, LARO #95, Cat. #3250, LARO.HQ.PAO.

⁵² Wilkinson, Cragun & Barker, Counsel for Spokane Tribe, "Spokane Indian Hunting, Fishing and Boating Rights in the Lake Roosevelt Indian Zone," 20 May 1959, file A44 Triparty Agreement, LARO.HQ.ADM.

⁵³ Ibid.; Glen A. Wilkinson, Wilkinson, Cragun & Barker, to Secretary of the Interior, 21 March 1960, box 360, Horan Collection, WSU.

⁵⁴ Homer Robinson, LARO Superintendent, to NPS Director, 30 Sept. 1959, file 3, box 3 of 3, LARO #95, Cat. #3250, LARO.HQ.PAO.

⁵⁵ Glen A. Wilkinson, Wilkinson, Cragun & Barker, to Secretary of the Interior, 21 March 1960, box 360, Horan Coll., WSU; Edmund T. Fritz, Deputy Solicitor, DOI Office of the Solicitor, to Commissioner of Indian Affairs, 27 May 1960, file Copy — CODA Hist. Files #2, LARO.HQ.SUP.

⁵⁶ Public Land Order 2087, 9 May 1960, file 2, box 3 of 3, LARO #95, Cat. #3250, LARO.HQ.PAO.

⁵⁷ Howard Stewart, CCT Tribal Game Protector, to Ellis L. Newbill, 29 April 1963, file 3, box 3 of 3, LARO #95, Cat. #3250, LARO.HQ.PAO; Homer Robinson, LARO Superintendent, to Paul Lemargie, Field Solicitor, 24 May 1963, file 3, box 3 of 3, LARO #95, Cat. #3250, LARO.HQ.PAO; Lemargie to Robinson, 4 June 1963, file Copy — CODA Hist. Files #2, LARO.HQ.SUP.

⁵⁸ Robert D. Dellwo, Dellwo, Rudolf & Grant, to David Richie, LARO Superintendent, 15 Aug. 1968, file Copy — CODA Hist. Files #2, LARO.HQ.SUP.

⁵⁹ Robert D. Dellwo, Dellwo, Rudolf & Grant, to LARO Superintendent, 10 Jan. 1968, file A44 Tri-party Agreement, LARO.HQ.ADM; David Richie, LARO Superintendent, to Dellwo, 28 Aug. 1968, file Copy — CODA Hist. Files #2, LARO.HQ.SUP.

⁶⁰ Robert D. Dellwo, Dellwo, Rudolf & Grant, to David Richie, LARO Superintendent, 11 March 1969, file L54 Water Matters, LARO.HQ.ADM.

⁶¹ Robert D. Dellwo, Dellwo, Rudolf & Grant, to Wayne R. Howe, LARO Superintendent, 11 Feb. 1971, file A94 Spokane Tribe, LARO.HQ.ADM; Dellwo to James F. Walsh, Seattle District Corps of Engineers, 4 March 1971, file A94 Spokane Tribe, LARO.HQ.ADM; Walsh to Dellwo, 17 March 1971, file Copy — CODA Hist. Files #2, LARO.HQ.SUP. It is not known when the Corps gave up this permitting authority (Roberta Miller, LARO Program Assistant, personal communication to Nancy F. Renk, 17 October 2000).

⁶² Robert D. Dellwo, Dellwo, Rudolf & Grant, to W. E. Rawlings, USBR Project Manager, and David Richie, LARO Superintendent, 15 Jan. 1969, file Copy — CODA Hist. Files #2, LARO.HQ.SUP.

⁶³ Davis, Native America, 691-692; Robert D. Dellwo, "Indian Water Rights — The Winters Doctrine Updated," Gonzaga Law Review 6 (Spring 1971): 215, 223.

⁶⁴ Memo from T. J. Mutch to Files, 25 March 1969, file L54 Water Matters, LARO.HQ.ADM.

⁶⁵ W. E. Rawlings, USBR Project Manager, to USBR Regional Director, 27 March 1969, file L54 Water Matters, LARO.HQ.ADM; H. T. Nelson, USBR Regional Director, to DOI Regional Solicitor, 8 May 1969, file Copy — CODA Hist. Files #2, LARO.HQ.SUP.

⁶⁶ Paul Lemargie, DOI Field Solicitor, to Associate Solicitor, Reclamation and Power, 6 Jan. 1970, file A94 Spokane Tribe, LARO.HQ.ADM.

⁶⁷ J. Lane Morthland, Associate Solicitor, Reclamation and Power, to Commissioner of Reclamation, 5 March 1971, file L54 Water Matters, LARO.HQ.ADM.

⁶⁸ Ellis L. Armstrong, USBR, Washington, D.C., to Robert D. Dellwo, Dellwo, Rudolf & Grant, 10 March 1972, file Copy — CODA Hist. Files #2, LARO.HQ.SUP.

⁶⁹ Fay G. Cohen, Treaties on Trial: The Continuing Controversy over Northwest Indian Fishing Rights, (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1986), 3-11; Vine Deloria, Jr., Behind the Trail of Broken Treaties: An Indian Declaration of Independence, (New York: Dell Publishing Co., Inc., 1974), 26-27.

⁷⁰ Deloria, Jr. Behind the Trail of Broken Treaties, 22-25, 33-39, 44-80.

⁷¹ John Reid, "Colville Tribe Bans Hunting," Spokesman-Review, 17 Aug. 1971, p. 15.

⁷² Fenton Roskelley, "Colvilles Lay Claim to Lake Roosevelt," Spokane Daily Chronicle, 23 Nov. 1971.

⁷³ Unsigned, "Notes on Nov. 24, meeting with Colville Tribal Committee," [ca. Nov. 1971], file Copy — CODA Hist. Files #2, LARO.HQ.SUP.

⁷⁴ Wayne R. Howe, LARO Superintendent, to NPS Regional Director, 16 Nov. 1971, file Copy — CODA Hist. Files #2, LARO.HQ.SUP; Fenton Roskelley, "Indians Claiming Columbia's Water," Spokane Daily Chronicle, 23 Nov. 1971; Howe to NPS Assistant Director, Park Support Services, 15 Dec. 1971, file W30 Jurisdiction, LARO.HQ.ADM.

⁷⁵ Notes from meeting at Superintendent's Office, 26 April 1972, with Colville Tribal Council, file A94 Colville Confederated Tribes, LARO.HQ.ADM; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1972: 7, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Report, LARO.HQ.ADM; [name illegible], President, and M. McGrath, Secretary, Wilbur Boat Club, to Senators [Henry] Jackson and [Warren] Magnusson and Congressman [Thomas] Foley, 4 May 1972, file Copy — CODA Hist. Files #2, LARO.HQ.SUP; unsigned, "Notes on Nov. 24, meeting with Colville Tribal Committee," [ca. Nov. 1971], file Copy — CODA Hist. Files #2, LARO.HQ.SUP.

⁷⁶ Notes from meeting at Superintendent's Office, 26 April 1972, with Colville Tribal Council, file A94 Colville Confederated Tribes, LARO.HQ.ADM.

⁷⁷ Wayne R. Howe, LARO Superintendent, to NPS Regional Director, 29 March 1972, file Copy — CODA Hist. Files #2, LARO.HQ.SUP; Paul Lemargie, DOI Field Solicitor, to LARO Superintendent, 28 March 1972, file 8, box 3 of 3, LARO #95, Cat. #3250, LARO.HQ.PAO; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1972: 5, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Report, LARO.HQ.ADM.

⁷⁸ Wayne R. Howe, LARO Superintendent, to NPS Regional Director, 29 March 1972, file Copy — CODA Hist. Files #2, LARO.HQ.SUP; Howe to NPS Regional Director, 12 May 1972, file Copy — CODA Hist. Files #2, LARO.HQ.SUP.

⁷⁹ "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1972: 7, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Report, LARO.HQ.ADM.

⁸⁰ Tom McPherson, Secretary, Wilbur Chamber of Commerce, to Wayne R. Howe, LARO Superintendent, 2 May 1972, file Copy — CODA Hist. Files #2, LARO.HQ.SUP.

⁸¹ "Meeting with Mr. Emmet E. Willard, - Secretary's Field Representative, Portland, concerning Coulee Dam, & Chief Joseph Dam," 7 Feb. 1972, file A94 BIA, LARO.HQ.ADM.

⁸² Ibid.

⁸³ Ibid.

⁸⁴ John A. Rutter, NPS Regional Director, to Emmet E. Willard, DOI Field Representative, 11 April 1972, file A94 Colville Confederated Tribes, LARO.HQ.ADM.

⁸⁵ "Statement of Spokane Tribal Rights and Policies on Roosevelt Lake, for Presentation to Secretary's Task Force on Roosevelt Lake," [May 1972], file 8, box 3 of 3, LARO #95, Cat. #3250, LARO.HQ.PAO.

⁸⁶ John McGue, OIA Acting Commissioner, to USBR Commissioner, 16 Aug. 1946, LARO.HQ.SUP, file Copy — CODA Historical Files #2.

⁸⁷ Emmet E. Willard, Chairman, Colville and Spokane Indian Task Force, to Mel Tonasket and Alex Sherwood, 24 July 1972, file 9, box 3 of 3, LARO #95, Cat. #3250, LARO.HQ.PAO; Mel Tonasket, CCT Chairman, and Alex Sherwood, STI Chairman, to Emmett [sic] Willard, Chairman, Colville and Spokane Indian Task Force, 27 July 1972, file 9, box 3 of 3, LARO #95, Cat. #3250, LARO.HQ.PAO; "Task Force Meeting, August 1, 1972," file 9, box 3 of 3, LARO #95, Cat. #3250, LARO.HQ.PAO.

⁸⁸ Notes from meeting on 29 Aug. 1972 [on CCT stationery], file 9, box 3 of 3, LARO #95, Cat. #3250, LARO.HQ.PAO.

⁸⁹ "Roosevelt Lake Task Force Meeting," 19 Sept. 1972, file 9, box 3 of 3, LARO #95, Cat. #3250, LARO.HQ.PAO.

⁹⁰ Ibid.

⁹¹ John A. Rutter, NPS Regional Director, to NPS Director, 27 Nov. 1972, file 10, box 3 of 3, LARO #95, Cat. #3250, LARO.HQ.PAO.

⁹² William N. Burgen, LARO Superintendent, to NPS Regional Director, 13 Oct. 1972, file 9, box 3 of 3, LARO #95, Cat. #3250, LARO.HQ.PAO; Robert D. Dellwo, Dellwo, Rudolf & Grant, to Emmett [sic] Willard, 30 Oct. 1972, file 9, box 3 of 3, LARO #95, Cat. #3250, LARO.HQ.PAO.

⁹³ R. K. Seely, USBR Operations Manager, Coulee Dam, to USBR Regional Director, Boise, 28 Nov. 1972, file 10, box 3 of 3, LARO #95, Cat. #3250, LARO.HQ.PAO.

⁹⁴ Glenn F. Galbraith, STI Executive Director, to William N. Burgen, LARO Superintendent, 8 Feb. 1973, file Copy - CODA Hist. Files #2, LARO.HQ.SUP; Burgen to Galbraith, 13 Feb. 1973, file Copy - CODA Hist. Files #2, LARO.HQ.SUP; Burgen to NPS Regional Director, 16 Feb. 1973, file Copy - CODA Hist. Files #2, LARO.HQ.SUP; Burgen to NPS Regional Director, 2 March 1973, file Copy - CODA Hist. Files #2, LARO.HQ.SUP.

⁹⁵ John A. Rutter, NPS Regional Director, to NPS Associate Director of Operations, 12 April 1973, file Copy - CODA Hist. Files #2, LARO.HQ.SUP.

⁹⁶ Joseph C. Rumburg, Jr., NPS Deputy Associate Director of Operations, to NPS Regional Director, 20 April 1973, file Copy - CODA Hist. Files #2, LARO.HQ.SUP; William N. Burgen, LARO Superintendent, to NPS Regional Director, 16 May 1973, file Copy - CODA Hist. Files #1, LARO.HQ.SUP. According to Arthur C. Hathaway, former LARO Chief of Interpretation, Glenn Galbraith had refused a request from Indian rights activists to enter the Spokane Reservation (Hathaway, personal communication to Kathryn L. McKay, 1 March 2001).

⁹⁷ Alex Sherwood, STI Chairman, to Rogers Morton, Secretary of the Interior, 12 June 1973, file Staff File of Bill First — Indians — Spokane Tribal Council 1973-1975, box 159, Foley Coll., WSU.

⁹⁸ "Position Paper of the Colville Confederated Tribes Regarding the Questions Surrounding the Construction of Grand Coulee Dam and Lake Roosevelt," ca. Feb. 1973: 12-14, file Copy — CODA Hist. Files #2, LARO.HQ.SUP; Wayne R. Howe, NPS Acting [Regional] Director, to Craig Swanson, DOI Regional Director for Management and Budget, Portland, 14 March 1973, file A94 BIA, LARO.HQ.ADM.

⁹⁹ Paul Larson, LARO Chief Ranger, "Comments — Notes re: Barnaby Island," 3 May 1973, file 7, box 3 of 3, LARO #95, Cat. #3250, LARO.HQ.PAO; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1973: 9, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Report, LARO.HQ.ADM.

¹⁰⁰ William N. Burgen, LARO Superintendent, to NPS Regional Director, 7 June 1973, file 7, box 3 of 3, LARO #95, Cat. #3250, LARO.HQ.PAO.

¹⁰¹ Ibid.

¹⁰² Joseph C. Rumburg, Jr., NPS Acting Associate Director, to NPS Regional Director, 25 April 1973, file Copy — CODA Hist. Files #1, LARO.HQ.SUP; NPS Regional Director to NPS Associate Director of Operations, 15 June 1973, file 7, box 3 of 3, LARO #95, Cat. #3250, LARO.HQ.PAO.

¹⁰³ DOI Solicitor to Secretary of the Interior, draft "Opinion on the boundary and status of title to certain lands of the Colville Indian Reservation,"[ca. July 1973], file A94 Colville Confederated Tribes, LARO.HQ.ADM; Kent Frizzell, DOI Solicitor, to Secretary of the Interior, "Opinion on the boundaries of and status of title to certain lands within the Colville and Spokane Indian Reservations," 3 June 1974, file A44 Tri-party Agreement, LARO.HQ.ADM.

¹⁰⁴ Rogers C. B. Morton, Secretary of the Interior, to Assistant Secretary, Energy and Resources, Assistant Secretary, Fish, Wildlife and Parks, and BIA Commissioner, 3 June 1974, file 14, box 3 of 3, LARO #95, Cat. #3250, LARO.HQ.PAO; "K. Cash Notes on Tri-Party: Prepared for DC Trip w/ Don Tracy," [1988], file Multi-Party Agreement, LARO.HQ.SUP.

¹⁰⁵ Edward J. Kurtz, NPS Acting Regional Director, to NPS Deputy Director, 2 Oct. 1974, file W2623 Situation Information, LARO.HQ.ADM.

¹⁰⁶ William N. Burgen, LARO Superintendent, to NPS Regional Director, 7 March 1975, file Copy — CODA Hist. Files #1, LARO.HQ.SUP; Robert D. Dellwo, Dellwo, Rudolf & Schroeder, to Roy H. Sampsel, DOI Special Assistant to the Secretary, Portland, 13 May 1975, file 11, box 3 of 3, LARO #95, Cat. #3250, LARO.HQ.PAO; Kelly Cash, former LARO Assistant Superintendent, personal communication to Nancy F. Renk, 1 June 2000.

¹⁰⁷ C. Richard Neely, DOI Assistant Regional Solicitor, to Roy Sampsel, DOI Special Assistant to the Secretary, 15 July 1974, file 10, box 3 of 3, LARO #95, Cat. #3250, LARO.HQ.PAO.

¹⁰⁸ James H. Stevens, Spokane Agency Superintendent, to File, 26 June 1974, file 14, box 3 of 3, LARO #95, Cat. #3250, LARO.HQ.PAO; John A. Rutter, NPS Regional Director, to Rodney J. Vissia, USBR Regional Director, and Francis E. Briscoe, BIA Portland Area Director, 28 April 1975, file 7, box 3 of 3, LARO #95, Cat. #3250, LARO.HQ.PAO; Conveyance of Responsibility For Operation of Campground and Receipt of Property, signed by Alfred E. McCoy, Spokane Tribal Business Council, and William N. Burgen, LARO Superintendent, 15 May 1975, file 7, box 3 of 3, LARO #95, Cat. #3250, LARO.HQ.PAO; Conveyance of Responsibility For Operation of Campground and Receipt of Property, signed by Al Aubertin, CCT Business Council and William N. Burgen, LARO Superintendent, 16 May 1975, file 7, box 3 of 3, LARO #95, Cat. #3250, LARO.HQ.PAO.

¹⁰⁹ C. Richard Neely, DOI Assistant Regional Solicitor, to Roy Sampsel, DOI Special Assistant to the Secretary, 15 July 1974, file 10, box 3 of 3, LARO #95, Cat. #3250, LARO.HQ.PAO; Neely to Robert D. Dellwo, Dellwo, Rudolf & Schroeder, 17 Dec. 1974, file 6, box 3 of 3, LARO #95, Cat. #3250, LARO.HQ.PAO; Dellwo to Neely, 20 Dec. 1974, file 7, box 3 of 3, LARO #95, Cat. #3250, LARO.HQ.PAO; Neely to DOI Field Solicitor, 27 Dec. 1974, file 7, box 3 of 3, LARO #95, Cat. #3250, LARO.HQ.PAO.

¹¹⁰ Resolution [proposed ], Spokane Business Council, [ca. Feb. 1975], file Copy — CODA Hist. Files #1, LARO.HQ.SUP; Resolution 1975-235, Colville Business Council, 7 April 1975, file 6, box 3 of 3, LARO #95, Cat. #3250, LARO.HQ.PAO.

¹¹¹ William N. Burgen, LARO Superintendent, to NPS Associate Regional Director, 23 April 1975, file A94 Colville Confederated Tribe, LARO.HQ.ADM.

¹¹² William W. Dunmire, LARO Superintendent, "Summary of Meeting with Colville Confederated Tribes Fish & Game Committee, Nespelem, 18 Oct. 1979," file 11, box 3 of 3, LARO #95, Cat. #3250, LARO.HQ.PAO; Dunmire to NPS Regional Director, 16 Nov. 1979, file 7 and file 11, box 3 of 3, LARO #95, Cat. #3250, LARO.HQ.PAO.

¹¹³ Gary J. Kuiper, LARO Superintendent, to Alan C. Stat [sic], 14 Dec. 1984, file A44 Tri-Party Agreement, LARO.HQ.ADM; Alan C. Stay, CCT Attorney, to Kuiper, 2 Jan. 1985, file Multi-Party Management Agreement thru 1986, LARO.HQ.SUP; Stay to CCT Land & Forestry Committee and Fish & Wildlife Committee, 2 Jan. 1985, file Multi-Party Management Agreement thru 1986, LARO.HQ.SUP.

¹¹⁴ Robert A. Olson, USBR Acting Commissioner, to NPS Director, 20 Feb. 1985, file 16, box 3 of 3, LARO #95, Cat. #3250, LARO.HQ.PAO; LARO Superintendent to NPS Regional Director, 12 March 1985, file A44 Tri-Party Agreement, LARO.HQ.ADM.

¹¹⁵ Donald E. Tracy, USBR Project Manager, to LARO Superintendent, 9 Oct. 1985, file A44 Tri-Party Agreement, LARO.HQ.ADM; "Final. Minutes Freeboard Lands Management Meeting — October 30, 1985," file Multi-Party Management Agreement thru 1986, LARO.HQ.SUP; "Finalized Draft, Minutes Freeboard Lands Management Meeting — December 9, 1985," file Multi-Party Management Agreement thru 1986, LARO.HQ.SUP.

¹¹⁶ George M. Davis, Colville Agency Superintendent, to USBR Project Manager, 2 Jan. 1986, file A44 Tri-Party Agreement, LARO.HQ.ADM.

¹¹⁷ Al Aubertin, Colville Business Council Chairman, to Gary J. Kuiper, LARO Superintendent, Don Tracy, USBR Project Manager, and George Davis, Colville Agency Superintendent, 9 Jan. 1986, file A44 Tri-Party Agreement, LARO.HQ.ADM.

¹¹⁸ "Final, Minutes Freeboard Lands Management Meeting, January 15, 1986," file Copy — CODA Hist. Files. #1, LARO.HQ.SUP; "Draft, Minutes Freeboard Lands Management Meeting, March 18, 1986," file Copy — CODA Hist. Files #1, LARO.HQ.SUP; Ron Sarff, NPS Regional Office, facsimile to LARO Superintendent, 14 Jan. 1986, file Tri-Party Notes and Copies, LARO.HQ.SUP.

¹¹⁹ Patrick J. Hamilton, BIA Area Personnel Officer, to Colville Agency Superintendent and Spokane Agency Superintendent, 21 Jan. 1986, file Multi-Party Management Agreement thru 1986, LARO.HQ.SUP.

¹²⁰ William J. Briggle, NPS Acting Regional Director, draft memo to NPS Assistant Director for Personnel and Administrative Services, 20 Jan. 1986, file Colville Confederated Tribes, LARO.HQ.SUP.

¹²¹ Stanley Speaks, BIA Area Director, to Don Tracy, USBR Project Manager, 7 Feb. 1986, unlabeled file, LARO.HQ.SUP; L. W. Lloyd, USBR Regional Director, to USBR Project Manager, 3 March 1986, file 12, box 3 of 3, LARO #95, Cat. #3250, LARO.HQ.PAO.

¹²² Gary J. Kuiper, LARO Superintendent, to NPS Acting Regional Director, 4 April 1986, file A44 Tri-Party Agreement, LARO.HQ.ADM; Kelly Cash, former LARO Assistant Superintendent, personal communication to Nancy F. Renk, 1 June 2000; "Briefing Statement, Coulee Dam National Recreation Area (CODA), Renegotiation of Tri-Party Agreement," 20 May 1987, file Multi-Party Agreement 1987, LARO.HQ.SUP. The Lake Roosevelt Concession Management Plan, approved in January 1991, limited the total number of concessions and houseboats lake-wide. More importantly, it allotted concessions proportionately according to the amount of land managed, giving the Reservation Zone 45 percent of the total (CCT, NPS, STI, USBR, BIA, "Lake Roosevelt Concession Management Plan," Jan. 1991: 6-10).

¹²³ Charles H. Odegaard, NPS Regional Director, to NPS Deputy Director, 1 July 1987, file A44 Tri-Party Agreement, LARO.HQ.ADM; Mel Tonasket, Colville Business Council Chairman, to Tom Foley, U.S. House of Representatives, 9 July 1987, file 100^th Cong./Dept. Files/Dept. of Interior/Bureau of Indian Affairs — Lake Roosevelt Management Plan, box 276, Foley Coll., WSU.

¹²⁴ Draft Response to Proposed Lake Roosevelt Management Agreement, 27 July 1987, file Multi-Party Agreement 1987, LARO.HQ.SUP.

¹²⁵ David A. (signature illegible), Office of the Solicitor, to Howard Shafferman, DOI Deputy Solicitor, 6 Aug. 1987, file Copy — CODA Hist. Files #1, LARO.HQ.SUP; Briefing Statement [prepared by NPS Regional Office for Secretary of the Interior], 30 Sept. 1987, file Multi-Party Agreement 1987, LARO.HQ.SUP.

¹²⁶ Mel Tonasket, Colville Business Council Chairman, and Joe V. Flett, Spokane Tribal Council Chairman, to James W. Ziglar, Assistant Secretary for Water and Science, 6 Aug. 1987, unlabeled file, LARO.HQ.SUP.

¹²⁷ Charles H. Odegaard, NPS Regional Director, to NPS Director, 8 Dec. 1987, file A44 Tri-Party Agreement, LARO.HQ.ADM.

¹²⁸ Catherine Wilson, Special Assistant to Assistant Secretary of Indian Affairs, to Haydn Lee, Special Assistant to USBR Commissioner, 6 Jan. 1988, file A44 Tri-Party Agreement, LARO.HQ.ADM.

¹²⁹ George M. Davis, Colville Agency Superintendent, to LARO Superintendent, 9 Feb. 1988, file Colville Confederated Tribes, LARO.HQ.SUP.

¹³⁰ "Coulee Dam National Recreation Area, New Management Agreement," 18 April 1988, loose papers, LARO.HQ.SUP; CCT press release, "BIA Official Conducts Field Meetings on Lake Roosevelt Multi-Party Agreement," 26 May 1988, loose papers, LARO.HQ.SUP; "Negotiation of Agreement for Management of Lake Roosevelt, Coulee Dam National Recreation Area," briefing statement prepared for NPS Deputy Regional Director, 26 May 1988, loose papers, LARO.HQ.SUP; "Multi-party agreement to manage lake resources," Wilbur Register, 2 June 1988; Kelly Cash, former LARO Assistant Superintendent, personal communication to Nancy F. Renk, 1 June 2000.

¹³¹ "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1988:1, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Report, LARO.HQ.ADM; "Review of language concerning the Management of Lake Roosevelt as contained in the House Appropriations Bill, p. 47," 28 July 1988, unlabeled file, LARO.HQ.SUP; Kelly Cash, former LARO Assistant Superintendent, personal communication to Nancy F. Renk, 1 June 2000.

¹³² Lawrence E. Cox, DOI Regional Solicitor, to Dennis Daugherty, Associate Solicitor, Division of Indian Affairs, [ca. January 1989], file 13, box 3 of 3, LARO #95, Cat. #3250, LARO.HQ.PAO; "Lake Roosevelt Management Agreement Meeting, October 25-26, 1989, Washington, D.C.," file Multi-Party Agreement, LARO.HQ.SUP; Negotiating Team Agreement, 8 March 1990, file A44 Multi-Party Agreement, LARO.HQ.ADM.

¹³³ Kelly Cash, former LARO Assistant Superintendent, personal communication to Gretchen Luxenberg, 1 March 2001.

¹³⁴ Lake Roosevelt Cooperative Management Agreement, 5 April 1990: 1-3, file Multiparty Agrmt April 1990, LARO.HQ.ADM.

¹³⁵ Negotiating Team Agreement, 8 March 1990, file A44 Multi-Party Agreement, LARO.HQ.ADM.

¹³⁶ Ibid., 4-9.

¹³⁷ Ibid., 9-10, 14.

¹³⁸ Jude C. Stensgar, Chairman, Colville Business Council, to Gary J. Kuiper, LARO Superintendent, 4 April 1990, file Copy — CODA Historical Files #1, LARO.HQ.SUP.

¹³⁹ Ibid., 12; Kelly Cash, former LARO Assistant Superintendent, personal communication to Nancy F. Renk, 1 June 2000.

¹⁴⁰ Ibid.; "Tribes celebrate having a say in lake's management," The Star, 26 April 1990, p. 1.