Lake Roosevelt Currents and Undercurrents An Administrative History of Lake Roosevelt National Recreation Area

¹ CODA, "Statement for Interpretation type document," Oct. 1957: 12, LARO.HQ.CIO.

² Dan Brown phone interview with Kathryn L. McKay, 3 March 2000, notes on file, LARO.HQ; Gerald W. Tays, interview with Nancy F. Renk, Tape 1-B, 20 July 2000, tape and index on file, LARO.HQ.

³ "Boulder and Grand Coulee Dams Attract Tourists," Reclamation Era 29 (Nov. 1939): 294; U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, Annual Project History, Columbia Basin Project, 1938: 83, 93; "Vista Points on Columbia Basin Project," Reclamation Era (Dec. 1936): 286; USBR, Project History 1949, 368.

⁴ Paul Pitzer, Grand Coulee: Harnessing a Dream (Pullman: Washington State University Press, 1994), 166-67.

⁵ Howard R. Stagner, Mount Rainier National Park, Associate Park Naturalist, to Claude E. Greider, NPS Recreation Planner, 3 Dec. 1941, file 1, box 2, RG 079-89-001, NARA-PSR; "Memorandum of Agreement Between the National Park Service, the Bureau of Reclamation, and Office of Indian Affairs Relating to the Planning, Development, and Administration of the Grand Coulee National Recreation Area," 2 Oct. 1941, file 715 Col. Basin Project, Admin. of Recreational Areas, FDR Lake, USBR Boise.

⁶ USBR, Project History 1942, 68, 73; USBR, Project History 1946, 116; F. A. Banks, USBR District Manager, to J. L. Chambers, Chief Engineer, State Parks and Recreation Commission, 23 Feb. 1950, file A94 U.S. Coast Guard, LARO.HQ.ADM.

⁷ Claude E. Greider, LARO Superintendent, to USBR District Manager, 2 Aug. 1949, file 17, box 3 of 3, LARO #95, Cat. #3250, LARO.HQ.PAO; USBR District Manager to Greider, 12 Aug. 1949, file 17, box 3 of 3, LARO #95, Cat. #3250, LARO.HQ.PAO; S. E. Hutton, USBR Information Officer, to Greider, 6 Sept. 1950, file 18, box 3 of 3, LARO #95, Cat. #3250, LARO.HQ.PAO; Greider to NPS Regional Director, 1 Nov. 1948, file D18 Planning Program, closed 6/3/53, LARO.HQ.ADM.

⁸ John E. Doerr, NPS Chief Naturalist, to NPS Regional Director, 31 Oct. 1949, RG 079-89-001, NARA-PSR.

⁹ USBR, Project History 1961: 1; CODA, "Statement for Interpretation type document," Oct. 1957: 22, LARO.HQ.CIO; Homer Robinson, LARO Superintendent, to Chief, NPS Western Museum Lab, 5 June 1959, file D6215 Coulee Dam Vista House Exhibits, box 1, RG 079-92-004, NARA-PSR; Robinson to NPS Regional Director, 20 June 1960, file D6215 Coulee Dam Vista House Exhibits, box 1, RG 079-92-004, NARA-PSR; Cliff Hutsell, "Remarks by the Manager of the Grand Coulee Navigation Company," 14 Jan. 1953, file 1, box 10, RG 079-89-001, NARA-PSR.

¹⁰ USBR, Project History 1961, 1; Paul McCrary, "Interpretive Prospectus for Coulee Dam National Recreation Area," 25 Sept. 1964: 14-15, file K1817 Interpretive Prospectus: Coulee Dam NRA 1964, LARO.HQ.CIO; Art Hathaway, LARO Park Naturalist, to NPS Branch of Master Planning, Western Regional Office, 30 Oct. 1967, file D18 Master Planning 1965-67, LARO.HQ.ADM; Hathaway to CODA Superintendent, 2 Oct. 1967, file A94 3^rd Power Plant: Changes in Water Line…1960-74, box 3 of 3, LARO #95, Cat. #3250, LARO.HQ.PAO.

¹¹ Otis Peterson, "Grand Destiny for Coulee Dam," Reclamation Era 55 (Nov. 1969): 1-3; Kenneth W. Brooks, Grand Coulee Dam Environmental Plan (prepared for U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, 1968), 3.

¹² Howard Chapman, LARO Superintendent, to Harold Nelson, USBR Regional Director, 5 Oct. 1967, file A94 3^rd Power Plant: Changes in Water Line…1960-74, box 3 of 3, LARO #95, Cat. #3250, LARO.HQ.PAO; "Grand Coulee Dam (General Information)," n.d., in Grand Coulee Dam section, Dams box, LARO.HQ.LIB; USBR, Project History 1974, 24-25.

¹³ CODA, "Interpretive Prospectus: Coulee Dam National Recreation Area, Washington" 1975: 3-5.

¹⁴ William Dunmire, LARO Superintendent, to USBR Project Manager, 21 July 1978, file D62 Museum & Exhibit Activity, LARO.HQ.ADM.

¹⁵ USBR, Project History 1971, 81-82; USBR, Project History 1977, 13; USBR, "Fact Sheet — Grand Coulee Dam Laser Lights," 28 May 1989, Grand Coulee Dam section, Dams box, LARO.HQ.LIB ; CODA, "Laser Light Show: Grandest Show in the Grand Coulee," n.d. [1998 handout]; USBR, "Laser Light Show Script: Grand Coulee Dam," 1989, Grand Coulee Dam section, Dams box, LARO.HQ.LIB.

¹⁶ Brown phone interview.

¹⁷ James A. Richardson, NPS Regional Director, to NPS Deputy Regional Director, 26 June 1985, file K1817 Annual Statement for Interpretation, LARO.HQ.CIO; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1990: 4, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1990-, LARO.HQ.ADM; Brown phone interview; Lynne Brougher, phone interview with Kathryn L. McKay, 1 March 2000, notes on file, LARO.HQ; Lynne Brougher, LARO Education Specialist, personal communication to Kathryn L. McKay, 1 June 2000; Daniel R. Brown, "Coulee Dam National Recreation Area, Statement for Interpretation, FY93," 18 Feb. 1993: 18, file K1817 Interpretive Plan, LARO.HQ.CIO; Gerald Tays, LARO Superintendent, to NPS Chief of Interpretation, 23 Oct. 1995, file K2621 FY95 Annual Interp. Program Report, LARO.HQ.CIO.

¹⁸ "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," FY1983: 5, file H2521 Annual Reports, LARO.HQ.ADM; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1989: 11, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1990-, LARO.HQ.ADM; Brown phone interview; Darrell Cook, LARO Acting Superintendent, to William Back, office of the DOI Regional Solicitor, 26 April 1993, file A42 PNW Nat'l Parks Assoc. 1987-, LARO.HQ.ADM; Gerald Tays, LARO Superintendent and Chairman, to Lake Roosevelt Coordinating Committee, 8 March 1995, file Multi-party Agreement April 1990, LARO.HQ.ADM; Brougher phone interview; Lynne Brougher, LARO Education Specialist, personal communication to Kathryn L. McKay, 1 June 2000.

¹⁹ Vaughn Baker, interview with Nancy F. Renk, Tape 2-B, 9 Dec. 1999, tape and index on file, LARO.HQ; "Draft Long-Range Interpretive Plan: Lake Roosevelt National Recreational Area" (1999), 16; Brougher phone interview.

²⁰ NPS, "Mission 66 for Coulee Dam National Recreation Area," 1957: 3, folder 12, box 32, Accession 3560-3, Jackson Papers; LARO Superintendent to NPS Director 15, May 1962, file A2621 Annual Reports Field Areas 1-1-62 to 12-31-62, box 4, RG 079-95-05, NARA-PSR; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1977: 1, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Report, LARO.HQ.ADM; Brown phone interview; CODA, "Annual Public Contact Report," 1978, file K2521 FY77-84 Annual Interp Program Report, LARO.HQ.CIO.

²¹ CODA, "National Park Service Interpretive Operations Summary, 1977-1991," 1-2, file K2623 Situation, LARO.HQ.ADM; Steve Castro-Shrader, LARO Fort Spokane District Ranger, to LARO Chief of Interpretation, 8 May 1985, file K2623 Situation, LARO.HQ.ADM; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1989: 11, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1990-, LARO.HQ.ADM; Dan Brown, LARO Interpretive Specialist, to Regional Chief of Interpretation, 15 Nov. 1990, file K2621 FY90 Annual Interp. Program Report, LARO.HQ.CIO.

²² CODA, "Operations Evaluation Executive Summary, Coulee Dam National Recreation Area, June 20-24, 1994," 6-7, file A54 Operations Evaluation 1994-95, LARO.HQ.ADM; LARO, "Resource Management Plan, Natural Resources" (1997), 39, LARO.HQ.RMO; Dan Brown, LARO Interpretive Specialist, to Regional Chief of Interpretation, 15 Nov. 1990, file K2621 FY90 Annual Interp. Program Report, LARO.HQ.CIO; Tays interview, Tape 3-A; Gerald Tays, LARO Superintendent, to NPS Deputy Regional Director, 20 May 1994, file A54 Operations Evaluation 1994-95, LARO.HQ.ADM; Brown phone interview; LARO, Draft General Management Plan/Environmental Impact Statement: Lake Roosevelt National Recreation Area (Sept. 1998), 98.

²³ Brown phone interview.

²⁴ James W. Corson, "Volunteers in the Parks," National Parks & Conservation Magazine 48 (April 1974): 23-24; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1972: 10, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Report, LARO.HQ.ADM; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1973: 6, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Report, LARO.HQ.ADM; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1974: 7, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Report, LARO.HQ.ADM; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1977: 8, file H2621 Annual Reports, LARO.HQ.ADM; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1984: 5, file H2621 Annual Reports, LARO.HQ.ADM; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1986, File H2621 Annual Reports, LARO.HQ.ADM; CODA, "Annual Interpretive Program Report," FY1988, file K2621 FY88 Annual Interp. Program Report, LARO.HQ.CIO; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," FY1996: 3, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1990-, LARO.HQ.ADM; National Parks and Conservation Association, Investing in Park Futures: The National Park System Plan: A Blueprint for Tomorrow (Wash., D.C.: National Parks and Conservation Association, 1988), 18.

²⁵ Emilie Martin, "Student Volunteers in the National Parks and Forests," National Parks & Conservation Magazine 47 (Feb. 1973), 24-26; Daniel R. Brown, "Coulee Dam National Recreation Area Statement for Interpretation, FY93," 18 Feb. 1993: 32, file K1817 Interpretive Plan, LARO.HQ.CIO; Brougher phone interview.

²⁶ "Memorandum of Agreement Between the National Park Service, the Bureau of Reclamation and Office of Indian Affairs Relating to the Planning, Development, and Administration of the Grand Coulee National Recreation Area," 1941: 7, file 715 Col. Basin Project, Admin. of Recreational Areas, FDR Lake, USBR Boise; Dorr G. Yeager, NPS Regional Naturalist, to NPS Director, 4 Oct. 1949, file 1, box 6, RG 079-89-001, NARA-PSR; Howard R. Stagner, NPS, Mount Rainier National Park, Associate Park Naturalist, to Claude E. Greider, NPS Recreation Planner, file 1, box 2, RG 079-89-001, NARA- PSR; J. Volney Lewis, NPS Regional Geologist, to NPS Regional Director, 13 Jan. 1942, file 1, box 2, RG 079-89-001, NARA-PSR. The 1941 draft agreement never went into effect.

²⁷ NPS, "Columbia River Reservoir Area, Washington: General Report and Development Outline," June 1944: 1, LARO.HQ.100-USA.3.1; CODA, "Coulee Dam Recreational Area Master Plan Development Outline," 1948: 3, file D18 Master Plan 1948, box 3 of 3, LARO #95, Cat. #3250, LARO.HQ.PAO; C. P. Russell, NPS Supervisor of Interpretation, to NPS Regional Director, 4 Nov. 1941, file 1, box 2, RG 079-89-001, NARA-PSR; Howard R. Stagner, Mount Rainier Associate Park Naturalist, to Claude E. Greider, NPS Recreation Planner, 3 Dec. 1941, file 1, box 2, RG 079-89-001, NARA-PSR; Dorr G. Yeager, NPS Regional Naturalist, "Preliminary Interpretive Development Outline: Coulee Dam National Recreation Area," Oct. 1949: 1, 3-6, file 1, box 6, RG 07-89-001, NARA-PSR.

²⁸ Aubrey Neasham, "Brief Historical Notes On Coulee Dam National Recreational Area," ca. 1949, file CODA History/Research, Cultural Resources, Office of Senior Historian, CCSO; Aubrey Neasham, NPS Regional Historian, to LARO Superintendent, 16 Feb. 1950, file 1, box 6, RG 079-89-001, NARA-PSR; "Resource Study Proposal: Archaeological Site Survey, Coulee Dam National Recreation Area," 14 April 1964, old files, LARO.KF.2004; "Resource Study Proposal: History of Coulee Dam National Recreation Area," 29 April 1964, old files, LARO.KF.2004.

²⁹ CODA, "Statement for Interpretation type document," Oct. 1957: 3, 3a, 6-7; NPS, "Museum Prospectus: Coulee Dam National Recreation Area," 1958: 7, 21-22.

³⁰ Art Hathaway, LARO Park Naturalist, to NPS Branch of Master Planning, Western Regional Office, 30 Oct. 1967, file D18 Master Planning 1965-67, LARO.HQ.ADM; "Master Plan of Coulee Dam National Recreation Area," 18 Sept. 1964: ch. 2, p. 5; file D18 Master Plan 1964-67, box 3 of 3, LARO #95, Cat. #3250, LARO.HQ.PAO; Wayne R. Howe, "Coulee Dam National Recreation Area Management Objectives," 1971: 2, file D18 Maintenance Planning Program 71-86, LARO.HQ.ADM.

³¹ NPS, "A Master Plan for Coulee Dam National Recreation Area, Washington: Preliminary Working Draft," Feb. 1968: 3, file D18 Master Plan, LARO.HQ.ADM.

³² "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1974: 5, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Report, LARO.HQ.ADM; "Interpretive Prospectus: Coulee Dam National Recreation Area," 1975: 1, 2 [quote], 3, 29, 35; Kelly K. Cash, "Statement for Management, Coulee Dam National Recreation Area," 1992: 19, GMP, Environ. Assessment, etc. notebook, LARO.HQ.CIO.

³³ Barry Mackintosh, Interpretation in the National Park Service: A Historical Perspective (NPS, 1989), 45, 80-81; CODA, "Annual Statement for Interpretation and Visitor Services: Coulee Dam National Recreation Area," 1981: 19-20, Statement for Interpretation notebook, LARO.HQ.CIO; CODA, "Statement for Interpretation and Visitor Services for Fiscal Year 1983," Statement for Interpretation notebook, LARO.HQ.CIO; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," FY1983: 4, file H2621 Annual Reports, LARO.HQ.ADM; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1993: 9, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1990-, LARO.HQ.ADM; "Response to Portion of 6/24/93 letter by Rick & Susie Jones," file K1817 Annual Statement for Interp., LARO.HQ.CIO; Daniel R. Brown, "Coulee Dam National Recreation Area Statement for Interpretation, FY93," 18 Feb. 1993: 15, file K1817 Interpretive Plan, LARO.HQ.CIO.

³⁴ Gary D. Williams and Alan S. Newell, Historic Resource Study: Coulee Dam National Recreation Area, Washington (prepared by Historical Research Associates for the NPS, 1980), 212, 245, 251, 253, 255, 259, 272, 274, 282, 286; Brougher phone interview.

³⁵ LARO, Draft General Management Plan/Environmental Impact Statement (NPS, 1998), 35, 167.

³⁶ "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," Jan. 1994-Sept. 1995: 10, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1990-, LARO.HQ.ADM; "Draft Long-Range Interpretive Plan: Lake Roosevelt National Recreational Area," 1999; 6-7, 10. HFC prepared a draft Interpretive Prospectus in approximately 1992, but LARO's Chief of Interpretation felt it was unacceptable (Brown phone interview).

³⁷ Ralph H. Lewis, Museum Curatorship in the National Park Service, 1904-1982 (Wash., D.C.: NPS, 1993), 117, 146-47, 149, 153, 160.

³⁸ Ronald F. Lee, NPS Chief, Division of Interpretation, to NPS Chief, Mission 66 Staff, 6 Nov. 1956, file Coulee Dam National Recreation Area, 1952 to 1969, HFC.

³⁹ Ronald F. Lee, NPS Chief, Division of Interpretation, to NPS Regional Director, 27 Aug. 1958, file Coulee Dam National Recreation Area, 1952 to 1969, HFC; "Museum Prospectus" (1958), 6, 20, 24-29; Mackintosh, Interpretation in the National Park Service, 39-40.

⁴⁰ Paul F. McCrary, "Interpretive Prospectus for Coulee Dam National Recreation Area," 25 Sept. 1964: 1-2, 23, file K1817 Interpretive Prospectus: Coulee Dam NRA 1964, LARO.HQ.CIO.

⁴¹ NPS, "A Master Plan for Coulee Dam National Recreation Area, Washington: Preliminary Working Draft," Feb. 1968: 56-57, file D18 Master Plan, LARO.HQ.ADM; CODA, "Annual Statement for Interpretation and Visitor Services: Coulee Dam National Recreation Area," 1981: 21, Statement for Interpretation notebook, LARO.HQ.CIO.

⁴² Daniel R. Brown, "Coulee Dam National Recreation Area, Statement for Interpretation, FY93," 18 Feb. 1993: 10, file K1817 Interpretive Plan, LARO.HQ.CIO; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," Jan. 1994-Sept. 1995: 12, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1990-, LARO.HQ.ADM.

⁴³ Art Hathaway, "NPS/FS ‘get it together,'" NPS newsletter article, attached to "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1976, file A2621 Annual Report, LARO.HQ.ADM; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1975: 17, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Report, LARO.HQ.ADM; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1977: 2, file H2621 Annual Reports, LARO.HQ.ADM; Secretary of the Interior to Thomas S. Foley, U.S. House of Representatives, 7 Oct. 1981, file 97^th Cong./Dept. Files/Dept. of Interior — Nat'l Park Service, box 252, Foley Coll., WSU; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1981: 2, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Report, LARO.HQ.ADM.

⁴⁴ HFC, "Draft Interpretive Prospectus, Coulee Dam National Recreation Area, Washington," 1993: 5, file K1817 Interpretive Plan, LARO.HQ.CIO.

⁴⁵ NPS, "A Master Plan for Coulee Dam National Recreation Area, Washington: Preliminary Working Draft," Feb. 1968: 55-56, file D18 Master Plan, LARO.HQ.ADM; "Fact Sheet #5, Colville National Forest," 1971, file L34 Proposed Areas: Colville Nat'l Forest: 1972, box 3 of 3, LARO #95, Cat. #3250, LARO.HQ.PAO; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1993: 11, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1990-, LARO.HQ.ADM; Brown phone interview; Daniel R. Brown, "Coulee Dam National Recreation Area Statement for Interpretation, FY93," 18 Feb. 1993: 12, 14, file K1817 Interpretive Plan, LARO.HQ.CIO; NPS, "Columbia Cascades Cluster 1995 Workplan, Coulee Dam National Recreation Area," 26 June and 30 Nov. 1995: 5, file A54 CODA Supt. Goals 1992-, LARO.HQ.ADM; Lynne Brougher, LARO Education Specialist, personal communication to Kathryn L. McKay, 1 June 2000. The sources of funding for the proposed visitor center were the Federal Highway Administration, Bonneville Power Administration, Washington state Department of Transportation, U.S. Forest Service, Washington State Department of Wildlife, and NPS (Lynne Brougher, LARO Education Specialist, email to Kathryn L. McKay, 17 August 2000).

⁴⁶ CODA, "Statement for Interpretation type document," Oct. 1957: 3.

⁴⁷ Ibid., 23, 28, LARO.HQ.CIO; "Museum Prospectus," 1958: 33-34; "Master Plan for the Preservation and Use of Coulee Dam National Recreation Area," Feb. 1963: ch. 4, p. 18, file D18 Master Plan 1962, box 3 of 3, LARO #95, Cat. #3250, LARO.HQ.PAO; Paul F. McCrary, "Interpretive Prospectus for Coulee Dam National Recreation Area," 25 Sept. 1964: 15, 27, 30, 31, file K1817 Interpretive Prospectus: Coulee Dam NRA 1964, LARO.HQ.CIO.

⁴⁸ "Master Plan of Coulee Dam National Recreation Area," 1964: ch. 2, p. 12, file D18 Master Planning 1965-67, LARO.HQ.ADM; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1973: 5-6, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Reports, LARO.HQ.ADM; "Interpretive Prospectus: Coulee Dam National Recreation Area," 1975: 1, 20; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1977: 7, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Report, LARO.HQ.ADM; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1975: 8, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Report, LARO.HQ.ADM; William Dunmire, LARO Superintendent, to all LARO employees, 3 July 1979, file S38 Fuels, LARO.HQ.ADM; Daniel R. Brown, "Coulee Dam National Recreation Area Statement for Interpretation, FY93," 18 Feb. 1993: 51, file K1817 Interpretive Plan, LARO.HQ.CIO; CODA, "Annual Statement for Interpretation and Visitor Services: Coulee Dam National Recreation Area," 1981: 10, Statement for Interpretation notebook, LARO.HQ.CIO.

⁴⁹ J. Jerry Rumburg, LARO Chief of Interpretation, to LARO Superintendent and Staff, 8 July 1980, file H14 Area & Service History, LARO.HQ.ADM; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1984: 3, file H2621 Annual Reports, LARO.HQ.ADM; CODA, "Annual Aquatic Resources Report for 1984," 4 Jan. 1985, file N2621 Annual Aquatic Resources Rept., LARO.HQ.ADM; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1985: 3, file H2621 Annual Reports, LARO.HQ.ADM; Daniel R. Brown, "Coulee Dam National Recreation Area Statement for Interpretation, FY93," 18 Feb. 1993: 39, 44, file K1817 Interpretive Plan, LARO.HQ.CIO; Janice A. Elvidge, "The Interpretive Desires of Overnight Visitors at Four Campgrounds in Coulee Dam National Recreation Area," ca. 1990: 4 [short version].

⁵⁰ CODA, "Operations Evaluation Executive Summary, Coulee Dam National Recreation Area, June 20-24, 1994: 7, file A54 Operations Evaluation 1994-95, LARO.HQ.ADM.

⁵¹ Elvidge, "Interpretive Desires," ca. 1990: 1-2 [short version], 34, 38, 54-57 [long version]; Dan Brown, LARO Interpretive Specialist, to NPS Regional Chief of Interpretation, 14 Nov. 1991, file K2621 Annual Reports, LARO.HQ.ADM; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1991: 7, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1990-, LARO.HQ.ADM; Gerald Tays, LARO Superintendent, to NPS Associate Regional Director, Operations, 9 Nov. 1993, file K2621 Annual Reports, LARO.HQ.ADM; "Visitor Survey Planned for July," Visitor Guide: Lake Roosevelt National Recreation Area, 1998, p. 6.

⁵² "Resource Study Proposal: Archaeological Site Survey, Coulee Dam National Recreation Area," 14 April 1964: 2, 4, old files, LARO.KF.2004; Dorr G. Yeager, NPS Regional Naturalist, "Preliminary Interpretive Development Outline: Coulee Dam National Recreation Area," Oct. 1949: 6, file 1, box 6, RG 079-89-001, NARA-PSR; CODA, "Statement for Interpretation type document," Oct. 1957: 7, file LARO.HQ.CIO; Wayne R. Howe, LARO Superintendent, to CCT Chairman, Housing, Education, and Welfare, 23 June 1971, file A94 Colville Confed. Tribe, LARO.HQ.ADM; Arthur C. Hathaway, LARO, to Harry Owhi, CCT Exec. Sec., 12 April 1972, file K1815 Indian Culture Programs 1972-75, LARO.HQ.CIO; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1972: 3-4, 12, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Report, LARO.HQ.ADM; Arthur C. Hathaway, LARO Assistant Chief, Interpretation & Resource Management, to NPS Regional Director, 4 Oct. 1973, file A94 Colville Confed. Tribe, LARO.HQ.ADM; Hathaway to Glenn Galbraith, STI Executive Director, 31 May 1973, file H14 Fort Spokane History, LARO.HQ.ADM; Hathaway to Modesta Shadle, 15 July 1973, file K1815 Indian Culture Programs 1972-75, LARO.HQ.CIO; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1974: 6-7, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Report, LARO.HQ.ADM; Arthur C. Hathaway, former LARO employee, personal communication to Kathryn L. McKay, 1 March 2001.

⁵³ Mackintosh, Interpretation in the National Park Service, 79; CODA, "General Management Plan: Coulee Dam National Recreation Area," July 1980: 28, notebook GMP, Envir. Assessment, LARO.HQ.CIO; CODA, "Annual Statement for Interpretation and Visitor Services: Coulee Dam National Recreation Area," 1981: 13, Statement for Interpretation notebook, LARO.HQ.CIO; Susan Cadwallader to Virgil Marchand of Omak, 31 Oct. 1980, file D62 Museum & Exhibit Activity, LARO.HQ.ADM; Michael F. Turek, "American Indian Tribes and the U.S. National Park Service" [ca. early 1990s], 17, LARO.HQ.LIB.

⁵⁴ "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1990: 4, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1990-, LARO.HQ.ADM; Daniel R. Brown, "Coulee Dam National Recreation Area Statement for Interpretation, FY93," 18 Feb. 1993, file K1817 Interpretive Plan, LARO.HQ.CIO; LARO, Draft General Management Plan (1998); Rob Kauder, "Flutist to Play Spring Canyon Concert Straight from the Heart," [Grand Coulee] Star, 26 Aug. 1998; Brougher phone interview.

⁵⁵ George M. Davis, Superintendent, Colville Agency, BIA, to USBR Project Manager, 2 Jan. 1986, file A44 Triparty Agreement, LARO.HQ.ADM.

⁵⁶ USBR Project Manager to NPS Regional Director, 9 Nov. 1984, file A44 Multi-Party Agrmt, LARO.HQ.ADM; "CCT Museum, Gift Shop," Wilbur Register, 18 April 1991; Interpretive Specialist, NPS Spokane Field Office, to Gene Fink, Intermediate School District #101, Spokane, 15 April 1975, file H14 Area and Service History, LARO.HQ.ADM. It is not known how long the museum in Wellpinit was open or why it closed.

⁵⁷ CODA, "Mission 66 Prospectus: Coulee Dam National Recreation Area," 24 April 1956 (revised 1956-62): 5, 12, file A5419 Mission 66, LARO.HQ.ADM; McClelland, Building the National Parks, 468; "Museum Prospectus," 1958: 23-24, 31; Paul McCrary, "Interpretive Prospectus for Coulee Dam National Recreation Area," 25 Sept. 1964: 15, 1728-29; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1990: 4, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1990-, LARO.HQ.ADM; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1991: 7-8, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1990-, LARO.HQ.ADM; Daniel R. Brown, "Coulee Dam National Recreation Area Statement for Interpretation, FY93," 18 Feb. 1993: 13, file K1817 Interpretive Plan, LARO.HQ.CIO.

⁵⁸ "Interpretive Prospectus: Coulee Dam National Recreation Area," 1975: 18; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1977: 9, file H2621 Annual Reports, LARO.HQ.ADM; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1977: 7, file H2621 Annual Reports, LARO.HQ.ADM; William J. Schieber, LARO, to NPS Regional Chief, Interpretation and Visitor Services, 18 Nov. 1985, file D6215 Museum Exhibit Repair & Rehab., LARO.HQ.ADM; Gordon Boyd, LARO Acting Superintendent, to Phil Myerly, HFC, 14 July 1987, file K18 Launch Ramp Exhibits, LARO.HQ.CIO.

⁵⁹ "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1990: 4, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1990-, LARO.HQ.ADM; Daniel R. Brown, "Coulee Dam National Recreation Area Statement for Interpretation, FY93," 18 Feb. 1993: 13, file K1817 Interpretive Plan, LARO.HQ.CIO; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1998: 8, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1990-, LARO.HQ.ADM.

⁶⁰ CODA, "Statement for Interpretation type document," Oct. 1957: 14-16, LARO.HQ.CIO; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1974: 6, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Report, LARO.HQ.ADM; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1979: 6, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Report, LARO.HQ.ADM.

⁶¹ "National Park Service 1980 Trail Study Questionnaire," 4, file D30 Roads & Trails, LARO.HQ.ADM; Brougher phone interview; Lynne Brougher, LARO Education Specialist, personal communication to Kathryn L. McKay, 6 July 2000.

⁶² CODA, "Statement for Interpretation type document," Oct. 1957: 22, LARO.HQ.CIO; "Museum Prospectus," 1958: 21; McCrary, "Interpretive Prospectus," 1964: 2, 31; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1975: 7, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Report, LARO.HQ.ADM; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1972: 12, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Report, LARO.HQ.ADM; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1973; 6, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Report, LARO.HQ.ADM; CODA, "A Boater's Guide to Franklin D. Roosevelt Lake," 1973: 1, 6, 8, 14, file K3814 Lake Roos Boater's Guide, LARO.HQ.CIO; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1990: 4, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1990-, LARO.HQ.ADM; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1974: 5, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Report, LARO.HQ.ADM; Graeme Casseday, "A Big Dam's Big Lake," Trailer Boats 24 (Dec. 1980): 24-25; "Draft Long-Range Interpretive Plan, Lake Roosevelt National Recreational Area," 1999: 26, LARO.HQ.CIO.

⁶³ "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1975: 7, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Report, LARO.HQ.ADM; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1992: 14, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1990-, LARO.HQ.ADM; Elizabeth R. Smith, "Effects of User Characteristics, Visit Characteristics and Concerns on Management Preference: Lake Roosevelt, Washington" (M.S. thesis, Washington State University, 1997), 52.

⁶⁴ "What Has Become of the Newspaper ‘The Mirror'?", file A3615 Service & Personnel 1987, LARO.HQ.ADM; Daniel R. Brown, "Coulee Dam National Recreation Area Statement for Interpretation, FY93," 18 Feb. 1993, file K1817 Interpretive Plan, LARO.HQ.CIO.

⁶⁵ John A. Hussey, "Fort Spokane, Washington: A History of the United States Army Post of the Forest Spokane Military Reservation," April 1958, file CODA History/Research, Office of Senior Historian, CCSO; John A. Hussey, NPS Regional Historian, to NPS Regional Director, 4 May 1960, file H14 Fort Spokane Research, Rehab., LARO.HQ.ADM; Paul F. McCrary, "Fort Spokane, Coulee Dam National Recreation Area, Historic Structures Report, Part I," 1962, Historic Structures Report — Fort Spokane notebook, LARO.HQ.CIO; C. E. Persons, NPS Acting Assistant Regional Director, to NPS Director, 9 June 1960, file H14 Fort Spokane Research, Rehab., LARO.HQ.ADM; "Interpretive Prospectus: Coulee Dam National Recreation Area," 1975: 11; Hussey to LARO Superintendent, 26 March 1964, old files, LARO.KF.2004. LARO again hired a researcher in 1972 to search newspaper and photograph files and conduct interviews concerning Fort Spokane ("Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1972: 8, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Report, LARO.HQ.ADM).

⁶⁶ Paul F. McCrary, "Fort Spokane, Coulee Dam National Recreation Area, Historic Structures Report, Part I," 1962: 7, 9, Historic Structures Report — Fort Spokane notebook, LARO.HQ.CIO;.CODA, "Mission 66 Prospectus: Coulee Dam National Recreation Area," 24 April 1956 (revised 1956-62): Park Development Schedule, Fort Spokane, 1962, file A5419 Mission 66, LARO.HQ.ADM.

⁶⁷ John A. Hussey, NPS Regional Historian, to NPS Regional Director, 4 May 1960, file H14 Fort Spokane Research, Rehab., LARO.HQ.ADM; NPS, "A Master Plan for Coulee Dam National Recreation Area, Washington: Preliminary Working Draft," Feb. 1968: 32, file D18 Master Plan, LARO.HQ.ADM; David Richie, LARO Superintendent, to NPS Chief, Eastern Museum Laboratory, 3 Dec. 1968, file Coulee Dam National Recreation Area, 1952 to 1969, HFC.

⁶⁸ Mrs. Homer (Sis) Robinson and Don Everts, interview with Nancy F. Renk, 6 Dec. 1999, Tape 1-B, tape and index on file, LARO.HQ.

⁶⁹ CCSO, "Museum Management Plan," 1997: 25-26; "Fort Spokane," Spokesman-Review, 6 July 1999; Lynne Brougher, LARO Education Specialist, personal communication to Kathryn L. McKay, 1 June 2000.

⁷⁰ Brown phone interview.

⁷¹ Brougher phone interview.

⁷² LARO Superintendent to NPS Director, 11 Sept. 1964, file A2615 M. Narrative Reports CODA CY1964, box 2, RG 079-95-05, NARA-PSR; Howard Chapman, LARO Superintendent, to Chief, NPS Western Museum Laboratory, 22 March 1967, file H14 Fort Spokane History, LARO.HQ.ADM; LARO Superintendent to NPS Director, 14 Sept. 1965, file A2615 M. Narrative Reports CODA CY1965, box 1, RG 079-95-05, NARA-PSR; A. Clark Stratton, NPS Associate Director, to all NPS field offices, 7 Sept. 1965, old files, LARO.KF.2004; Wayne W. Bryant, NPS Acting Chief, Division of Interpretation and Visitor Services, to NPS Regional Director, 13 Jan. 1965, file Coulee Dam National Recreation Area, 1952 to 1969, HFC; Edward A. Hummel, NPS Regional Director, to LARO Superintendent, 2 Feb. 1965, file Coulee Dam National Recreation Area, 1952 to 1969, HFC; Wayne W. Bryant, NPS Acting Chief, Division of Interpretation and Visitor Services, to NPS Regional Director, 13 Jan. 1965, file Coulee Dam National Recreation Area, 1952 to 1969, HFC.

⁷³ David Richie, LARO Superintendent, to Chief, NPS Eastern Museum Laboratory, 3 Dec. 1968, file Coulee Dam National Recreation Area, 1952 to 1969, HFC; Lewis, Museum Curatorship, 164; Mackintosh, Interpretation in the National Park Service, 51-52; Raymond Mulvany, NPS Acting Regional Director, to NPS Director, 16 Dec. 1968, file Coulee Dam National Recreation Area, 1952 to 1969, HFC; Arthur C. Hathaway, LARO Park Naturalist, to NPS Regional Historian, 1 Sept. 10967, file H14 Fort Spokane History, LARO.HQ.ADM; David Richie, LARO Superintendent, to Chief, NPS Eastern Museum Laboratory, 3 Dec. 1968, file Coulee Dam National Recreation Area, 1952 to 1969, HFC; Wayne W. Bryant, NPS Regional Chief, Interp and Visitor Services, to LARO Superintendent, 10 Feb. 1969, file Coulee Dam National Recreation Area, 1952 to 1969, HFC; Esther Rice, "Fort Readied for Season," [1969-72], newspaper clipping, file H14 Area and Service History, LARO.HQ.ADM; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1975: 7, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Report; Thomas J. Bredow, LARO Fort Spokane District Ranger, to unknown recipient, 1 Feb. 1980, file H3019 Ft. Spokane Comprehensive Design Plan, LARO.HQ.CIO.

⁷⁴ Homer Robinson, LARO Superintendent, to NPS Regional Director, 3 Nov. 1961, file H14 Fort Spokane Research, Rehab., LARO.HQ.ADM; Robinson to NPS Regional Director, 24 Jan. 1963, file H14 Fort Spokane Research, Rehab., LARO.HQ.ADM; LARO Superintendent to NPS Director, 13 Sept. 1966, file A2615 M. Narrative Reports CODA Cy 1966, box 1, RG 079-95-05, NARA-PSR; Arthur C. Hathaway, LARO Park Naturalist, to Leonard Ekman, East Wenatchee, 17 Sept. 1969, file H14 Area and Service History, LARO.HQ.ADM; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1974: 6, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Report, LARO.HQ.ADM; Daniel R. Brown, "Coulee Dam National Recreation Area Statement for Interpretation, FY93," 18 Feb. 1993, file K1817 Interpretive Plan, LARO.HQ.CIO.

⁷⁵ Thomas F. Flynn, NPS Deputy Director, to Thomas S. Foley, U.S. House of Representatives, 10 Dec. 1971, file H32 Nat'l Register of Historic Places, LARO.HQ.ADM; William Burgen, LARO Superintendent, to Lou Delle McIntosh, Curator Kentucky Department of Parks, 15 Feb. 1973, file H14 Fort Spokane Research, Rehab., LARO.HQ.ADM; "The Fort Spokane Story," 1968, file K18 Fort Spokane Slide Show, LARO.HQ.CIO; "Fort Spokane," 1981, file K18 Fort Spokane Slide Show, LARO.HQ.CIO; "Interpretive Prospectus: Coulee Dam National Recreation Area," 1975: 6, 8.

⁷⁶ David Richie, LARO Superintendent, to Chief, NPS Eastern Museum Laboratory, 3 Dec. 1968, file Coulee Dam National Recreation Area, 1952 to 1969, HFC; "Interpretive Prospectus: Coulee Dam National Recreation Area," 1975: 6; David M. Schnute, NPS Regional AV Specialist, to Rocky Richardson, 10 April 1984, file K30 Regional AV Specialist Field Reports, LARO.HQ.CIO; Schnute to NPS Regional Director, 15 April 1980, file K30 Regional AV Specialist Field Reports, LARO.HQ.CIO; Thomas Teaford, phone interview with Kathryn L. McKay, 3 August 2000, notes on file, LARO.HQ; Lynne Brougher, LARO Education Specialist, email to Kathryn L. McKay, 17 August 2000.

⁷⁷ Teaford phone interview.

⁷⁸ Homer Robinson, LARO Superintendent, to NPS Director, 27 May 1963, file A2621 Annual Reports Field Areas 1-1-63 to 12-31-63, box 4, RG 079-95-05, NARA-PSR.

⁷⁹ "Master Plan for the Preservation and Use of Coulee Dam National Recreation Area, Washington," Dec. 1960: "Fort Site Development" section, p. 3, file D18 Master Planning 1965-67, LARO.HQ.ADM; Robert G. Hall, NPS Supervisory Landscape Architect, to NPS Regional Director, 28 Dec. 1960, file D18 Master Plan 1960, box 3 of 3, LARO #95, Cat. #3250, LARO.HQ.PAO; Charles E. Krueger, NPS Chief Landscape Architect, to NPS Superintendent, 29 April 1964, file H30 Historical Structures and Sites, LARO.HQ.ADM; Homer Robinson, LARO Superintendent, to NPS Chief, Western Office of Design and Construction, 6 May 1964, file H30 Historical Structures and Sites, LARO.HQ.ADM.

⁸⁰ "Interpretive Prospectus: Coulee Dam National Recreation Area," 1975: 10; Gordon D. Boyd, LARO Chief, Interpretation & Resource Management, to Files, 17 April 1985, file Coulee Dam NRA, Office of Senior Archeologist, CCSO; Thomas J. Bredow, LARO Fort Spokane District Ranger, to LARO Superintendent, 7 Nov. 1978, file H3019 Ft. Spokane Comprehensive Design Plan, LARO.HQ.CIO.; Thomas J. Bredow, LARO Fort Spokane District Ranger, 1 Feb. 1980, file H3019 Ft. Spokane Comprehensive Design Plan, LARO.HQ.CIO; Jerald M. Lorenz, NPS Landscape Architect, DSC, to NPS Assistant Manager, Alaska/Pacific Northwest/Western Team, DSC, 6 July 1984, file D30 Dev't & Maint. (Fed Hwy Admin) 1983-89, LARO.HQ.ADM; Gary Kuiper, LARO Superintendent, to Files, 20 June 1986, file H30 Historical Structures and Sites, LARO.HQ.ADM; Kuiper to NPS Regional Director, 10 Dec. 1984, file L7617 Environmental Assessments Memos/Corr., LARO.HQ.ADM; Cathy A. Gilbert et al., "Comprehensive Design Plan for Fort Spokane" (Seattle: Cultural Resources Division, NPS, 1991), 10.

⁸¹ CODA, PCP Index No. M-152, 1966, file D46 [?] (file is not numbered), Project Construction Proposals, LARO.HQ.ADM; "Master Plan for Preservation and Use of Coulee Dam National Recreation Area," March 1963: vol. III, sec. E, p. 8, file D18 Master Plan 1962, box 3 of 3, LARO #95, Cat. #3250, LARO.HQ.PAO; "Interpretive Prospectus: Coulee Dam National Recreation Area," 1975: 12-13; Tom J. Bredow, LARO Fort Spokane District Ranger, to LARO Superintendent, 11 Jan. 1976, file H3019 Ft. Spokane Comprehensive Design Plan, LARO.HQ.CIO; Bredow to Jerry Rumburg, LARO, 11 Nov. 1978, file H3019 Ft. Spokane Comprehensive Design Plan, LARO.HQ.CIO; William Dunmire, LARO Superintendent, "Statement for Management: Bredow to unknown recipient, 1 Jan. 1980, file H3019, Ft. Spokane Comprehensive Design Plan, LARO.HQ.CIO; Coulee Dam National Recreation Area," 15 Dec. 1978: 9, file D18 Statements for Management, LARO.HQ.ADM. The descriptive word "clobbered" is from Bredow's 11 Jan. 1976 letter.

⁸² CODA, "Resource Management Plan and Environmental Assessment: Coulee Dam National Recreation Area" (1982), 5, 15, 21-23; CODA, "Statement for Interpretation and Visitor Services for Fiscal Year 1984," 17 Jan. 1984: Part 1.6, Statement for Interpretation notebook, LARO.HQ.CIO; Craig Gehrke, Rob Kinucan, R. Gerald Wright, "A Vegetation-Rehabilitation Program for the Parade Grounds at Fort Spokane, Coulee Dam National Recreation Area," University of Idaho, 1980: 1, 13-15, LARO.HQ.LIB; Jim Romo, "Evaluation and Recommendations for Reseeding Projects at Fort Spokane National Historic Site," Oregon State University, 1985: 1-2, 5-6, file L3015 Revegetation Ft. Spokane, drawer 5, LARO.HQ.RMO; Gary Kuiper, LARO Superintendent, to Files, 20 June 1986, file H30 Historical Structures and Sites, LARO.HQ.ADM.

⁸³ Cathy A. Gilbert and Renata Niedzwiecka, "The Historic Landscape of Fort Spokane: A Design Proposal" (Seattle: NPS, summer 1985), 1, 30-31, 40, 42, 44; LARO, "Resource Management Plan, Natural Resources," 1997: Appendix F, 42-43, LARO.HQ.RMO; Brougher phone interview.

⁸⁴ James A. Richardson, NPS Regional Chief, Interpretation and Visitor Services, to NPS Deputy Regional Director, 26 June 1985, file K1817 Annual Statement for Interp, LARO.HQ.CIO; LARO Maintenance Mechanic Foreman, Fort Spokane, to LARO Facility Manager, 25 Feb. 1992, file H3019 Ft. Spokane Comprehensive Design Plan, LARO.HQ.CIO; Vaughn Baker, LARO Superintendent, to David Hansen, Washington SHPO, 20 March 1997, file H30 Archaeology NPS/Tribes/BPA 1996-97, LARO.HQ.ADM; CODA, "A Special Gathering at Fort Spokane," 15 Aug. 1997, file K3415 Press Releases — CODA, LARO.HQ.ADM; Brougher phone interview; Lynne Brougher, LARO Education Specialist, personal communication to Kathryn L. McKay, 6 July 2000.

⁸⁵ Charles E. Krueger, NPS Chief Landscape Architect, to LARO Superintendent, 29 April 1964, file H30 Historical Structures and Sites, LARO.HQ.ADM.

⁸⁶ Homer W. Robinson, LARO Superintendent, to NPS Regional Director, 27 March 1962, file H14 Fort Spokane Research, Rehab., LARO.HQ.ADM; John B. Wosky, NPS Acting Regional Director, to LARO Superintendent, 12 April 1962, file H14 Fort Spokane Research, Rehab., LARO.HQ.ADM; Robinson to NPS Regional Director, 18 April 1962, file H14 Fort Spokane Research, Rehab., LARO.HQ.ADM; Robinson to NPS Chief, 6 May 1964, file H30 Historical Structures and Sites, LARO.HQ.ADM.

⁸⁷ William Burgen, LARO Superintendent, to Lou Delle McIntosh, Curator, Kentucky Department of Parks, 15 Feb. 1973, file H14 Fort Spokane Research, Rehab., LARO.HQ.ADM; Lennon W. Hooper, "National Park Trails: Analytical Report on Trails in Areas of the National Park System," March 1973: 22, sheet on LARO, LARO.HQ.LIB; "Interpretive Prospectus: Coulee Dam National Recreation Area," 1975: 8-9; "Wayside Exhibit Data Sheet," 1977: 1, file K18 Sentinel Trail Wayside Exhibits, LARO.HQ.CIO; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1978, 7 March 1979: 9, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Report, LARO.HQ.ADM; J. Jerry Rumburg, LARO Park Naturalist, to LARO Superintendent, 25 April 1979, file D30 Roads & Trails, LARO.HQ.ADM; "National Park Service 1980 Trail Study Questionnaire," 4, file D30 Roads & Trails, LARO.HQ.ADM.

⁸⁸ "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1980: 4, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Report, LARO.HQ.ADM; Gary Kuiper, LARO Superintendent, to Files, 7 June 1982, file D3415 Buildings, Construction, & Maint., etc., LARO.HQ.ADM; Gordon D. Boyd, LARO Chief, Interpretation & Resource Management, to Files, 17 April 1985, file H3019 Ft. Spokane Comprehensive Design Plan, LARO.HQ.CIO; Steve Castro-Shrader, LARO Fort Spokane District Ranger, to LARO Chief of Interpretation, 8 May 1985, file K2623 Situation, LARO.HQ.ADM; James A. Richardson, NPS Regional Chief, Interpretation and Visitor Services, to NPS Deputy Regional Director, 26 June 1985, file K1817 Annual Statement for Interp, LARO.HQ.CIO; William J. Schieber, LARO, to NPS Regional Chief, Interpretation and Visitor Services, 18 Nov. 1985, file D6215 Museum Exhibit Repair & Rehab., LARO.HQ.ADM; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1985: 4, file H2621 Annual Reports, LARO.HQ.ADM; Richardson to LARO Superintendent, 6 March 1986, file D6215 Museum Exhibit Repair & Rehab., LARO.HQ.ADM; Kuiper to NPS Regional Director, 2 April 1987, file H3019 Ft. Spokane Comprehensive Design Plan, LARO.HQ.CIO; Daniel R. Brown, "Coulee Dam National Recreation Area Statement for Interpretation, FY93," 18 Feb. 1993: 16, file K1817 Interpretive Plan, LARO.HQ.CIO; Dan Brown, LARO Chief of Interpretation to NPS Regional Chief of Interpretation and Visitor Services, 1 March 1994, file K1817 Interpretive Plan, LARO.HQ.CIO.

⁸⁹ "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1974: 5, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Report, LARO.HQ.ADM; "Wayside Exhibit Data Sheet," 1977: 6-7, 14, file K18 Sentinel Trail Wayside Exhibits, LARO.HQ.CIO.

⁹⁰ Mackintosh, Interpretation in the National Park Service, 54-55, 61; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1973: 6; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1974: 6, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Report, LARO.HQ.ADM; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1976: 16, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Report, LARO.HQ.ADM; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1977: 7, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Report, LARO.HQ.ADM.

⁹¹ CODA, "Annual Statement for Interpretation and Visitor Services: Coulee Dam National Recreation Area," 1981: 13, 28, Statement for Interpretation notebook, LARO.HQ.CIO; William Dunmire, LARO Superintendent, to NPS Regional Director, 15 April 1980, file K1819 Curatorial Services, LARO.HQ.ADM. The firing of weaponry came under question Servicewide in the early 1980s, but LARO continued with its black-powder weapons firing and in 1992 added the firing of a mountain howitzer as part of the program (Gary Kuiper, LARO Superintendent, to Bill Schaber, Spokane, 16 Aug. 1982, file H32 Nat'l Register of Historic Places, LARO.HQ.ADM; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1992: 14, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1990-, LARO.HQ.ADM; Teaford phone interview).

⁹² Daniel R. Brown, "Coulee Dam National Recreation Area Statement for Interpretation, FY93," 18 Feb. 1993, file K1817 Interpretive Plan, LARO.HQ.CIO; Gerald Tays, LARO Superintendent, to Michael A. Johnston, 14 Sept. 1994, file K1815 Interpretive Services 1992, LARO.HQ.ADM; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," FY1996: 6, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1990-, LARO.HQ.ADM; Brougher phone interview.

⁹³ David H. Chance, archaeologist, to Jim Harvey, President of Washington Water Power, 16 Dec. 1992, Kettle Falls Area section of History box 3, LARO.HQ.LIB.

⁹⁴ Fred C. Bohm and Craig C. Holstine, The People's History of Stevens County (Colville: Stevens County Historical Society, 1983), 11; "Old Mission at Kettle Falls," Spokesman-Review, 13 May 1901; Williams and Newell, Historic Resource Study, 231; "Old K. F. Mission May Be Restored," Colville Examiner, 19 Nov. 1938; "Kiwanis Mission Restoration Drive," Colville Examiner, 9 Dec. 1939; Washington State Planning Council, A Study of Parks, Parkways and Recreational Areas, State of Washington (Olympia, Wash.: 1941), 1941: 50; USBR, Recreational Development of Roosevelt Lake: Columbia Basin Joint Investigations, Problem 26 (Wash., D.C.: GPO, 1945), 8.

⁹⁵ Charles H. Odegaard, NPS Regional Director, to Washington State Parks and Recreation Commission, 15 Oct. 1973, St. Paul's Mission section, History box 3, LARO.HQ.LIB.

⁹⁶ "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1974: 6, 20, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Report, LARO.HQ.ADM; Kettle Falls Archaeological District National Register nomination, 1973, in Williams and Newell, Historic Resources Study, preface, 220-230; CODA, "Resource Management Plan and Environmental Assessment," 1982: 24-25; William Dunmire, LARO Superintendent, to Dr. Roderick Sprague, University of Idaho, 28 June 1978, file H22 Archeologic & Historical Information General, LARO.HQ.ADM; David H. Chance to William Dunmire, LARO Superintendent, 14 Aug. 1979 (appendix), St. Paul's Mission section, History box 3, LARO.HQ.LIB.

⁹⁷ "Interpretive Prospectus: Coulee Dam National Recreation Area," 1975: 16, 29; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1976: 16, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Report, LARO.HQ.ADM; J. Jerry Rumburg, LARO Chief of Interpretation, to LARO Superintendent and staff, 8 July 1980, file H14 Area and Service History, LARO.HQ.ADM; Arthur C. Hathaway, former LARO employee, personal communication to Kathryn L. McKay, 1 March 2001; J. Jerry Rumburg, "Saint Paul's Mission Wayside," 1983, file D6215 Museum Exhibit Repair & Rehab., LARO.HQ.ADM; CODA, "Annual Statement for Interpretation and Visitor Services: Coulee Dam National Recreation Area," 1981: 14, Statement for Interpretation notebook, LARO.HQ.CIO; Gary Kuiper, LARO Superintendent, to Glen Hinsdale, NPS Regional Chief of Interpretation and Visitor Information, 5 Jan. 1983, file D6215 Museum Exhibit Repair & Rehab., LARO.HQ.ADM; Kuiper to NPS Regional Chief, Interpretation and Visitor Services, 17 May 1985, file D6215 Museum Exhibit Repair & Rehab., LARO.HQ.ADM; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1974: 11, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Report, LARO.HQ.ADM. CCSO, "Museum Management Plan," 1997: 28. Two 1930s films about Kettle Falls have been put onto video and are currently shown to visitors on an informal basis.

⁹⁸ James A. Richardson, NPS Regional Chief, Interpretation and Visitor Services, to NPS Deputy Regional Director, 26 June 1985, file K1817 Annual Statement for Interp, LARO.HQ.CIO; CCSO, "Museum Management Plan," 1997: 28.

⁹⁹ Paul [Larson], LARO Chief of Interpretation & Resource Management, to LARO Superintendent, 25 January 1974, file H14 Kettle Falls Historical Center, LARO.HQ.CIO; Kenneth D. Weber to Darrell [Shute], 13 May 1974, file H14 Kettle Falls Historical Center, LARO.HQ.CIO; Marian F. Garvey, President Stevens County Historical Society, to William Dunmire, LARO Superintendent, 16 March 1979, file H14 Kettle Falls Historical Center, LARO.HQ.CIO; [Don Carney], Kettle Falls District Ranger, to LARO files, 22 June 1979, file H14 Kettle Falls Historical Center, LARO.HQ.CIO.

¹⁰⁰ CODA, "Resources Management Plan and Environmental Assessment," 1982: 25; NPS Special Assistant to NPS Regional Director, to Regional Director, 26 April 1983, file D22 Construction and Pres. Programs, 1982-1984, LARO.HQ.ADM.

¹⁰¹ "St. Paul's Mission Development Concept Planning," 8 Feb. 1985 draft, file H3019 Mission Point Development Concept Plan, LARO.HQ.CIO; James A. Richardson, NPS Regional Chief, Interpretation and Visitor Services, to NPS Deputy Regional Director, 26 June 1985, file K1817 Annual Statement for Interp, LARO.HQ.CIO; Kent Bush, NPS Regional Curator, to LARO Superintendent, 6 Feb. 1986, file D6215 Museum Exhibit Repair & Rehab., LARO.HQ.ADM.

¹⁰² Kettle Falls Historical Center, Minutes of Special Meeting, 23 January 1986, file H14 Kettle Falls Historical Center, LARO.HQ.CIO; Kent Bush, NPS Regional Curator, to LARO Superintendent, 6 February 1986, file H14 Kettle Falls Historical Center, LARO.HQ.CIO; Kettle Falls Historical Center, Minutes of Special Meeting, 28 January 1986, file H14 Kettle Falls Historical Center, LARO.HQ.CIO.

¹⁰³ "Kettle Falls," (draft of Master Plan Development Outline), 26 Feb. 1948: 9, file D18 Planning Program, closed 6/3/53, LARO.HQ.ADM; Robert H. Coombs, LARO Acting Superintendent, to NPS Regional Director, 13 July 1953, file D18 Master Plan 1953 — June '54, box 3 of 3, LARO #95, Cat. #3250, LARO.HQ.PAO; NPS, "Environmental Assessment for the General Management Plan, CODA," 1979: 54.

¹⁰⁴ "Interpretive Prospectus: Coulee Dam National Recreation Area," 1975: 21; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1979: 6, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Report, LARO.HQ.ADM; Williams and Newell, Historic Resource Study, 240; CODA, "Development/Study Package Proposal, Package No. 208," 1983, file D30 Dev't & Maint. (Fed Hwy Admin) 1983-1989, LARO.HQ.ADM; CODA, "Management Assumptions and Site Suitability Analysis for Kettle Falls Developed Area," Aug. 1989: ii, iii; "Draft Long-Range Interpretive Plan, Lake Roosevelt National Recreational Area," 1999: 25, LARO.HQ.CIO.

¹⁰⁵ Gary J. Kuiper, LARO Superintendent, to NPS Regional Director, 3 Feb. 1992, file A44 Dry Falls St. Park Interp. Center, LARO.HQ.CIO.

¹⁰⁶ J Harlen Bretz, "The Lake Missoula Floods and the Channeled Scabland," Journal of Geology 77 (1969): 507, 509, 522; Marge and Ted Mueller, Fire, Faults & Floods: A Road & Trail Guide Exploring the Origins of the Columbia River Basin (Moscow, Idaho: University of Idaho Press, 1997), 27; LARO, "Resource Management Plan, Natural Resources," 1997: 31.

¹⁰⁷ Mueller, Fire, Faults & Floods, 22-24. Note that J Harlen Bretz did not use a period after the initial "J."

¹⁰⁸ Grant D. Ross, "Grand Coulee National Park, Washington," 1935: 1, 2, 4, file H14 Historical Records — Grand Coulee, LARO.HQ.ADM; USBR, Rural Recreation Areas: Columbia Basin Joint Investigations: Problem 25 (Wash., D.C., 1945), 5; Earl A. Trager, NPS Chief of Naturalist Division, "Grand Coulee, General Considerations," August 1938: 6, file H14 Historical Records — Grand Coulee, LARO.HQ.ADM.

¹⁰⁹ Conrad Wirth, NPS, to Hubert H. Walter, Columbia Basin Commission, 4 Dec. 1952, file Recreation (1 of 3), box 34, Columbia Basin Commission, WSA.

¹¹⁰ J. Volney Lewis, NPS Regional Geologist, to NPS Regional Director, 13 Jan. 1942, file 1, box 2, RG 079-89-001, NARA-PSR; Fred O. Jones, "Geological Aspects of Developing the Grand Coulee as a Part of the Coulee Dam Recreational Area, Washington," 1950: 1, 7, file 10, box 8, RG 079-89-001, NARA-PSR: 1, 7.

¹¹¹ NPS Director to NPS Regional Directors, 1 Feb. 1965, file N44 Natural Landmarks, LARO.HQ.ADM; Paul F. McCrary, "Evaluation of the Grand Coulee, Washington for Natural History Landmark Designation," Jan. 1965: 19-20, file L58 Nat. Natural Landmarks, LARO.HQ.CIO.

¹¹² David A. Richie, LARO Superintendent, to Dr. Stanley A. Cain, Central Washington State College, 27 Jan. 1969, old files, LARO.KF.2004.

¹¹³ "Interpretive Prospectus: Coulee Dam National Recreation Area," 1975: 1; Gary Kuiper, LARO Superintendent, to NPS Regional Director, 25 Aug. 1987, file N44 Natural Landmarks, LARO.HQ.ADM; Kuiper interview, Tape 2-B.

¹¹⁴ Dan Brown, LARO Chief of Interpretation, to Ice Age Floods Institute Board of Directors, 5 Oct. 1994, file L58 IAF — Institute, LARO.HQ.CIO.

¹¹⁵ Brown phone interview; ; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1989: 11, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1990-, LARO.HQ.ADM.

¹¹⁶ Brown phone interview; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1991: 8, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1990-, LARO.HQ.ADM; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1992: 15, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1990-, LARO.HQ.ADM; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1993: 10, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1990-, LARO.HQ.ADM; Gerald Tays, LARO Superintendent, to Executive Director, Northwest Interpretive Association, 5 Oct. 1994, file A42 PNW Nat'l Parks Assoc. 1987-, LARO.HQ.ADM; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," Jan. 1994-Sept. 1995, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1990-, LARO.HQ.ADM.

¹¹⁷ Charles H. Odegaard, NPS Regional Director, to NPS Assistant Director, Legislative and Congressional Affairs, 27 Sept. 1990, file L58 Planning Strategies & Briefing Statements; CODA, "Special Resource Study Priority Data Sheet: Ice-Age Floods National Reserve or Monument," 1990, file Ice Age Floods Task Force, LARO.HQ.CIO; Charles H. Odegaard, NPS Regional Director, to Dale Crane, National Parks & Conservation Association, 27 March 1992, file L48 Planning Strategies & Briefing Statements, LARO.HQ.CIO; "Planning Strategy for Ice Age Floods Preserve," [1990], file L58 Planning Strategies and Briefing Statements, LARO.HQ.CIO; "Ice Age Floods Heritage Partnership Project," [ca. 1990], file Ice Age Floods Task Force, LARO.HQ.CIO. Although the Park Service emphasized a cooperative approach with most land ownership and management not changing, the National Parks & Conservation Association preferred a land acquisition program ("Strategy Paper, Ice Age Floods National Reserve," May 1992: 5, file L58 Planning Strategies & Briefing Statements, LARO.HQ.CIO).

¹¹⁸ "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1993: 4, 11, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1990-, LARO.HQ.ADM; "Ice Age Floods Task Force," 23 March 1993, file L58 Ice Age Flood Initiative — Misc., LARO.HQ.CIO; "Minutes: IAFs Task Force Meeting No. 5, September 8, 1993, Spokane, Washington," 2-4, file L48 IAF Task Force Mtg. Minutes, LARO.HQ.CIO; "Executive Summary, IAFS Resource Management Plan, Natural Resources," 1997: Appendix F: 27, LARO.HQ.RMO.

¹¹⁹ "Executive Summary, IAFS Resource Management Plan, Natural Resources," 1997: Appendix F: 27; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," Jan. 1994-Sept. 1995: 1-2, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1990-, LARO.HQ.ADM; Gerald Tays, LARO Superintendent, to Mikki Kison, 30 Nov. 1994, file L58 IAF — Institute, LARO.HQ.CIO; "The Issue of Feasibility/Suitability for the Ice Age Floods Area," [April 1994], file IAFs Task Force, LARO.HQ.CIO; Dan Brown, LARO Chief of Interpretation, to Kim [?], n.d., file L58 IAF — Institute, LARO.HQ.CIO; NPS, "Columbia Cascades Cluster 1995 Workplan, Coulee Dam National Recreation Area," 26 June 1995 and 30 Nov. 1995, file A54 CODA Supt. Goals 1992-, LARO.HQ.ADM; Tays interview, Tape 1-B; Richard B. Waitt, Geologist, U.S. Geological Survey Cascades Volcano Observatory, to Gerald Tays, LARO Superintendent, 4 March 1995, file IAFs Task Force, LARO.HQ.CIO; Tays to Waitt, 23 March 1995, file L58 Ice Age Flood Initiative — Misc., LARO.HQ.CIO.

¹²⁰ Brown phone interview; Gary J. Kuiper, LARO Superintendent, to NPS Regional Director, 3 Feb. 1992, file A44 Dry Falls St. Park Interp. Center, LARO.HQ.CIO; Daniel R. Brown, LARO Chief of Interpretation, to Wayne McLaughlin, Washington State Parks and Recreation Commission, 29 April 1992, file A42 PNW Nat'l Park Assoc., LARO.HQ.ADM; Brougher phone interview; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1992: 14, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1990-, LARO.HQ.ADM; "Challenge Cost-Share Program Application: Dry Falls Interpretive Center," file A44 WA State Parks (Dry Falls), LARO.HQ.ADM; Bradford Frye, LARO Lead Seasonal, Dry Falls, to Lynne Dubiel, LARO South District Interpreter, 17 Sept. 1993, file A44 Dry Falls St. Park Interp. Center, LARO.HQ.CIO.

¹²¹ Brown phone interview.

¹²² "Operations Evaluation Executive Summary, Coulee Dam National Recreation Area, June 20-24, 1994," 7, file A54 Operations Evaluation 1994-95, LARO.HQ.ADM; CCSO, "Museum Management Plan," 1997: 28; "Update on FY97 Park Operations: Lake Roosevelt," file F34 FY97 Park Operations Survey, LARO.HQ.ADM; Brougher phone interview.

¹²³ Tays interview, Tape 1-B; Baker interview, Tape 2-A.

¹²⁴ "Master Plan of Coulee Dam National Recreation Area," 1964: ch. 2, p. 13, file D18 Master Planning 1965-67, LARO.HQ.ADM; Mackintosh, Interpretation in the National Park Service, 67-71.

¹²⁵ Wayne R. Howe, "Coulee Dam National Recreation Area Management Objectives," 23 Feb. 1971: "Management Objectives" section, p. 2, file D18 Maintenance Planning Program, LARO.HQ.ADM; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1972: 4, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Report, LARO.HQ.ADM; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1974: 7, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Report, LARO.HQ.ADM; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1975: 8, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Report, LARO.HQ.ADM; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1977: 7, file H2621 Annual Reports, LARO.HQ.ADM; CODA, "Annual Statement for Interpretation and Visitor Services: Coulee Dam National Recreation Area," 1981: 12, Statement for Interpretation notebook, LARO.HQ.CIO.

¹²⁶ Dan Brown, LARO Interpretive Specialist, to NPS Regional Chief of Interpretation, 8 Nov. 1991, file K2621 Annual Reports, LARO.HQ.ADM; Gerald Tays, LARO Superintendent, to NPS Associate Regional Director, Operations, 9 Nov. 1993, file K2621 Annual Reports, LARO.HQ.ADM; Daniel R. Brown, "Coulee Dam National Recreation Area Statement for Interpretation, FY93," 18 Feb. 1993, file K1817 Interpretive Plan, LARO.HQ.CIO. Today the field seminars are led by Reclamation geologists (Lynne Brougher, LARO Education Specialist, email to Kathryn L. McKay, 10 April 2001).

¹²⁷ "Quarterly Congressional Report, January-March 1995, Parks, Washington," 1, file A38 Congressional Reports 1991-, LARO.HQ.ADM. The "wildly successful" evaluation is from NPS, "Columbia Cascades Cluster 1995 Workplan, Coulee Dam National Recreation Area," 26 June and 30 Nov. 1995: 5, file A54 CODA Supt. Goals 1992-, LARO.HQ.ADM; CODA, "Floating Classroom on Lake Roosevelt," press release, 7 Feb. 1995, file K18 Floating Classroom, LARO.HQ.CIO; Brown phone interview. LARO's Education Specialist Lynne Brougher notes that LARO staff really should have gone to the teachers first and then decided that the Floating Classroom was appropriate, rather than the other way around (personal communication to Kathryn L. McKay, 6 July 2000).

¹²⁸ Bradford J. Frye, LARO Education Specialist, to Gary Kaatz, Curlew High School, 14 Sept. 1995, file K18 Interpretive Activities 1994-, LARO.HQ.ADM; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," FY1996: 4, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1990-, LARO.HQ.ADM; "Millennium Activity Form: Lake Roosevelt Education Outreach Program," 9 Feb. 1998, file K2623 Situation, LARO.HQ.ADM.

¹²⁹ Terry D. Knapton, Executive Director, Lake Roosevelt Forum, to National Park Foundation, [June 1995], file K18 Floating Classroom, LARO.HQ.CIO.

¹³⁰ LARO Superintendent to NPS Director, 27 May 1963, file A2621 Annual Reports Field Areas 1-1-63 to 12-31-63, box 4, RG 079-95-05, NARA-PSR.

¹³¹ "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1973: 2, 6-7, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Report, LARO.HQ.ADM; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1977: 8, file H2621 Annual Reports, LARO.HQ.ADM; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," Calendar Year 1978: 9, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Report, LARO.HQ.ADM; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1979: 7, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Report, LARO.HQ.ADM; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1980: 5, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Report, LARO.HQ.ADM; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," FY1981: 8, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Report, LARO.HQ.ADM; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1984: 4, file H2621 Annual Reports, LARO.HQ.ADM; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1985: 4, file H2621 Annual Reports, LARO.HQ.ADM; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1990: 4, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1990-, LARO.HQ.ADM; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1991: 8, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1990-, LARO.HQ.ADM; "Superintendent's Annual Report, CODA," CY1992: 14, file A2621 Superintendent's Annual Reports, 1990-, LARO.HQ.ADM; Daniel R. Brown, "Coulee Dam National Recreation Area Statement for Interpretation, FY93," 18 Feb. 1993, file K1817 Interpretive Plan, LARO.HQ.CIO; Gerald Tays, LARO Superintendent, to Executive Director, Northwest Interpretive Association, 5 Oct. 1994, file A42 PNW Nat'l Parks Assoc. 1987-, LARO.HQ.ADM.

¹³² Brougher phone interview.

¹³³ "Draft Long-Range Interpretive Plan, Lake Roosevelt National Recreational Area," 1999: 32-33, LARO.HQ.CIO; Brougher phone interview.