YUKON-CHARLEY RIVERS Yukon Frontiers Historic Resource Study of the Proposed Yukon-Charley National River

¹James W. VanStone, Athapaskan Adaptations: Hunters and Fishermen of the Subarctic Forests (Chicago: Aldine Publishing Co., 1974), p. 11.

²Cf. Richard K. Nelson, Hunters of the Northern Forest (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1973; VanStone, Athapaskan Adaptations; Nelson H., H. Graburn, and B. Stephen Strong, Circumpolar Peoples: An Anthropological Perspective (Pacific Palisades, California: Goodyear Publishing Co., 1973); and Cornelius Osgood, The Han Indians: A Compilation of Ethnographic and Historical Data on the Alaska-Yukon Boundary Area, Yale University Publications in Anthropology No. 74, New Haven: Department of Anthropology; Yale University, 1971).

³VanStone, Athapaskan Adaptations, p. 37; Graburn and Strong, Circumpolar Peoples, pp. 61-79.

⁴Cornelius Osgood's The Han Indians is only a compilation with little or no synthesis. Since he spent only three weeks in the Han villages, he supplemented his ethnographic material with historic reports. Edwin S. Hall, Jr., "Aboriginal Occupations of the Charley River and Adjacent Yukon River Drainage, East-Central Alaska", typescript (Anchorage: National Park Service, 1974) summarizes Osgood's work and this is more readable but no more informative.

⁵Robert Campbell, Two Journals of Robert Campbell, 1808 to 1853 (Seattle: John W. Todd, Jr., 1958), pp. 97-98; and Alexander Hunter Murray, Journal of the Yukon, 1847-48, ed. L. J. Burpee, Publications of the Canadian Archives - No. 4 (Ottawa: Government Printing Bureau, 1910), pp. 82-94.

⁶Robert Campbell, Two Journals, p. 97; Murray, Journal of the Yukon, p. 85.

⁷Elizabeth Andrews, "Niibeeo Zhoo: An Early Historic Han Athapaskan Village Site, Interim Report", typescript (Fairbanks: National Park Service, 1976); Osgood, The Han Indians, pp. 84-90; Hall, "Aboriginal Occupations", p. 13; Edwin Tappan Adney, "Moose Hunting with the Tro-chu-tin", Harpers New Monthly Magazine 100(1900): 494-507; and VanStone, Athapaskan Adaptations, pp. 32-37.

⁸Osgood, The Han Indians, pp. 77-83; and Graburn and Strong, Circumpolar Peoples, p. 96.

⁹Van Stone, Athapaskan Adaptations, p. 125, categorized the Han as Central-Based Wanderers meaning they had an emphasis on fishing that allowed the community to rest at a central base most of each year. Cf. Graburn and Strong, Circumpolar Peoples, pp. 61-78, who would characterize them as a borderline culture between Inland Riverine Emphasis and Inland Hunting-Snaring Emphasis.

¹⁰Osgood, The Han Indians, pp. 107-109; VanStone, Athapaskan Adaptations, pp. 26-27; and Graburn, Circumpolar Peoples, pp. 65, 70, 73.

¹¹Osgood, The Han Indians, pp. 98-115; VanStone, Athapaskan Adaptations, pp. 23-32; and Graburn and Strong, Circumpolar Peoples, pp. 72-3, 76-8.

¹²Van Stone, Athapaskan Adaptations, presents a thesis on environment and culture that is similar to historian Frederick Jackson Turner's hypothesis.

¹³VanStone, Athapaskan Adaptations, pp. 43, 73, 121-26.

¹⁴Ibid., pp. 51, 74-89.

¹⁵Turner, "Significance of the Frontier", pp. 37-8.