PECOS
From Folsom to Fogelson:
The Cultural Resources Inventory Survey of Pecos National Historical Park 		NPS Logo

TABLE OF CONTENTS

COVER

VOLUME I

FOREWORD

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES


1. INTRODUCTION
Genevieve N. Head, Janet D. Orcutt, and Robert P. Powers

The Need for an Archeological Inventory
Upper Pecos Valley Culture History
Preceramic Period (11,500 B.C.-A.D. 600)
Developmental Period (A.D. 600-1200)
Coalition Period (A.D. 1200-1325)
Classic Period (A.D. 1325-1600)
Pecos Pueblo/Spanish Mission Period (A.D. 1540-1838)
     Spanish Colonial Period (A.D. 16004821)
          Early Colonial/Pre-Revolt (A.D. 1600-1680)
          Pueblo Revolt (A.D. 1680-1692)
          Late Colonial/Post-Revolt (A.D. 1692-1821)
Early Settlement, Santa Fe Trail, Civil War Period (A.D. 1812-1880)
     Mexican/Santa Fe Trail (A.D. 1821-1846)
     United States Territorial (A.D. 1846-1880)
Railroad/Tourism (A.D. 1880-1941)
Ranching Period (A.D. 1925-1993)
Fogelson/Monument Period (A.D. 1941-1991)
The Environment
Topography
Geology
Soils
Climate
Flora and Fauna
Recent Impacts to the Pecos Environment
Research Objectives
Community Development
Exchange
Historic Period Investigations
Organization of the Volume


2. PREVIOUS ARCHEOLOGICAL WORK
Susan Eininger

The Beginnings of Pecos Archeology
The Kidder Years
The State Monument Era
National Park Service Projects
Recent Years
Summary


3. METHODOLOGY
Susan F. Eininger

Project Organization
Survey Methodology
Survey Areas
Survey Procedures
Cultural Resource Identification
     Sites
     Isolated Occurrences
     Cultural Landscape Elements
Site Documentation
Site Numbering
Site Recording Forms
Site Components
Native American Artifact Documentation
     Artifact Sampling
     Density Count Procedures
     Artifact Attribute Analyses
Euro-American Artifact Documentation
Artifact Collection
Location Information
Site Maps
Photodocumentation
Isolated Occurrence Documentation
Cultural Landscape Documentation
Data Processing and Management
Summary


4. CERAMIC CHRONOLOGY
Melissa S. Powell and Karl K. Benedict

Ceramic Typologies
Rio Grande Chronologies
Background on the Survey Chronology
The Pecos Ceramic Assemblage
Sampling and Analytic Methods
The Ceramic Database
Ceramic Wares and Chronologically Sensitive Types
Dating the Pecos Survey Sites
The Mean Ceramic Date Approach
     South's Mean Ceramic Date Formula
     Assumptions of Mean Ceramic Dating
     Method
     Mean Ceramic Date Findings
Ceramic Probability Dating
     Probability Assumptions
     Method
     Interpreting Ceramic Probabilities
     Dating Multicomponent Sites
The Pecos Survey Chronology
Temporal Trends
Contemporaneity of the Early Pueblos
Conclusions
Notes


5. SITE TYPOLOGY AND ARCHITECTURE
Genevieve N. Head

Site Typology in the Upper Pecos Valley
The Effects of Mechanical Vegetation Removal on Site Interpretation
Components and Features
Classification of the Survey Sites
Categories for the Pecos Survey Sites
Functional Types for the Pecos Survey Sites
     Habitations
     Seasonal Sites
     Special-Use Sites
     General Artifactual Parameters of the Site Types
     Nonstructural Feature Groups and Site Types
     Change in Site Types through Time
     Site Types across Space and through Time
Summary
Description of the Survey Sites
Habitations
     Communal Pueblos (100 rooms or more)
     Pueblos (6-99 rooms)
Seasonal Sites
Special-use Sites
Subsistence and Social Change through Architecture
Agriculture
     Expectations
     Expectation Testing
     Discussion
Social Integration
     Expectations
     Expectation Testing
     Discussion
Summary and Conclusions
Notes


6. SETTLEMENT
Karl K. Benedict and Janet D. Orcutt

Characterizing Climate through the Palmer Drought Severity Index
Expectations for Site Locations
Site Types by Environment
Period 2 (A.D. 1200-1325)
Period 3 (A.D. 1325-1450)
Period 4 (A.D. 1450-1575)
Period 5 (A.D. 1575-1700)
Habitation Site Locations through Time
Seasonal Site Locations through Time
Special-use Site Locations through Time
Social Influences on Site Location
Traditional Spatial Analysis Methods
     Quadrat Analysis
     Nearest-Neighbor Analysis
     Conclusions Regarding Traditional Spatial Analysis Methods
Simulation-based Nearest-Neighbor Analysis
     Simulation Analysis Methods
Results of Simulated Nearest Neighbor Analysis
     Comparison of Special-Use to Special-Use Sites
     Comparison of Special-Use to Habitation Sites
     Comparison of Special-Use to Seasonal Sites
     Comparison of Habitation to Habitation Sites
     Comparison of Habitation to Seasonal Sites
     Comparison of Seasonal to Seasonal Sites
Nearest-Neighbor Summary
Site Location and Localized Soil and Resource Productivity
Potential Plant Productivity of Soils
Data Analysis
     Statistical Considerations
     The Models Considered in the Current Analysis
     The Analysis Procedure
Analysis Results
     Habitation Sites—Food Resources
     Habitation Sites—Fuel Resources
     Seasonal Sites—Food Resources
     Seasonal Sites—Fuel Resources
     Special-Use Sites—Food Resources
     Special-Use Sites—Fuel Resources
Conclusions
Summary and Conclusions
Notes


7. DEMOGRAPHY
Janet D. Orcutt

Reconstructing Population
Population Estimation Methods
Estimating Population in the Pecos Area
     Pecos Pueblo
     Population Aggregation
Northern Rio Grande Population
Conclusions
Climate and Pecos Area Population


8. CERAMICS
Melissa S. Powell

Ceramic Research in the Northern Rio Grande Region
Methods of Ceramic Analysis
The Ceramic Assemblage
Ceramic Types
Ceramic Wares
     Rio Grande Gray Ware
     Pajarito White Ware
     Rio Grande Glaze Ware
     Historic Polychromes and Plain Ware
     Plains/Apache
     Other Trade Ware Ceramics
Vessel Form
Trends in Ceramic Wares
Ceramic Wares through Time
     Rio Grande Gray Ware through Time
     Ceramic Ware by Site Type
Functional Analyses
Functional Classes through Time
Functional Classes by Site Type
Vessel Size
Ceramic Vessel Size through Time
Vessel Size by Site Type
Vessel Size by Ceramic Type
The Organization of Ceramic Production
Direct Evidence
Indirect Evidence
Standardization and Specialization
Ceramic Resources in the Rio Grande Region
Goals of the Compositional Study
Assumptions of Compositional Analysis
The Sample for Compositional Analysis
     Rio Grande Gray Ware
     Pajarito White Ware
Analytic Methods
Results of Refiring
Results of Petrography
     Utility Ware Temper and Paste Categories
     White Ware Temper and Paste Categories
     The Raw Clays
Addressing the Research Questions
     Production Areas
     Variation among Sites
     Variation between Santa Fe Black-on-white and Galisteo Black-on-white
     Comparisons to Apache and Pithouse Ceramics
Conclusions


9. LITHICS
J. David Kilby and Joseph Vasquez Cunningham

The Flaked Stone Assemblage
Regional Sources of Lithic Raw Materials
     Rocky Mountains
          Jemez Mountains Sources
          Pedernal Chert
          Other Sources in the Rocky Mountains
     Basin and Range
          Madera and San Andres Formations
          The Rio Grande
          Mount Taylor
     Great Plains
          Alibates Flint
          Tecovas Chert
          Edwards Plateau Chert
          Other Sources on the Great Plains
     Summary
Flaked Stone Assemblage Parameters
     Raw Material Type
     Size
     Cortex
     Platform Type
     Debitage Type/Condition
     Thermal Alteration
     Edge Damage
     Technological Type
     Functional Type
     Tool Classes for Analysis
The Organization of Flaked Stone Technology
     Technological Organization and Raw Material
          Tool Production and Raw Material
          Pueblo Period Obsidian Use
     Technological Organization and Settlement Patterns
     Artifact Classes and Site Types
     Site Types through Time
The Nonflaked Lithic Assemblage
Nonflaked Lithic Assemblage Parameters
     Manos
     Metates
     Nonportable Grinding Features
     Axes, Mauls, and Hoes
     Other Nonflaked Lithic Artifacts
Population Aggregation and Grinding Intensity
     Grinding Intensity and Site Types
     Grinding Intensity through Time
Summary and Conclusions
Notes


VOLUME II


10. EURO-AMERICAN SITES
Jeffrey L. Boyer, James L. Moore, Natasha Williamson and Genevieve N. Head

Description of Euro-American Components
Seventeenth and Eighteenth Century Euro-American Sites
Temporal Analyses of Euro-American Artifacts
Data Collection
Dating the Euro-American Sites
     Pecos National Historical Park Cultural Periods
     Dating the Sites
     Euro-American Sites and Cultural Periods
          Spanish Colonial/Mexican/Hispanic Settlement, Santa Fe Trail, Civil War Period (A.D. 1812-1880)
          Railroad/Tourism Period (A.D. 1880-1941)
          Sites Tentatively Associated with Periods or Unassignable to a Period
Comparing Homestead Artifact Dates with Documentary Dates
     PECO 540: Homestead D
     PECO 270: Homestead A, Benigno Quintana
     PECO 175: Homestead B
     PECO 367: Homestead E, Pedro Ruiz
     PECO 541: Homestead C, Anicieto Rivera
Summary of Analyses of Euro-American Artifacts
Review of Pecos Area Census Records
1860: The Eighth Census of the Territory of New Mexico, San Miguel County
1870: The Ninth Census of the Territory of New Mexico, San Miguel County
1880: The Tenth Census of the Territory of New Mexico, San Miguel County
1900: The Twelfth Census of the Territory of New Mexico, San Miguel County
1910: The Thirteenth Census of the Territory of New Mexico, San Miguel County
1920: The Fourteenth Census of the Territory of New Mexico, San Miguel County
Summary
An Examination of Trail and Road Segments near Pecos Pueblo
The Santa Fe Trail
     Pecos Pueblo and the Santa Fe Trail
     The Deterioration of Pecos Pueblo
Descriptions of the Segments Investigated
     Santa Fe Trail
     Colonias Road
     Miscellaneous Trail Segments
Discussion of Trail Segments
     Santa Fe Trail Segments
     Turnoff to Kozlowski's Trading Post
     Section of the Colonias Road and Associated Tracks
     Miscellaneous Segments
Conclusions
Summary
Notes


11. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
Janet D. Orcutt and Genevieve N. Head

Period 0 (pre A.D. 1075) and Period 1 (A.D. 1075-1200)
Period 2 (A.D. 1200-1325)
Period 3 (A.D. 1325-1450)
Period 4 (A.D. 1450-1575)
Period 5 (A.D. 1575-1700)
Period 6 (post A.D. 1700)
Site Types
Ceramics across Site Types
Site Types and Plant Productivity
Euro-American Sites
Conclusions


APPENDIX A
Pecos Archeological Survey 1997 Site Data Form, Manual, and Glossary

APPENDIX B
Sampling Guidelines

APPENDIX C
Pecos Archeological Survey 1997 Lithic Manual/Coding Guide and Form

APPENDIX D
Pecos Archeological Survey 1997 Ceramic Inventory Form and Manual/Coding Guide

APPENDIX E
1,100 Years of Construction Wood Use in the Upper Pecos Valley

APPENDIX F
Site Number Concordance

APPENDIX G
Pecos Cultural Resources Inventory Survey Euro-American Artifact Data Base: Functional and Descriptive Data Tables


REFERENCES CITED

INDEX (omitted from the online edition)



LIST OF FIGURES

Chapter 1

1.1 North-central New Mexico with the location of Pecos National Historical Park
1.2 Boundary history of the Pecos Unit of Pecos National Historical Park
1.3 Locations of major prehistoric sites in the Upper Pecos Valley
1.4 Upper Pecos Valley topography
1.5 Rugged topography east of the Pecos River in the Tecolote Range, view NE

Chapter 2

2.1 Alfred Kidder in the excavations at Pecos Pueblo, ca. 1915
2.2 Kidder's 1916 stratigraphic excavations in the midden on the east slope of the Pecos mesilla
2.3 Excavations at Pecos north of South Pueblo
2.4 Excavations in preparation of stabilization in the Pecos mission convento, 1970
2.5 Gunnerson's excavations east of the Pecos church, 1970

Chapter 3

3.1 Survey areas, 1995-1997
3.2 Crew on a survey transect, spaced 10 to 15 meters apart
3.3 Site documentation in progress at PECO 142
3.4 An example of a lithic and ceramic scatter density grid square map used to delineate and select the sample units needed for artifact density counts and artifact attribute analysis

Chapter 4

4.1 Comparison of temporal frameworks for the northern Rio Grande region with the Pecos survey chronology and component frequencies
4.2 Stem-and-leaf diagram of the mean dates of the Pecos survey assemblages by decade
4.3 Stem-and-leaf diagram of the mean dates of the Pecos survey assemblages, in 20-year intervals
4.4 Histogram of the mean ceramic dates of the Pecos survey assemblages, by 50-year intervals
4.5 Bar chart of the date ranges for the Pecos ceramic types
4.6 Examples of ceramic type date ranges and normal distributions
4.7 Annual and five-decade probabilities for Glaze V
4.8 Individual ceramic type probabilities and resulting summed and normalized probability for PECO 125
4.9 Individual ceramic type probabilities and summed and normalized probability in 125-year intervals for PECO 125
4.10 Bimodal probability distribution suggesting an occupational hiatus (PECO 334)
4.11 Twenty-five year probabilities for PECO 23, PECO 30, PECO 215, and Forked Lightning (PECO 226)
4.12 Twenty-five year probabilities for Loma Lothrop (PECO 227), Shin'po (PECO 307), Dick's Ruin (PECO 434), and Arrowhead (PECO710)
4.13 Twenty-five year probabilities for Long House (PECO 402)
4.14 Early pueblo date ranges based on 25-year probabilities

Chapter 5

5.1 Possible structure at edge of a bulldozed area, PECO 108 (LA 118755) feature 13-01, view east
5.2 Cross section of a small structure exposed by a bulldozer cut, PECO 403 (LA 69302) feature 03-02, view east
5.3 Map of the Pecos Unit showing areas of vegetation removal
5.4 Example of a rock concentration, PECO 192 (LA 118795) feature 41-01, view north
5.5 Example of a grinding area, PECO 477 (LA 119034), feature 61-03, view east
5.6 Example of a small structure, PECO 245 (LA 118827), feature 03-01, view southeast
5.7 Decision tree for categorizing sites
5.8 Frequency distribution of room counts for structures with fewer than 20 rooms
5.9 Sites dated to Ceramic Period 2 (A.D. 1200-1325), showing site types
5.10 Sites dated to Ceramic Period 3 (A.D. 1325-1450), showing site types
5.11 Sites dated to Ceramic Period 4 (A.D. 1450-1575), showing site types
5.12 Sites dated to Ceramic Period 5 (A.D. 1575-1700), showing site types
5.13 Sites dated to Ceramic Period 6 (post A.D. 1700), showing site types
5.14 Pecos Pueblo north of South Pueblo (PECO 228 [LA 625])
5.15 Map of Arrowhead Pueblo (PECO 710 [LA 251])
5.16 Arrowhead Pueblo (PECO 710 [LA 251])
5.17 Map of Forked Lightning Pueblo (PECO 226 [LA 672])
5.18 Forked Lightning Pueblo (PECO 226 [LA 672])
5.19 Map of Loma Lothrop (PECO 227 [LA 277])
5.20 NE corner of Loma Lothrop (PECO 227 [LA 277]) excavated in the 1920s, view NW
5.21 Map of Shin'po (PECO 307 [LA 267])
5.22 Partially excavated room at Shin'po (PECO 307 [LA 267]) in northern room block, view SSW
5.23 Across the plaza of Shin'po (PECO 307 [LA 267])
5.24 Map of Long House (PECO 402 [LA 118967])
5.25 Long House (PECO 402 [LA 118967])
5.26 Map of Dick's Ruin (PECO 434 [LA 276])
5.27 Dick's Ruin (PECO 434 [LA 276])
5.28 Stone circle or possible tipi ring near Dick's Ruin, view NNE
5.29 Map of PECO 23 (LA 14123)
5.30 Map of PECO 30 (LA 14113)
5.31 View SE of PECO 30 (LA 14113)
5.32 Map of PECO 215 (LA 118811)
5.33 Wall at PECO 215 (LA 118811), exposed in recent road/bulldozer cut, view NNE
5.34 Ratio of rooms to kivas, through time
5.35 Kiva size through time

Chapter 6

6.1 Palmer Drought Severity Index dryness index for Period 2 (A.D. 1200-1325)
6.2 Palmer Drought Severity Index dryness index for Period 3 (A.D. 1325-1450)
6.3 Palmer Drought Severity Index dryness index for Period 4 (A.D. 1450-1575)
6.4 Palmer Drought Severity Index dryness index for Period 5 (A.D. 1575-1700)
6.5 Box plot of elevation by site type for Period 2 (A.D. 1200-1325)
6.6 Frequencies of each site type by landform types in Period 2 (A.D. 1200-1325)
6.7 Frequencies of each site type by vegetation community for Period 2 (A.D. 1200-1325)
6.8 Box plot of elevation by site type for Period 3 (A.D. 1325-1450)
6.9 Frequencies of each site type by landform types in Period 3 (A.D. 1325-1450)
6.10 Frequencies of each site type by vegetation community for Period 3 (A.D. 1325-1450)
6.11 Box plot of elevation by site type for Period 4 (A.D. 1450-1575)
6.12 Frequencies of each site type by landform types in Period 4 (A.D. 1450-1575)
6.13 Frequencies of each site type by vegetation community for Period 4 (A.D. 1450-1575)
6.14 Box plot of elevation by site type for Period 5 (A.D. 1575-1700)
6.15 Frequencies of each site type by landform types in Period 5 (A.D. 1575-1700)
6.16 Frequencies of each site type by vegetation community for Period 5 (1575-1700)
6.17 Simulation region in comparison to survey area
6.18 Frequency distribution of mean NND between habitations in Period 3 (A.D. 1325-1450)
6.19 Frequency distribution of median NND between habitations in Period 3 (A.D. 1325-1450)
6.20 Median NND p-value by period and site type comparison
6.21 Plot of observed median NND for special-use sites vs. the number of special-use sites in each period
6.22 Median observed NND between special-use sites by period
6.23 Plot of observed median NND between special-use and habitation sites vs. the number of special-use sites for each period
6.24 Plot of observed median NND between special-use and seasonal sites vs. the number of special-use sites in each period
6.25 Median observed NND between special-use and seasonal sites by period
6.26 Median observed NND between habitation sites by period
6.27 Plot of observed median NND between habitations vs. the number of habitations in each period
6.28 Median observed NND between habitations and seasonal sites by period
6.29 Plot of observed median NND between habitations and seasonal sites vs. the number of habitations in each period
6.30 Plot of observed median NND between seasonal sites vs. the number of seasonal sites in each period
6.31 Median observed NND between seasonal sites by period
6.32 Comparison of 3-km radius catchment and 100-in radius buffer area
6.33 Grain and seed productivity for Pecos National Historical Park based on soil survey data
6.34 Grain and seed potential for areas within 100-in of special-use sites
6.35 Grain and seed potential for areas more than 100 m from special-use sites
6.36 100-in buffers around habitation sites, with grain and seed potential productivity
6.37 100-in buffers around special-use sites, with grain and seed potential productivity
6.38 100-in buffers around seasonal sites, with grain and seed potential productivity

Chapter 7

7.1 Estimated number of people and occupied rooms for Pecos area habitation sites
7.2 Welker's (1997) estimates of the number of occupied rooms and population in her four time periods at Pecos Pueblo
7.3 Estimated population at Pecos Pueblo using Welker's (1997) time periods and room counts and a family size of seven people
7.4 Kidder's (1958:Figure 33a) reconstruction of Pecos Pueblo apartments
7.5 Number of rooms adjusted to time period length for several areas in the northern Rio Grande, Early Classic through Early Historic periods (Orcutt et al. 1994)
7.6 Estimated population at Pecos Pueblo, San Lazaro, San Marcos, and Arroyo Hondo

Chapter 8

8.1 Percentages of utility ware ceramic types recorded by the survey
8.2 Percentages of white ware ceramic types recorded by the survey
8.3 Percentages of identified glaze ware types recorded by the survey
8.4 Distribution of black-on-white and glaze ware sherds
8.5 Distribution of Apache ceramics
8.6 Distribution of White Mountain Red Ware sherds
8.7 Distribution of trade ware sherds
8.8 Percentages of decorated and undecorated sherds by time period
8.9 Decorated and undecorated wares by time period
8.10 Percentages of ceramic wares by site type
8.11 Percentages of ceramic wares recorded on the surface at the early pueblo sites
8.12 Percentages of ceramic functional classes by time period
8.13 Percentages of ceramic functional classes by site type
8.14 Histogram of bowl diameters
8.15 Histogram of undecorated jar diameters
8.16 Histogram of decorated jar diameters
8.17 Mean vessel size in rim diameter by time period
8.18 Locations of sites sampled for compositional analysis
8.19 Representative Black-on-white sherds submitted for compositional analysis
8.20 Clay sources sampled at Pecos National Historical Park
8.21 Total number of utility ware sherds per petrographic temper group
8.22 Summary of utility ware temper groups by site
8.23 Total number of utility ware sherds per petrographic paste group
8.24 Summary of utility ware paste groups by site
8.25 Total number of white ware sherds per petrographic temper group
8.26 Summary of white ware temper groups by site
8.27 Total number of white ware sherds per petrographic paste group
8.28 Summary of white ware paste groups by site
8.29 Percentages of local and nonlocal utility ware ceramics at the pueblos, based on petrographic results
8.30 Percentages of local and nonlocal white ware ceramics at the pueblos, based on petrographic results
8.31 Santa Fe Black-on-white petrographic temper categories
8.32 Galisteo Black-on-white petrographic temper categories

Chapter 9

9.1 New Mexico and the Southern Plains
9.2 New Mexico and important raw material sources
9.3 Specific obsidian sources in the Jemez Mountain area
9.4 Flake attributes used in debitage classification
9.5 A model of conservation and tool production strategies in relation to raw material availability and quality
9.6 Tool types for major raw materials, all sites
9.7 Raw materials for each tool type, all sites
9.8 Average volume of siltstone/quartzite per site
9.9 Average volume of local chert per site
9.10 Average volume of chalcedony per site
9.11 Average volume of obsidian per site
9.12 Average volume of nonlocal chert per site
9.13 Obsidian sources determined by Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence for pueblos
9.14 Cross-section classes for ground stone
9.15 Idealized plan view and cross sections of a complex grinding feature
9.16 Complex grinding feature at PECO 301 (LA 118875)
9.17 Scatterplot comparing size of grinding area for complex grinding features with size of grinding area for complete metates
9.18 Ground stone tools
9.19 Hafted tools recorded by the survey
9.20 Cross-sections of all manos by site type
9.21 Cross-sections of manos from all sites from Periods 3, 4, and 5

Chapter 10

10.1 Seventeenth and eighteenth century sites recorded by the survey
10.2 Sites with Euro-American artifact assemblages
10.3 Sites dated to the Spanish Colonial/Mexican/Hispanic Settlement, Santa Fe Trail, Civil War Period using assemblage mean dates
10.4 Sites dated to the Railroad/Tourism Period using assemblage mean dates
10.5 Sites assigned to a period using artifact group dates
10.6 Hispanic Homesteads
10.7 PECO 540 (LA 119093), Homestead D
10.8 The northern portion of PECO 540, view SE, Pecos River in background
10.9 PECO 270 (LA 118847), Homestead A, Quintana
10.10 Overview of PECO 270 with the Forked Lightning Ranch house in background, view NE
10.11 PECO 175 (LA 118789), Homestead B
10.12 PECO 175, southern structure, view SW
10.13 PECO 367 (LA 118934), Homestead E, Ruiz
10.14 View NW across PECO 367. Southern structure in higher vegetation
10.15 PECO 541 (LA 119094), Homestead C, Rivera
10.16 The lower portion of PECO 541, Pecos River in background, view E
10.17 Locations mentioned in census review
10.18 Santa Fe Trail route from Missouri to New Mexico
10.19 Road segments discussed in text
10.20 Historic roads derived from documentary sources


LIST OF TABLES

Chapter 3

3.1 Summary of data fields used for site recording
3.2 Site number changes due to combining previously recorded sites
3.3 Site number changes due to subdividing previously recorded sites
3.4 Artifact attribute analysis data fields
3.5 Isolated Occurrence data fields
3.6 Cultural Landscape data fields

Chapter 4

4.1 Summary of chronometric dates from Pecos National Historical Park
4.2 Date ranges for Pecos ceramic types
4.3 Ceramic mean dates for the Pecos survey sites
4.4 The Pecos survey chronology
4.5 Ceramic period assignments for the Pecos survey sites

Chapter 5

5.1 Comparison of the size of artifact scatters on sites affected by vegetation removal to those unaffected 105
5.2 Comparison of feature categories between sites affected and unaffected by vegetation removal 105
5.3 Contingency table of presence on sites of vegetation removal impacts and structures
5.4 Euro-American specific component types recorded in the field
5.5 General component types recorded in the field
5.6 Description and counts of components recorded as "other"
5.7 All nonportable features
5.8 Primary stone fabric types for structures
5.9 Primary stone fabric types for features
5.10 Primary stone construction techniques for structures
5.11 Primary stone construction techniques for features
5.12 Primary nonstone fabric types for structures
5.13 Primary nonstone fabric types for features
5.14 Primary nonstone construction techniques for structures
5.15 Primary nonstone construction techniques for features
5.16 Artifact scatters recorded in the field
5.17 Architectural categories and site types by component
5.18 Results of t-tests between number of artifact types at site types
5.19 Results of t-tests between logs of artifact density at site types
5.20 Nonstructural feature types at different site types
5.21 Cross-tabulation of site type and feature group
5.22 Site types through time
5.23 Structure types on seasonal sites
5.24 Artifact scatter types at seasonal sites
5.25 Artifact scatter types at special-use sites
5.26 Agricultural features by site type
5.27 Agricultural features by ceramic period
5.28 Kivas, measurable kiva sizes, and periods
5.29 Numbers of rooms and kivas through time
5.30 Kiva size, by period

Chapter 6

6.1 Palmer Drought Severity Index values and dryness index
6.2 Number of sites simulated for each period
6.3 Nearest-neighbor simulation results
6.4 Economic plant species and their potential uses
6.5 Area of plant productivity classes within and outside the 100-in buffer defined for habitation sites
6.6 Area of plant productivity classes within and outside the 100-in buffers defined for special-use sites
6.7 Area of plant productivity classes within and outside the 100-in buffers defined for seasonal sites
6.8 Analysis results summary, habitation sites and food resources
6.9 Observed frequencies, expected frequencies, and adjusted residuals for the localized food resource analysis for habitation sites
6.10 Analysis results summary, habitation sites and fuel resources
6.11 Observed frequencies, expected frequencies, and residuals for the localized fuel resource analysis for habitation sites
6.12 Analysis results summary, seasonal sites and food resources
6.13 Observed frequencies, expected frequencies, and residuals for the localized food resource analysis for seasonal sites
6.14 Analysis results summary, seasonal sites and fuel resources
6.15 Observed frequencies, expected frequencies, and residuals for the localized fuel resource analysis for seasonal sites
6.16 Analysis results summary, special-use sites and food resources
6.17 Observed frequencies, expected frequencies, and residuals for the localized food resource analysis for special-use sites
6.18 Analysis results summary, special-use sites and fuel resources
6.19 Observed frequencies, expected frequencies, and residuals for the localized fuel resource analysis for special-use sites

Chapter 7

7.1 Habitation sites used in population estimates
7.2 Pueblos used in population estimates
7.3 Size of the largest aggregate in each period

Chapter 8

8.1 References for ceramic type descriptions by ware
8.2 Total sherd frequencies for all ceramic types by vessel form
8.3 Shepard's (1936) findings regarding the source of manufacture for ceramics found at Forked Lightning Pueblo and Pecos Pueblo
8.4 Comparison of survey findings and Kidder's (1936) excavation data on trade ware ceramics found in the Pecos area
8.5 Total frequencies of sherds by vessel form
8.6 Comparison of sherd counts, weights, and estimated vessels by ware
8.7 Frequency of decorated and undecorated wares by time period
8.8 Frequency of utility ware types by time period
8.9 Frequencies of ceramic wares by site type
8.10 Frequencies of ceramic functional classes by time period
8.11 Frequencies of ceramic functional classes by site type
8.12 Mean vessel size in rim diameter by time period
8.13 Mean vessel size in rim diameter by site type
8.14 Mean rim diameter by ceramic type
8.15 Sites sampled for compositional analysis
8.16 Oxidized colors of the utility ware sherds by site
8.17 Oxidized colors of the white ware sherds by site
8.18 Oxidized colors of the clay samples from the Pecos area
8.19 Utility ware petrographic temper groups
8.20 Summary of utility ware temper groups by site
8.21 Utility ware petrographic paste groups
8.22 Summary of utility ware paste groups by site
8.23 Cross-tabulation of utility ware paste and temper groups
8.24 White ware petrographic temper groups
8.25 Summary of white ware temper groups by site
8.26 White ware petrographic paste groups
8.27 Summary of white ware paste groups by site
8.28 Cross-tabulation of white ware paste and temper groups
8.29 Corresponding petrographic paste groups between the utility ware and white ware ceramics

Chapter 9

9.1 Distance to major raw material sources
9.2 Flaked stone raw materials
9.3 Material types of debitage with cortex
9.4 Cortex amounts for debitage
9.5 Platform types of flaked stone
9.6 Debitage classes
9.7 Cross-tabulation of material type by debitage class
9.8 Debitage classes derived from post-field analysis
9.9 Thermal alteration for all flaked stone
9.10 Student's T-comparison of thermal alteration by thickness
9.11 Flaked stone use-wear
9.12 Student's T-comparison of item volume by edge damage
9.13 Technological types
9.14 Functional types
9.15 Projectile point classes
9.16 Tool classes derived from post-field analysis
9.17 Jemez Mountain obsidian sources
9.18 Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence sources for tool types
9.19 Obsidian abundance and distance to source
9.20 ANOVA comparison of average percentage of high energy tools from site types from all time periods
9.21 ANOVA comparison of average percentage of high energy tools from Period 2 site types
9.22 ANOVA comparison of average percentage of high energy tools from Period 3 site types
9.23 ANOVA comparison of average percentage of low energy tools from Period 5 site types
9.24 ANOVA comparison of average percentage of Class 2 debitage from Period 5 site types
9.25 Faunal and lithic comparison of Pecos Pueblo, Rowe Pueblo, and Arroyo Hondo
9.26 Cross-tabulation of mano type by material type
9.27 Cross-tabulation of mano type by cross section
9.28 Number of ground surfaces by mano type
9.29 Cross-tabulation of mano type by condition
9.30 Average sizes for complete manos by mano type
9.31 Student's T-comparison of mano type by length
9.32 Student's T-comparison of mano type by width
9.33 Cross-tabulation of metate type by material type
9.34 Cross-tabulation of metate type by cross section, all sites
9.35 Cross-tabulation of nonflaked lithic type by material type
9.36 All other nonflaked lithic artifacts
9.37 Resampling comparison of mano cross section by time periods, observed distributions displayed

Chapter 10

10.1 Euro-American components recorded in the field
10.2 European vessel forms made with native ceramics
10.3 Site numbers and descriptions of historic era sites with Euro-American artifacts
10.4 Cultural periods (Pecos Unit only) from the Cultural Landscape Overview
10.5 Assemblages with Euro-American artifact dates
10.6 Euro-American sites confidently assigned to a cultural period, based on assemblage artifact dates
10.7 Euro-American sites by cultural period, based on artifact group dates
10.8 Euro-American sites by cultural period, based on documentary, feature, or association dates
10.9 Euro-American sites that could not be assigned to a cultural period
10.10 PECO 540: OAS artifact counts by functional categories and proveniences
10.11 PECO 270: OAS artifact counts by functional category
10.12 PECO 175: OAS artifact counts by functional categories and proveniences
10.13 PECO 541/10000: OAS artifact counts by functional categories
10.14 PECO 541: OAS artifact counts by functional categories

<<< Previous <<< Contents>>> Next >>>

peco/cris/contents.htm
Last Updated: 13-Feb-2006