Raising the Roof of the Rockies
A Geologic History of the Mountains and of the Ice Age in Rocky Mountain National Park

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Cover

FRONT COVER (upper)—The flat top of Longs Peak, a remnant of the rolling upland, uplifted to 14,255 feet by movement along faults 5-7 million years ago. (George F. Wagner)

(lower)—East face of Longs Peak, a cirque headwall excavated in the uplifted mountain by successive glaciers during the last 2 million years. The face is of granite, 1,450 million years old. (Gerald M. Richmond)

Preface


Geologic Times
Years Ago

PART I
PRECAMBRIAN

1,800,000,000 THE ANCIENT FOUNDATIONS


1,720,000,000



GRANITE INVASIONS


1,450,000,000



A GREAT HIATUS

(570)

PALEOZOICCambrian
530,000,000

(500)

Ordovician



(430)

Silurian



(395)
THE ERA OF SHIFTING SEAS
Devonian



(345)

Mississippian


(320)

Pennsylvanian
300,000,000

(280)
THE ANCESTRAL ROCKIES
Permian
240,000,000

(225)
THE MARCH OF DUNES
MESOZOICTriassic



(190)190,000,000
Jurassic

DRAGONS OF THE FLOOD PLAINS

(136)

Cretaceous
100,000,000


THE LAST SEAS

75,000,000


THE ROCKIES BEGIN TO RISE

(65) 65,000,000
TERTIARYPaleocene

AND RISE SOME MORE

(54)54,000,000



EROSION GAINS CONTROL
Eocene
40,000,000

(38)
THE MOUNTAINS RISE AGAIN


37,000,000
Oligocene

NECK DEEP IN VOLCANIC ASH


28,000,000



SPECIMEN MOUNTAIN AND THE LULU MOUNTAIN VOLCANO

(26)26,000,000



WAIST DEEP IN VOLCANIC SAND & SILT


18,000,000
Miocene

UPLIFTED, EXHUMED, & AWASH IN THEIR OWN DEBRIS



THE FLAT-TOPPED UPLANDS

(5-7)5-7,000,000
Pliocene

UPS AND DOWNS



DEEP EROSION
PART II

(2)2,000,000 THE ICE AGE COMETH
QUATERNARY


What is a glacier?
What a glacier does



EARLY GLACIAL AND INTERGLACIAL TIMES
Pleistocene
600,000



THE INTERMEDIATE GLACIERS


87,000


70,000



A TIME IN QUESTION


27,000



THE LAST GLACIATION



ABOVE AND BEYOND THE ICE


13,000AND SUDDEN DEATH



ATTEMPTS AT REVIVAL


7,500



A WARM DRY TIME
Holocene
3,800



GLACIERS REBORN


100



THE GLACIERS TODAY


0



AND TOMORROW?

Acknowledgments

About the Author

Selected Additional Reading

Predecessors to this Story
Story of the Mountains
Story of the Ice Age
FRONTISPIECE: Trail Ridge, a remnant of the rolling upland the forms the roof of the Rockies in Rocky Mountain National Park. Originally formed 5 to 7 million years ago, it has survived despite being broken by faults, uplifted several thousand feet, cut by great canyons, and subjected to the vicissitudes of the Ice Age. (Gerald M. Richmond)

Published by the
ROCKY MOUNTAIN NATURE ASSOCIATION, INCORPORATED

in cooperation with the
NATIONAL PARK SERVICE,
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

The Rocky Mountain Nature Association, Inc., is a nonprofit organization cooperating with the National Park Service in the interpretation and management of Rocky Mountain National Park.

COPYRIGHT, ©1974, ROCKY MOUNTAIN NATURE ASSOCIATION, INC.
Library of Congress Catalog No. 73-93275


Glaciated canyon east of Longs Peak. The upper part is a spectacular example of glacial sculpture and scour. The large arcuate ridges in the lower part are end moraines deposited by the glaciers.


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