Raising the Roof of the Rockies
A Geologic History of the Mountains and of the Ice Age in Rocky Mountain National Park
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Cover
FRONT COVER (upper)The flat top of Longs Peak, a
remnant of the rolling upland, uplifted to 14,255 feet by
movement along faults 5-7 million years ago. (George F. Wagner)
(lower)East face of Longs Peak, a cirque
headwall excavated in the uplifted mountain by successive
glaciers during the last 2 million years. The face is
of granite, 1,450 million years old. (Gerald M. Richmond)
Preface
|
Geologic Times |
| Years Ago |
|
|
PART I |
PRECAMBRIAN |
|
| 1,800,000,000 |
THE ANCIENT FOUNDATIONS |
|
| 1,720,000,000 |
|
|
|
|
GRANITE INVASIONS |
|
| 1,450,000,000 |
|
|
|
|
A GREAT HIATUS |
| (570) |
|
|
PALEOZOIC | Cambrian |
|
530,000,000 |
|
| (500) |
|
|
Ordovician |
|
|
|
| (430) |
|
|
Silurian |
|
|
|
| (395) |
|
THE ERA OF SHIFTING SEAS |
Devonian |
|
|
|
| (345) |
|
|
Mississippian |
|
|
| (320) |
|
|
Pennsylvanian |
| 300,000,000 |
|
| (280) |
|
THE ANCESTRAL ROCKIES |
Permian |
| 240,000,000 |
|
| (225) |
|
THE MARCH OF DUNES |
MESOZOIC | Triassic |
|
|
|
| (190) | 190,000,000 |
|
Jurassic |
|
|
DRAGONS OF THE FLOOD PLAINS |
| (136) |
|
|
Cretaceous |
| 100,000,000 |
|
|
| THE LAST SEAS |
| 75,000,000 |
|
| THE ROCKIES BEGIN TO RISE |
| (65) |
65,000,000 |
|
TERTIARY | Paleocene |
|
|
AND RISE SOME MORE |
| (54) | 54,000,000 |
|
|
|
| EROSION GAINS CONTROL |
Eocene |
| 40,000,000 |
|
| (38) |
| THE MOUNTAINS RISE AGAIN |
|
| 37,000,000 |
|
Oligocene |
|
| NECK DEEP IN VOLCANIC ASH |
|
| 28,000,000 |
|
|
|
| SPECIMEN MOUNTAIN AND THE LULU MOUNTAIN VOLCANO |
| (26) | 26,000,000 |
|
|
|
| WAIST DEEP IN VOLCANIC SAND & SILT |
|
| 18,000,000 |
|
Miocene |
|
|
UPLIFTED, EXHUMED, & AWASH IN THEIR OWN DEBRIS |
|
|
| THE FLAT-TOPPED UPLANDS |
| (5-7) | 5-7,000,000 |
|
Pliocene |
|
| UPS AND DOWNS |
|
|
| DEEP EROSION |
PART II |
| (2) | 2,000,000 |
THE ICE AGE COMETH |
QUATERNARY |
|
|
| What is a glacier?
What a glacier does |
|
|
| EARLY GLACIAL AND INTERGLACIAL TIMES |
Pleistocene |
| 600,000 |
|
|
|
| THE INTERMEDIATE GLACIERS |
|
| 87,000 |
|
|
| 70,000 |
|
|
|
| A TIME IN QUESTION |
|
| 27,000 |
|
|
|
| THE LAST GLACIATION |
|
|
| ABOVE AND BEYOND THE ICE |
|
| 13,000 | AND SUDDEN DEATH |
|
|
| ATTEMPTS AT REVIVAL |
|
| 7,500 |
|
|
|
| A WARM DRY TIME |
Holocene |
| 3,800 |
|
|
|
| GLACIERS REBORN |
|
| 100 |
|
|
|
| THE GLACIERS TODAY |
|
| 0 |
|
|
|
| AND TOMORROW? |
Acknowledgments
About the Author
Selected Additional Reading
Predecessors to this Story
Story of the Mountains
Story of the Ice Age
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FRONTISPIECE: Trail Ridge, a remnant of the rolling upland the
forms the roof of the Rockies in Rocky Mountain National Park.
Originally formed 5 to 7 million years ago, it has survived
despite being broken by faults, uplifted several thousand feet,
cut by great canyons, and subjected to the vicissitudes of the
Ice Age. (Gerald M. Richmond)
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Published by the
ROCKY MOUNTAIN NATURE ASSOCIATION, INCORPORATED
in cooperation with the
NATIONAL PARK SERVICE,
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
The Rocky Mountain Nature Association, Inc., is a nonprofit
organization cooperating with the National Park Service in the
interpretation and management of Rocky Mountain National Park.
COPYRIGHT, ©1974, ROCKY MOUNTAIN NATURE ASSOCIATION, INC.
Library of Congress Catalog No. 73-93275
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Glaciated canyon east of Longs Peak. The upper part is a spectacular
example of glacial sculpture and scour. The large arcuate ridges in
the lower part are end moraines deposited by the glaciers.
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richmond/contents.htm
Last Updated: 8-May-2007
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