Park Archives: Gateway Arch National Park

The Gateway Arch is a memorial site where you can contemplate the epic mass-migration and settlement of the American west during the 1800s. Thomas Jefferson estimated that it might take 1,000 generations for Americans to fully extend across the vast continent. Instead, in fewer than 90 years what Americans called the frontier had ended.

From the time America was first settled by Europeans, it was seen as a place of inexhaustible land and resources—that just beyond the fringe of "civilization" there was land to create a better life or daring and hardworking people. Many embraced Manifest Destiny, a phrase coined in 1845 to explain America's thirst for expansion. It was a new term but not a new idea. Since the beginning of the republic, leaders and citizens had aggressively claimed land for the United States.

Manifest Destiny crystallized the idea that it was God's will and the right of Americans to take over the continent. Then, in 1893, historian Frederick Jackson Turner reported that the land he called the "frontier"—where there were fewer than two people per square mile—was gone. This concept stunned Americans because Turner also said that our unique American character stemmed from this frontier experience. The idea of this loss of the frontier still pervades our literature, art, and movies.

Jefferson National Expansion Memorial was designated a national historic site in 1935 to honor the type of frontier hero that Turner wrote of in 1893. But Turner's view of history was Angle-centric; it ignored American Indians, African Americans, and Spanish, French, Russian, Asian, and other explorers and settlers who lived in the West long before the mass migrations. Today the park pays tribute to the multicultural aspect of the peopling of America. Its centerpiece, the Gateway Arch, stands for the many cultures that made the American West what it is today.

The Gateway Arch is a world-renowned masterpiece of modern architecture built on the banks of the Mississippi River in downtown St. Louis, Mo. Rising from a forested park, it is a part of the national historic site created in 1935 to memorialize the role of St. Louis in the westward expansion off the United States.

To create the memorial, 40 blocks of old buildings were leveled in the core of the downtown area. It was here that the French originally set up a fur trading post in 1764, and that steamboats jostled for space in one of the nation's busiest pre-Civil War ports.

In 1947 a competition challenged architects to design a memorial that would symbolize the dramatic story of westward expansion. The judges chose Eero Saarinen's Gateway Arch from among 172 entries. Saarinen's Arch, along with his other works—the TWA terminal at JFK airport in New York City and Dulles airport outside Washington D.C.—used engineering, materials, and technology to create iconic and daring designs.

The structure of the Gateway Arch, built between 1963 and 1965, is a sandwich made of stainless steel on the outside, carbon steel on the inside, and concrete in the middle.

Nothing like this had ever been built or even attempted. How could workers be sure the legs would meet at the top? How could they keep it from tipping over? The plans called for exact measurements of the two freestanding legs as each piece was welded into place. Post-tensioning rods made of steel placed within the back side of each leg kept the structure from tipping over until the final section could stabilize the 630-foot structure. Workers struggled against high winds, biting cold, and searing heat, coupled with dizzying heights and uneven surfaces. On the final day of construction an excited audience watched as the crane settled the keystone into place. The tram system, created in just two weeks by elevator designer Dick Bowser, annually takes one million people to the top.

Over 200 years ago the land to the west of St. Louis was a blank space on the map for most U.S. citizens. Yet by the 1890s most of that land had been explored and settled by three generations of Americans. They had largely displaced the original inhabitants and brought their own customs and cultures to the region.

ST. LOUIS St. Louis played a central role in this huge migration and cultural shift. Founded as a French fur trading post in 1764, St. Louis became a center of commerce along the Mississippi and Missouri rivers. For over 100 years river trade built, shaped, and transformed St. Louis into a bustling and multicultural metropolis.

EXPLORERS The period of westward expansion began in earnest with explorers who set out from the St. Louis area: Meriwether Lewis and William Clark on their Pacific Ocean expedition (1804-1806); Zebulon Pike on his southwest expedition (1806-1807); and Stephen Long's trips to survey western rivers and mountains (1819-1821).

TRAPPERS AND MOUNTAIN MEN In 1822 St. Louis politician and fur trader William H. Ashley advertised for 100 men to work as trappers in the Rocky Mountains. Those who answered Ashley's call became the first of the legendary mountain men.

Ashley devised the rendezvous system in which trappers, Indians, and traders met to exchange furs and merchandise. His innovations profited St. Louis and helped open the West to expansion.

TRAILS WEST From 1841 until the completion of the transcontinental railroad in 1869, thousands of wagon trains headed west on a four- to six-month journey. Many gathered supplies in St. Louis, taking steamboats to the trailheads near Independence, Mo. Over 300,000 settlers traveled overland, some seeking free land, others religious freedom, and others gold.

SOLDIERS IN THE WEST St. Louis was a major military depot throughout the 1800s, supplying western forts with munitions and subsistence as the army displaced Indian tribal groups, forcing them onto reservations. The city was the scene of the negotiation of many Indian treaties in which tribes reluctantly ceded their lands to the government.

END OF AN ERA The story of westward expansion was not a single tale of manifest destiny but was comprised of multiple stories from thousands of different perspectives. Some were stories of triumph, others of defeat. St. Louis played a significant role in a majority of the events surrounding this mass-migration, events commemorated today by Jefferson National Expansion Memorial.

Welcome to Jefferson National Expansion Memorial (JNEM). A typical visit includes riding the tram to the top of the Gateway Arch; viewing a film in one of two theaters; visiting the Historic Old Courthouse, where the Dred Scott case began in 1846; and enjoying the Museum of Westward Expansion. For details visit: www.nps.gov/jeff.

ST. LOUIS The Gateway Arch is in downtown St. Louis, Mo., in a metropolitan area of 2.5 million people. For information about attractions and services, visit the St. Louis Convention and Visitor's Commission at www.explorestlouis.com.

VISIT THE MUSEUM The Museum of Westward Expansion beneath the Arch charts the history of the American West from the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 to the closing of the frontier in the 1890s. You can see how American Indians and pioneers lived. Exhibits show artifacts used by farmers, buffalo hunters, miners, cowboys, and others who played a role in westward expansion. Watch for a stagecoach, a covered wagon, a bullboat, and a wheel used to steer a steamboat.

RIDING THE TRAM The highlight of most visits to JNEM is a ride to the top of the 630-foot Arch. The north-leg and south-leg trams—a unique capsule-transporter system#151;consist of barrel-shaped capsules joined together to form a train-like vehicle that runs on tracks inside the hollow legs of the Arch. Each capsule holds five passengers and maintains a level position throughout the four-minute ride to the top. Tickets are required.

HISTORIC OLD COURTHOUSE AND OLD CATHEDRAL Two historic buildings are within walking distance of the Arch. The Historic Old Courthouse, part of JNEM, was the site of a lawsuit that gained world-wide notoriety. In 1846 Dred Scott and his wife Harriet sued for and were granted their freedom. Later the U.S. Supreme Court declared that slaves were property and had no right to sue, a decision that hastened the Civil War. It offers exhibits and a museum store. The 1834 Old Cathedral, still an active Catholic parish, is open for visitation and has a small museum.

ENTRANCE FEES HELP PROGRAMS Like many national parks, JNEM collects fees that support public programs and preservation projects. Fees are paid at the ticket counter on the east side of the Gateway Arch Visitor Center. Thank you for your support.

FOR YOUR SAFETY The usual cautions that apply in urban areas are important during a visit to JNEM. Lock all valuables out of sight or take them with you. Be careful crossing streets and on steps and ramps; ask the park about accessible routes. Keep your children with you at all times. Report suspicious activity to a park ranger. Visitors entering the Gateway Arch Visitor Center are subject to search and examination of all carry-in items. Emergencies: Call 911.

The contents of brochures, site bulletins and trading cards (denoted with a colored caption) can be viewed by clicking on the cover. Most modern-day brochures, however, are cover only (denoted by a white caption) due to photograph copyrights. These items are historical in scope and are intended for educational purposes only; they are not meant as an aid for travel planning. The dates under each brochure do not reflect the complete range of years that a particular brochure was issued.

Gateway Arch
1944		1948		cover only 1952
1955		1963	cover only 1966	cover only 1967	1968
cover only 1970	1971	1971	1973	1974	cover only 1976
cover only 1975	1976	1981
1981-2007		2008-2015		cover only 2018-2022
Old Courthouse
The Old Courthouse Date Unknown, c1960s	cover only The Old Courthouse 1961	The Old Courthouse c1962
cover only The Old Courthouse Date Unknown		Old Courthouse 2004-2014		The Dred Scott Decision January 2011

cover only Gateway Arch 2012		Gateway Arch Experience Guide 2018	Date Unknown	Date Unknown	Wellness Challenge Date Unknown
Museum of Westward Expansion 1976	The Mountainmen of the American West Date Unknown
Trading Cards
(©Jefferson National Parks Association)	(©Jefferson National Parks Association)

The following visual bibliography is just a sampling of the handbooks and books which have been published for this park. NPSHistory.com does not endorse these, but are merely presenting them for informational purposes only. As most are copyrighted, we are only able to provide the covers, and not contents, of these publications.

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Gateway to the West
Date Unknown

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The Construction of the Gateway Arch
2016

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The Making of an Icon: The Dreamers, the Schemers, and the Hard Hats Who Built the Gateway Arch
Jim Merkel
2018