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NATIONAL PARK SERVICE
The Impact of Three Exotic Plant Species on a Potomac Island |
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CONTENTS
Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION
The General Problem
Location and Physical Description of Study Area
Summary of Human History and Past Land Use
Vegetation of the Study Area
The Species Selected for the Study
The Purpose of the Study
Chapter 2: MATERIALS AND METHODS
Design of Observations and Statistics
The Physical Setup (Materials)
The habitats studied
The placement of 1 x 1m quadrats
The placement of light stations
The placement of vegetational strata stations
The placement of elevation stations
The competition experiments
The germination observations
The controlled shade and light experiments
The censuses
The Observational Methods
Control check
Importance of the exotics in different habitats
Replacement of one species or life form by another
Limiting factors
Miscellaneous Observations
Chapter 3: RESULTS
Importance of the Exotics in Different HabitatsEcological dominance
Growth rate
Importance of English ivy on the flood plain
Replacement of One Species or Life Form by Another
Replacement of native life forms and species
Replacement of exotic Iris
Limiting Factors
Light as a limiting factor
Vegetational strata (structure) as a limiting factor
Duration of water inundation as a limiting factor for Iris
Miscellaneous Observations
Evaluation of Methods for Abundance
Chapter 4: DISCUSSION
Lonicera japonica
Hedera helix
Iris pseudacorus
Comparisons of the Three Exotic Species
Chapter 5: CONCLUSIONS
APPENDIX I: STATISTICAL REFERENCES CONSULTED
APPENDIX II: SCIENTIFIC AND COMMON NAMES OF PLANTS
INDEX (omitted from the online edition)
As the Nation's principal conservation agency, the Department of the Interior has responsibility for most of our nationally owned public lands and natural resources. This includes fostering the wisest use of our land and water resources, protecting our fish and wildlife, preserving the environmental and cultural values of our national parks and historical places, and providing for the enjoyment of life through outdoor recreation. The Department assesses our energy and mineral resources and works to assure that their development is in the best interests of all our people. The Department also has a major responsibility for American Indian reservation communities and for people who live in Island Territories under United States administration.
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Thomas, Lindsey Kay.
The impact of three exotic plant species on a Potomac island.(National Park Service scientific monograph; no. 13)
Bibliography: p.
Includes index.
1. Botany—Washington, D.C.—Ecology. 2. Theodore Roosevelt Island, D.C. 3. Hedera helix. 4. Japanese honeysuckle. 5. Iris pseudacorus. 6. Weeds—Washington, D.C. 7. Plant introduction—Washington, D.C. I. Title. II. Series: United States. National Park Service. Scientific monograph series; no. 13.
QK153.T46 581.5'24 77-608164
PHOTOGRAPHS
1. Marsh and adjacent forest on Theodore Roosevelt Island
2. Quadrat frame (1 x 1m) in place on a plot of English ivy (Hedera helix) in an upland Hedera block.
3. Ozalid type light meter on the flood-plain free of exotics on northeast side of the island. Tall herb is Impatiens capensis.
4. Cheesecloth covered wire frames used for the controlled shade and light experiments with Hedera helix.
5. Hedera helix on the ground and climbing trees on the upland near the controlled shade and light experiments with this species.
6. The author (right) and his assistant, Michael J. Blymyer, working in an upland Hedera helix block.
7. Habitat of Lonicera japonica (Japanese honeysuckle) in a natural understory. Vine climbing a small tree.
FIGURES
1 Theodore Roosevelt Island and vicinity.
2 Comparison of swamp-marsh transition Iris pseudacorus and Peltandra virginica by mean frequency/m2 against time.
3 Comparison of open marsh Iris pseudacorus and Peltandra virginica by mean frequency/m2 against time.
4 Comparison of Iris pseudacorus decline in swamp-marsh transition with that of the open marsh.
5 Comparison of Peltandra virginica increase in swamp-marsh transition with that of the open marsh.
6 Comparison of tree line stations with their bank stations in the marsh and swamp-marsh transition zone.
TABLES
1 Comparison of combined control plot frequency.
2 Comparison of dry weight biomass dominance.
3 Comparison of square decimeter grid frequency dominance.
4 Comparison of cover dominance of Hedera helix.
5 Comparison of growth over time of dry-weight biomass.
6 Comparison of 1 year dry-weight biomass growth.
7 Comparison of 1.25 years dry-weight biomass growth.
8 Comparison of growth over time by frequency in upland H. helix.
9 Comparison of growth over time by frequency in natural understory L. japonica from a randomized block design experiment.
10 Comparison of growth over time by frequency in natural understory L. japonica from a completely randomized design experiment.
11 Comparison of 1 year of growth with control by frequency in flood-plain H. helix.
12 Comparison of 1.25 years of growth with control by frequency in flood-plain H. helix.
13 Comparison oft year with 1.25 years of growth by frequency in flood-plain H. helix.
14 Comparison of 1 year of growth with control by frequency in cleared understory L. japonica.
15 Comparison of 90 days of growth with control by frequency in cleared understory L. japonica.
16 Comparison of 1 year with 90 days of growth by frequency in cleared understory L. japonica.
17 Comparison of 1 year of growth by frequency in two habitats each for L. japonica and H. helix.
18 Comparison of 1.25 years of growth by frequency in natural understory L. japonica and two habitats each of H. helix.
19 Comparison of growth over time by area covered in upland H. helix.
20 Comparison of growth over time by area covered in flood-plain H. helix.
21 Comparison of 1 year of cover growth in two habitats of H. helix.
22 Comparison of 1.25 years of cover growth in two habitats of H. helix.
23 Description of flood and its effects as a result of Hurricane Agnes.
24 Influence of H. helix and other ground cover on mud deposition.
25 Flood survival of H. helix on the flood-plain in frequency/m2.
26 Flood survival of H. helix on the flood-plain in square decimeters of cover/m2.
27 Flood survival of woody plants, herbaceous plants, and comparisons of woody and herbaceous plants on the flood-plain.
28 Comparison of herbaceous and woody plants in upland H. helix weeded (treated) and unweeded (control).
29 Comparison of herbs, trees, and other woody plants in upland H. helix habitat.
30 Comparison of herbaceous and woody plants in natural understory L. japonica weeded (treated) and unweeded (control).
31 Comparison of herbs, trees, and other woody plants in natural understory L. japonica habitat.
32 Comparison of Podophyllum peltatum L. in the upland forest in exotic ground cover weeded (treated) and unweeded (control).
33 Comparison of herbaceous and woody plants in flood-plain H. helix weeded (treated) and unweeded (control).
34 Comparison of herbs, trees, and other woody plants in flood plain H. helix habitat.
35 Comparison of herbaceous and woody plants in cleared understory L. japonica weeded (treated) and unweeded (control).
36 Comparison of herbs, trees, and other woody plants in cleared understory L. japonica habitat.
37 Comparison of Parthenocissus quinquefolia in L. japonica natural and cleared understories.
38 Comparison of herbaceous plant increase in different habitats.
39 Comparison of woody plant increase in different habitats.
40 Comparison of tree increase in different habitats.
41 Comparison of woody plant (except trees) increase in different habitats.
42 Comparison of swamp-marsh transition, I. pseudacorus.
43 Comparison of swamp-marsh transition, Peltandra virginica.
44 Comparison of open marsh, Iris pseudacorus.
45 Comparison of open marsh, Peltandra virginica.
46 Comparison of Iris pseudacorus in swamp-marsh transition with that of open marsh.
47 Comparison of Peltandra virginica in swamp-marsh transition with that of open marsh.
48 Comparison of Iris pseudacorus and Peltandra virginica seed germination and survival.
49 The influence of Acorus calamus growth on Iris pseudacorus.
50 The influence of Iris pseudacorus growth on Acorus calamus.
51 Comparison of light by percent of open sunlight in forested habitats on 23 September, 1971.
52 Comparison of light by percent of open sunlight in forested habitats on 7 November, 1971.
53 Comparison of light by percent of open sunlight in forested habitats on 22 December, 1971.
54 Comparison of light by percent of open sunlight in forested habitats on 4 February, 1972.
55 Comparison of light by percent of open sunlight in forested habitats on 20 March, 1972.
56 Comparison of light by percent of open sunlight in forested habitats on 5 May, 1972.
57 Comparison of light by percent of open sunlight in forested habitats on 30 June, 1972.
58 Comparison of light by percent of open sunlight in forested habitats on 7 August, 1972.
59 Comparison of light by percent habitats on 7 November, 1971.
60 Comparison of light by percent of open sunlight in marsh habitats on 22 December, 1971.
61 Comparison of light by percent of open sunlight in marsh habitats on 4 February, 1972.
62 Comparison of light by percent of open sunlight in marsh habitats on 20 March, 1972.
63 Comparison of light by percent of open sunlight in marsh habitats on 5 May, 1972.
64 Comparison of light by percent of open sunlight in marsh habitats on 30 June, 1972.
65 Comparison of light by percent of open sunlight in marsh habitats on 7 August, 1972.
66 Comparison of light by percent of open sunlight in marsh habitats on 22 September, 1972.
67 Comparison of dry weight biomass for L. japonica.
68 Comparison of dry weight biomss for H. helix.
69 Comparison of chlorophyll for H. helix and L. japonica.
70 Comparison of dry weight H. helix leaf biomass.
71 Comparison of dry weight L. japonica leaf biomass.
72 Comparison of vigor of H. helix.
73 Comparison of vigor of L. japonica.
74 Controlled shade regression experiments on H. helix.
75 Controlled shade regression experiments on L. japonica.
76 Descriptive comparison of number of vegetational strata in different habitats.
77 Correlation of ground-layer heights in different but similar habitats.
78 The proportional number of strata present in each habitat.
79 Significant associations of one stratum with another.
80 Some associations of one woody stratum depth with another.
81 Discriminant function applied to differentiation of habitats with H. helix, L. japonica, and I. pseudacorus and similar habitats.
82 Relationship of living Ulmus americana overstory trees with H. helix and L. japonica.
83 Relationship of nonvigorous standing overstory trees (U. americana and all others) to H. helix and L. japonica vines.
84 Tabular analysis of exotic vines with vigor and tree type.
85 Relationship of overstory-size down trees (U. americana and all others) and type of fall (cut or natural) to Hedera helix and Lonicera japonica vines.
86 Percent of all down trees (Ulmus americana and all others) with various types of H. helix and L. japonica infestation.
87 Tabular analysis of exotic vines with type of tree fall and tree type.
88 Tabular analysis of exotic vines with tree fall type and tree type.
89 Comparison of elevations in the open marsh and swamp-marsh transition zone.
90 Comparison of topographic elevations in the open marsh and swamp-marsh transition zone.
91 Comparison of dry-weight biomass with percent of open sunlight and topographic elevation for I. pseudacorus.
92 Comparisons of presence or absence of Peltandra virginica in four microvegetation types.
93 Comparisons of soil color.
94 Comparisons of presence or absence of soil hardpan.
95 Comparison of total water discharge of the Potomac River.
96 Miscellaneous observations.
97 Comparison of three methods of determining dominance and rate of growth on H. helix, I. pseudacorus, and L. japonica.
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Last Updated: 08-Oct-2008