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NATIONAL PARK SERVICE
Giant Sequoia Ecology: Fire and Reproduction |
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CONTENTS
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
Chapter 2
OBJECTIVES, DESIGN, STUDY AREAS, AND METHODS
Objectives of the study
Design
The study areas
Methods
Chapter 3
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
Introduction
Methods and materials
Results
Discussion and summary
Chapter 4
VEGETATIONAL CHANGES
Introduction
Methods and materials
Results
Discussion and summary
Chapter 5
GIANT SEQUOIA REPRODUCTION, SURVIVAL, AND GROWTH
Introduction
Grove expansion and longevity of remnants
Methods and Materials Seed production
Seed germinability Seedling establishment and mortality rates Growth rate
Seedling survival and growth
Grove expansion and remnants
Results
Seed production
Seedling establishment
Seedling mortality rates
Growth of giant sequoias
Discussion and summary
Seed production
Seedling establishment
Seedling mortality
Growth of giant sequoias
Grove expansion
Fire adaptations of giant sequoia
Chapter 6
ARTHROPODS ASSOCIATED WITH THE GIANT SEQUOIA
Introduction
Methods
Seedling studies
Studies of downed trees
Free-climbed tree studies
Rigging of elevator in study trees
Methods of sampling mature trees
Results
Insects of seedlings
Insects of downed trees
Insects of standing live trees
Discussion
Chapter 7
THE ROLE OF INSECTS IN GIANT SEQUOIA REPRODUCTION
Introduction
Methods
Artificially seeded plots
Naturally seeded plots
In-crown sampling methods
Results
Seedling loss to insects
Insect activity in cones
Discussion and summary
Seedling damage by insects
Release of seed from sequoia cones
Relationship and role of cone insects to other reproductive forces
Chapter 8
BIRDS AND MAMMALS, FIRE, AND GIANT SEQUOIA REPRODUCTION
Introduction
Methods
Avian studies
Mammalian studies
Seed preference studies
Seedling studies
Results
Avian studies
Mammalian studies
Seed preference studies
Seedling studies
Discussion
Effects of fire on birds and mammals
Birds, mammals, and giant sequoia reproduction
Chapter 9
DOUGLAS SQUIRRELS AND SEQUOIA REGENERATION
Introduction
Natural history
Methods
Results
Numbers and densities
Natural history
Foods
Cone cutting behavior
Behavior in years of high densities
Behavior in years of moderate to low densities
Behavior in years of very low densities
Age class preference for cones by squirrels
Impact of Douglas squirrels on cone loads
Caloric studies of cones and seeds
Weather factors
Responses of squirrels to manipulations
Discussion
Territoriality
Impact of Douglas squirrels on giant sequoias
Impact of manipulations on Douglas squirrels
Sequoia cones, weather and the survival of Douglas squirrels
Chapter 10
CONCLUSIONS AND MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS
Conclusions
Introduction
Successional role of giant sequoias
Role of animals in giant sequoia reproduction
Survival strategies of the giant sequoia
Sequoia management
Fire management policy
Succession and management
Hazard trees
Summary of findings
Natural history concepts
APPENDIXES
I Alphabetical listing of flowering plants
Giant sequoia regeneration plots
Kings Canyon National Park
II Insects associated with giant sequoias
INDEX (omitted from the online edition)
FIGURES
1 The range of the giant sequoia
2 A portion of a giant sequoia grove
3 Location of Redwood Mountain Grove
4 Study areas in the Redwood Mountain Grove
5 Tempilaq° temperature recording device in place
6 Litter and seedfall panels with adjacent exclusion section
7 Soil moisture at 7.6 cm (3 in) among giant sequoia seedlings
8 Summer mean maxima and minima in giant sequoia canopy
9 Light ground fuel in foreground, heavy fuel in background
10 Patchy fuel consumption by surface fire
11 Mean maxima for Redwood Mt. Grove, Grant Grove and Whitaker's Forest
12 Mean minima for Redwood Mt. Grove, Grant Grove and Whitaker's Forest
13 Precipitation at Grant Grove
14 Climograph of Grant Grove
15 Monthly average maxima and minima relative humidities, North Area, 1966-69
16 White fir saplings growing beneath giant sequoias
17 Meter square grid being used by Tom Harvey
18 Plant response in 114 plots to percentage of full sunlight
19 Plant response in 114 plots to percentage of full sunlight
20 Plant response in 114 plots to percentage of full sunlight
21 Plant growth versus litter and duff thickness
22 Plant growth versus litter and duff thickness
23 Plant growth versus litter and duff thickness
24 Plant numbers in 52 2m2 plots in response to treatments in 1964 and 1965
25 Plant numbers in 52 2m2 plots in response to treatments in 1964 and 1965
26 Plant numbers in 52 2m2 plots in response to treatments in 1964 and 1965
27 Plant numbers in 52 2m2 plots in response to treatments in 1964 and 1965
28 Plant numbers in 52 2m plots in response to treatments in 1964 and 1965
29 Plant numbers in 37 20m x 1cm transects in response to treatment in South Area in 1966
30 Plant numbers in 37 20m x 1cm transects in response to treatment in South Area in 1966
31 Plant numbers in 37 20m x 1cm transects in response to treatment in South Area in 1966
32 Plant numbers in 41 2m2 plots in response to treatment in Trail Area in 1965
33 Plant numbers in 41 2m2 plots in response to treatment in Trail Area in 1965
34 Mortality of Abies concolor
35 Number of giant sequoias in two mature giant sequoia groves with respect to dbh
36 Regression of height of giant sequoias to diameter
37 Regression of diameter of giant sequoias to their age
38 Variation in number of seeds per cone for different trees
39 Germination of giant sequoia seeds in a gradient of pigment solution concentrations and distilled water
40 Concentrations of giant sequoia seedlings adjacent to mature trees
41 Dense stand of staked seedlings (in 1m2 area)
42 Site quality and growth rate of giant sequoia saplings
43 Growth response of large sequoias to two levels of human activity
44 Elevator and bark protecting shield turned away from Albina Tree
45 Pendulum-prusik technique used by Ron Stecker in Castro study tree
46 Malaise trap modified for use in tree
47 Masonaphis morrisoni feeding on a seedling
48 First year cone which shows aristate tips of scales
49 Severed hypocotyls of giant sequoia seedlings due to insect feeding
50 Larva of Phymatodes nitidus and mining activity in a giant sequoia cone
51 Giant sequoia cone with emergence hole of Phymatodes nitidus
52 Adult of Gelechia sp
53 Double cone or "twin cones" of giant sequoia induced by gelechiid moth infestation
54 Lichen covered cone of a giant sequoia
55 Live trap held by Howard Shellhammer
56 Apparent sapsucker damage on the trunk of a giant sequoia
57 A deer mouse, Peromyscus maniculatus, tagged in the ear with a light-weight, numbered tag
58 Densities of Peromyscus maniculatus in North and Trail Areas
59 A Douglas squirrel Tamiasciurus douglasi
60 Seeds of the giant sequoia
61 Mean densities of Douglas squirrels in Ridge, North and Trail Areas
62 Sequoia cones: dry, brown cone on left; green, fleshy cone in center; cone chewed by Douglas squirrel on right
TABLES
2 Microclimate temperature (0d⪚C) gradients
3 Mean percentages of sunlight striking the forest floor
4 Relative importance of ground plant species in North Area
5 Mortality of Abies concolor (6 in dbh) in manipulated versus control sections
6 Giant sequoia seedlings per hectare in treated vs. control
7 Tree seedlings per hectare in treated vs. control
8 Percent survival of giant sequoia seedlings on burn piles vs. other substrates
9 Factors involved in giant sequoia seedling mortality
10 Giant sequoia seedling survival with respect to developmental stage during summer
11 Average heights of giant sequoia seedlings
12 Insect damage to giant sequoia seedlings in prepared seedbed
13 Random seedling plots showing insect and other damage
14 Insect loss to unusually dense seedlings in burned log trough
15 Distribution of ovulate cones and Phymatodes nitidus activity in the 290 foot Castro Tree (1970)
16 Age classes of 3,147 giant sequoia cones attacked by Phymatodes nitidus in the Castro Tree (August 1969)
17 Distribution of first year ovulate cones and Gelechia sp. activity in the 290 foot Castro Tree (1970)
18 Numbers of pairs of birds per hectare in Ridge, North and Trail Areas before and after manipulation and burning
19 Numbers of deer mice, Peromyscus maniculatus, in North and Trail Areas before and after manipulations
20 Preference of rodents in 1965 seed spot tests at Redwood Mountain Grove and near Grant Grove
21 Preference of rodents in 1966 seed spot tests
22 Seed preference of rodents versus average seed weight
23 Damage to laboratory-grown seedlings placed in study areas
24 Numbers and densities of Douglas squirrels
25 Average site of territory or area occupied and average distances between centers of activities of Douglas squirrels
26 Age class distribution of giant sequoia cones versus age class preference by Douglas squirrels
27 Giant sequoias in which Douglas squirrels cut cones
28 A summary of weather factors and changes in densities of Douglas squirrels
As the Nation's principal conservation agency, the Department of the Interior has responsibility for most of our nationally owned public lands and natural resources. This includes fostering the wisest use of our land and water resources, protecting our fish and wildlife, preserving the environmental and cultural values of our national parks and historical places, and providing for the enjoyment of life through outdoor recreation. The Department assesses our mineral resources and works to assure that their development is in the best interests of all our people. The Department also has a major responsibility for American Indian reservation communities and for people who live in Island Territories under United States administration.
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Harvey, Harry Thomas, 1923-
Giant sequoia ecology.(Scientific monograph series-U. S. National Park Service; no. 12)
Bibliography: p.
Includes index.
1. Giant sequoia. 2. Forest ecology—Sierra Nevada Mountains. 3. Fire ecology—Sierra Nevada Mountains. 4. Plants—Reproduction. I. Shellhammer, Howard S., joint author. II. Stecker, Ronald E., joint author. III. Title. IV. Series: United States. National Park Service. Scientific monograph series; no. 12.
QK494.5 T3H37 634.9'758 78-606057
To the memory of Richard J. Hartesveldt, Ph.D.
whose deep interest and concern for the perpetuation of the giant sequoias prompted us to begin these investigations. His encouragement and leadership directed this project and contributed concepts and data upon which this monograph has been developed.
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Last Updated: 06-Mar-2007