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NATIONAL PARK SERVICE
Mountain Goats in Olympic National Park: Biology and Management of an Introduced Species |
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CONTENTS
Cover photo: Mount Olympus from Cat Basin, Olympic National Park. (Photo by Robert W. Kaune)
Chapter 1. Introduction.
D. B. Houston and E. G. Schreiner
Management of National Parks
Mountain Goats in Olympic National Park
National Park Service Natural Area Management
Alien Species in Parks
THE OLYMPIC PENINSULA
Chapter 2. The Olympic Mountains and Environs.
D. B. Houston and E. G. Schreiner
Geology
Glacial History
Climate
Vegetation
Coniferous Forests
Subalpine and Alpine Meadows
Settlement of the Olympic Peninsula
Current Land Ownership and Use
Chapter 3. Biogeography of the Olympic Peninsula.
D. B. Houston, E. G. Schreiner, and N. M. Buckingham
Endemic Organisms
Species Diversity
Animals
Plants
Other Taxa
Patterns of Plant Distribution
Interpretation
Endemism
Species Diversity
Patterns of Plant Distribution
Synopsis
MOUNTAIN GOAT POPULATION
Chapter 4. History, Distribution, and Abundance.
D. B. Houston, V. Stevens, and B. B. Moorhead
Introduction of Mountain Goats
Metapopulation
Subpopulations
Klahhane Ridge
Baldy Ridge
Mount Dana—Mount Wilder
Mount Appleton
Sawtooth Ridge
Mount Constance
Miscellaneous Subpopulations
Interpretation
Chapter 5. Demography.
D. B. Houston, V. Stevens, and B. B. Moorhead
Subpopulations
Klahhane Ridge
Other Subpopulations
Metapopulation
Interpretation
Chapter 6. Habitat Relations, Social Behavior, and Physiological Ecology.
D. B. Houston, V. Stevens, and E. G. Schreiner
Habitat Relations
Habitat Utilization
Goat Diets
Seasonal Diets
Seasonality of Food Quality and Quantity
Diets Elsewhere
Social Behavior
Social Organization and Group Size
Land Tenure and Home Range
Physiological Ecology
Interpretation
Chapter 7. Interspecific Relations.
D. B. Houston and E. G. Schreiner
Herbivores
Ungulates
Small Mammals
Carnivores
Interpretation
MOUNTAIN GOAT HERBIVORY
Chapter 8. A Perspective on Herbivory and the Research Hypotheses.
E. G. Schreiner
Chapter 9. Interactions Among Herbivores, Plants, and Soils.
E. G. Schreiner
Patterns of Herbivore Sign
Herbivores and Soil Disturbance
Herbivore—Plant Community Relations
Grazing Patterns
Interpretation
Chapter 10. Responses of Vegetation to Reductions in Goat Density
E. G. Schreiner and A. Woodward
Trends in Plant Cover
Goat Density, Precipitation, and Plant Cover
Plant Community Responses
Interpretation
Chapter 11. Photographic Comparisons: A Qualitative Appraisal of the Influence of Climate and Disturbances on Vegetation, 1915-1990.
E. G. Schreiner and J. E. Burger
Climate and Fire
Mountain Goats
Interpretation
Plates
Chapter 12. Rare Plants.
E. G. Schreiner, M. B. Gracz, T. N. Kaye, A. Woodward, and N. M. Buckingham
Distribution of Rare Plants
Rare Plants and Mountain Goats
Astragalus australis var. olympicus: A Case Study
Population Dynamics and Goat Effects
Astragalus Habitat
Interpretation
Chapter 13. Synthesis of Herbivory.
E. G. Schreiner and D. B. Houston
MOUNTAIN GOAT MANAGEMENT
Chapter 14. Mountain Goat Management in Olympic National Park.
D. B. Houston, R. A. Hoffman, R. W Olson, and B. B. Moorhead
Experimental Management Program
Operational Management Program
Future Management
Strategic Options
Tactics
APPENDIXES
Appendix A1. Vegetation Sampling.
E. G. Schreiner
Subalpine and Alpine Plant Communities
Interactions Among Herbivores, Plants, and Soils
Responses of Vegetation to Reductions in Goat Density
Klahhane Ridge
Mount Dana
Avalanche Canyon
Photographic Comparisons: A Qualitative Appraisal of the Influence of Climate and Disturbances on Vegetation, 1915-1990
Rare Plants—Astragalus
Appendix A2. Subalpine and Alpine Plant Communities.
E. G. Schreiner
Scree and Talus Communities
Phlox diffusa Communities
Carex spectabilis Communities
Luetkea—Saxifraga Community
Interpretation
Appendix A3. Selected and Nonselected Plant Species.
E. G. Schreiner
Appendix A4. Plant Codes and Scientific Names.
E. G. Schreiner
Appendix B. Review of the Historical Evidence Relating
to Mountain Goats in the Olympic Mountains Before 1925.
S. Schultz
Maritime Explorers
Spanish Coastal Exploration, 1790-1792
Captain George Vancouver, 1792
United States Exploring Expedition, 1841
Suckley, Cooper, and Gibbs (Pacific Railroad Surveys), 1853-1856
Nineteenth-century Ethnographic Accounts
Interior Exploration
Watkinson's Exploration, 1878
Governors' Reports, 1884 and 1888
Gilman's Explorations, 1889-1890
Press Expedition, 1889-1890
O'Neil Expeditions, 1885 and 1890
James Wickersham's Excursions, 1889 and 1890
Other Explorations, 1880's-1890's
The Mountaineers, 1907
Observations by Local Residents, Naturalists, and Recreationists
Grant and Will Humes, 1897-1934
Albert B. Reagan, 1905-1909
Chris Morgenroth, 1890-1927
E. B. Webster, 1910's-1920's
Leroy Smith, 1910's-1950
Biological and Administrative Surveys
Clark P. Streator, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1894
Bernard J. Bretherton, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1894
C. Hart Merriam and Biological Survey Members, 1888 and 1897
Field Columbian Museum Expedition, 1898
State of Washington, 1898
U.S. Geological Survey and U.S. Forest Service, 1897-1925
U.S. Biological Survey, 1917-1921
F. M. Gaige, 1919
State of Washington, 1938-1940
Discussion
Appendix C. Mountain Goat Capture.
R. W Olson
Method
Evaluation Criteria
Precapture Requirements
Population Requirements
Selectivity
Multiple Capture
Safety to Personnel
Safety to Mountain Goats
Cost per Animal
The National Park Service publishes scientific studies of significant natural resources in units of the National Park System. This research is of scholarly quality and may include any discipline of the biological, physical, or social sciences.
Editorial Staff
National Biological Survey
Paul A. Opler Managing Editor
Paul A. Vohs Subject EditorNational Park Service
Donna L. O'Leary Publications Coordinator
Jerry D. Cox Technical Editor
Martha W. Nichols Editorial AssistantNote: Use of trade names does not imply U.S. Government endorsement of commercial products.
ISSN 0363-0722
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Last Updated: 12-Dec-2007